嵌入式常用詞匯表

1、嵌入式常用詞匯表AASIC（專用集成電路）Application-Specific Integrated Circuit. A piece of custom-designed hardware in a chip.專用集成電路。一個在一個芯片上定制設計的硬件。address bus （地址總線）A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripherals withwhich itcommunicates. The address bus is used by the processor to s

2、elect aspecific memory location or register within a particular peripheral. If the address bus contains n electrical lines, the processor can uniquely address up to 2n such locations.一個連接處理器與所有外設的，用來通訊的電子線路集。地址總線被處理器用來選擇在特定外設中的存儲器地址或寄存器。如果地址總線有n條電子線路，處理器能唯一尋址高達2n的地址空間。application software（應用軟件）Descr

3、ibes software modules specific to a particular embedded project. Theapplication software is unlikely to be reusable across embedded platforms, simplybecause each embedded system has a different application.用來描述一個特定的嵌入式項目中的某一軟件模塊。應用軟件不象可重用的交*嵌入式平臺，只是因為每一個嵌入式系統(tǒng)有不同的應用軟件。assembler（匯編編譯器）A software devel

4、opment tool that translates human-readable assembly language programs into machine-language instructions that the processor can understandand execute.一個能把人可讀的匯編語言程序轉換到處理器可理解和運行的機器指令的軟件開發(fā)工具。assembly language（匯編語言）A human-readable form of a processors instruction set. Most processor-specific functions

5、 must be written in assembly language.一種人可讀的處理器指令集的形式。大多數(shù)處理器相關的功能必須用匯編語言編寫。BBSP（板卡支持包）See board support package.見board support package。binary semaphore(二元信號)A type of semaphore with just two states. Also called a mutex.一種只有兩種狀態(tài)的信號。也叫互斥信號。board support package（板卡支持包）Part of a software package that is

6、 processor or platform-dependent. Typically,sample source code for the board support package is provided by the package developer. The sample code must be modified as necessary, compiled, and linked with the remainder of the software package.軟件包的具有平臺依賴性的那一部分。典型地，板卡支持包的樣例源程序由包開發(fā)者提供。樣例源程序必須能在需要時被修改、編譯

7、并與軟件包的剩下的部分連接起來。bond-out processor （外合處理器）A special version of a processor that has some of the internal signals brought out to external pins. A bond-out processor is most often found within an emulator and is never intended to be used in a production system. 一種特殊版本的處理器，它有一些，內部的信號能傳達到外置的針腳上。一個外合處理器絕

8、大多數(shù)情況下只用在模擬器上，從來不會被特意用在產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)上。Breakpoint （斷點）A location in a program at which execution is to be stopped and control of the processor switched to the debugger. Mechanisms for creating and removing breakpoints are provided by most debugging tools. 一個在程序中的地址，在那里程序的執(zhí)行被停止，并且處理器的控制轉換到了除錯程序。大多數(shù)除錯工具提供增加與刪除一

9、個斷點的機制。CCISC（復雜指令集計算機）Complex Instruction Set Computer. Describes the architecture of a processor family. CISC processors generally feature variable-length instructions, multiple addressing formats, and contain only a small number of general-purpose registers. Intels 80x86 family is the quintessenti

10、al example of CISC. Contrast with RISC. 復雜指令集計算機。對一種處理器架構的描述。CISC處理器一般產(chǎn)生變長的指令，多種地址格式，并且僅僅有少量的通用寄存器。Intel的80x86家族是是典型的CISC處理器。相對于RISC而言。CPU（中央處理器）Central Processing Unit. The part of a processor that executes instructions.中央處理器。處理器中執(zhí)行指令的那一部分。Compiler（編譯器）A software development tool that translates hi

11、gh-level language programs into the machine-language instructions that a particular processor can understand and execute.把高級編程語言程序轉換到只有特定的處理器能了解和執(zhí)行的機器指令的一種軟件開發(fā)包。context （上下文）The current state of the processors registers and flags.處理器當前的狀態(tài)和標志。context switch（上下文切換）The process of switching from one tas

12、k to another in a multitasking operating system. A context switch involves saving the context of the running task and restoring the previously-saved context of the other. The piece of code that does this is necessarily processor-specific.在多任務操作系統(tǒng)中我一個任務切換到另一個的過程。上下文切換包括保存正在運行的任務的上下文和恢復早先保存的另一個任務的上下文。

13、做這個工作的一段代碼必須具有處理器特權。counting semaphore（計數(shù)信號）A type of semaphore that is used to track multiple resources of the same type. An attempt to take a counting semaphore is blocked only if all of the available resources are in use. Contrast with binary semaphore.一種用來跟蹤多個相同類型資源的信號燈。僅僅在所有可用的資源都被用完了時才阻塞。相對二元信

14、號而言。critical section（臨界段）A block of code that must be executed in sequence and without interruption to guarantee correct operation of the software. See also race condition.一段必須按次序執(zhí)行的代碼，并且不能被中斷，否則不能保證軟件正確地操作。參照：競爭狀況。cross-compiler（交*編譯器） A compiler that runs on a different platform than the one for w

15、hich it produces object code. A cross-compiler runs on a host computer and produces object code for the target.一個運行在不同的平臺上的編譯器，其中之一能產(chǎn)生目標代碼。交*編譯器在主機上運行并且產(chǎn)生目標機的目標代碼。DDMA（直接內存訪問）Direct Memory Access. A technique for transferring data directly between two ph cycles are usually performed by a peripheral

16、called a DRAM controller.動態(tài)隨機訪問存儲器。一種RAM，存儲在其設備中的數(shù)據(jù)被定期刷新時才能保存它的內容。刷新周期一般由一個叫DRAM控制器的外設完成。Data bus（數(shù)據(jù)總線）A set of electrical lines connected to the processor and all of the peripherals with which it communicates. When the processor wants to read (write) the contents of a memory location or register wi

17、thin a particular peripheral, it sets the address bus pins appropriately and receives (transmits) the contents on the data bus.連接處理器與所有外設進行通訊的電子線路集。當一個處理器想去寫（讀）某一特定外設中的存儲器地址或寄存器中的內容時，處理器設置地址總線并在數(shù)據(jù)總線上接收（傳輸）內容。Deadline（死線）The time at which a particular set of computations must be completed. See also r

18、eal-time system.一個特定計算必須被完成的時間。請看實時系統(tǒng)。Deadlock（死鎖）An unwanted software situation in which an entire set of tasks is blocked, waiting for an event that only a task within the same set can cause. If a deadlock occurs, the only solution is to reset the hardware. However, it is usually possible to preve

19、nt deadlocks altogether by following certain software design practices.一種不希望出現(xiàn)的軟件狀態(tài)，在這個狀態(tài)下，所有的任務因為等待一個只有在這些被阻塞任務之一才能產(chǎn)生的事件而被阻塞。如果死鎖發(fā)生，唯一解決的方法是重啟動硬件。但是，通過可靠的軟件設計實踐活動通常可以防止死鎖的發(fā)生。debug monitor（除錯監(jiān)視程序）A piece of embedded software that has been designed specifically for use as a debugging tool. It usually

20、 resides in ROM and communicates with a debugger via a serial port or network connection. The debug monitor provides a set of primitive commands to view and modify memory locations and registers, create and remove breakpoints, and execute your program. The debugger combines these primitives to fulfi

21、ll higher-level requests like program download and single-step.嵌入式軟件被特殊設計來作為除錯工具的一部分。它一般被放在ROM中，通過串口或網(wǎng)絡與除錯器進行通訊。除錯監(jiān)視程序提供一個簡單的命令集來顯示和內存地址和寄存器、建立和移除斷點，并且運行你的程序。除錯監(jiān)視器組合這些簡單的命令去實現(xiàn)象程序下載各單步調試等高端的請求。Debugger（除錯器）A software development tool used to test and debug embedded software. The debugger runs on a ho

22、st computer and connects to the target through a serial port or network connection. Using a debugger you can download software to the target for immediate execution. You can also set breakpoints and examine the contents of specific memory locations and registers.一個軟件開發(fā)工具，被用來對嵌入式軟件進行測試和除錯。除錯器在宿主機上運行并

23、且通過串口或網(wǎng)絡連接到目標機上。你能使用除錯器下載軟件到目標機并直接運行。你也可以設置斷點并檢查特定內存地址或寄存器的內容。device driver（設備驅動程序）A software module that hides the details of a particular peripheral and provides a high-level programming interface to it. 一個軟件模塊，它隱藏特定外設的細節(jié)并提供高級的外設編程接口。device programmer（設備編程器）A tool for programming non-volatile memo

24、ries and other electrically-programmable devices. Typically, the programmable device is inserted into a socket on the device programmer and the contents of a memory buffer are then transferred into it.一種用來對不揮發(fā)內存和其他電可編程設備進行編程的工具。典型地，可編程設備被插到設備編程器的接口上，接著內存緩存器中的內容被傳送到它里面。digital signal processor（數(shù)字信號處理

25、器）A device that is similar to a microprocessor, except that the internal CPU has been optimized for use in applications involving discrete-time signal processing. In addition to standard microprocessor instructions, DSPs usually support a set of complex instructions to perform common signal-processi

26、ng computations quickly.Common DSP families are TIs 320Cxx and Motorolas 5600x series. 一種類似于微處理器的的設備，不同的是它內部的CPU被優(yōu)化，用于特定的應用，如離散信號處理。除了標準的微處理器指令外，DSP常常支持復雜指令集去非?？斓赝瓿赏ㄓ玫男盘柼幚碛嬎?。通用DSP家庭是TI的320Cxx和Motorola的5600x系列。EEEPROM（電可擦的，可編程的只讀存儲器）Electrically Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. (PronouncedDou

27、ble-E-PROM.) A type of ROM that can be erased electronically.電可擦的，可編程的只讀存儲器。一種ROM能被電擦除。EPROM（可擦的，可編程的只讀存儲器）Erasable, Programmable Read-Only Memory. A type of ROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light. Once erased, an EPROM can be reprogrammed with the help of a device programmer.一種可

28、用紫外線擦除的存儲器。一次擦除后，EPROM可以在設備編程器的幫助下被重編程。embedded system（嵌入式系統(tǒng)）A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case of an anti-

29、lock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer. 計算機硬件和軟件的結合體，或許還加上機械等其他部分，被設計來完成專門的功能。在一些情況下，嵌入式系統(tǒng)是一個大的系統(tǒng)或產(chǎn)品的一部分，就象汽車上的防抱死裝置。與通用計算機相對。Emulator(仿真器)Short for In-Circuit Emulator (ICE). A debugging tool that takes the placeof-emulates-the processor on your target board. Emulators

30、 frequently incorporate a special bond-out version of the target processor that allows you to observe and record its internal state as your program is executing. 在線仿真器的簡寫。一個在你的目標板上放置仿真的處理器的調試工具。仿真器經(jīng)常和一目標處理器的一種“外合”版本合在一起，這個版本的的處理器充許你運行程序時觀察和記錄它的內部狀態(tài)。Executable（可執(zhí)行的）A file containing object code that

31、is ready for execution on the target. All that remains is to place the object code into a ROM or download it via a debugging tool. 一個包含準備在目標機上運行的目標代碼的文件。放置目標代碼到ROM中或通過調試工具下載。FFirmware（固件）Embedded software that is stored as object code within a ROM. This name is most common among the users of digital

32、 signal processors.是作為目標代碼存貯在ROM中的嵌入式軟件。這個名字在數(shù)字信號處理器的用戶中相當流行。flash memory （閃存）A RAM-ROM hybrid that can be erased and rewritten under software control. Such devices are divided into blocks, called sectors, that are individually-erasable. Flash memory is common in systems that require nonvolatile dat

33、a storage at very low cost. In some cases, a large fash memory may even be used in stead of a disk-drive. 一種RAM-ROM的混血兒，它能在軟件的控制下被擦除和重寫。一些設備被分成叫段組的塊，能個別地可擦。閃存用在需要很便宜的非易失數(shù)據(jù)存貯器的地方，一個大容量的閃存甚至被用作磁盤驅動器。Ggeneral-purpose computer（通用計算機）A combination of computer hardware and software that serves as a genera

34、l-purpose computing platform. For example, a personal computer. Contrast with embedded system.當作通用計算平臺的計算機硬件與軟件的組合。例如，PC。相對于嵌入式計算機。HHLLSee high-level language.查閱高級語言。Heap（堆）An area of memory that is used for dynamic memory allocation. Calls to malloc and free and the C+ operators new and delete resu

35、lt in run-time manipulation of the heap.一塊被用作動態(tài)內存分配的內存區(qū)域。調用malloc和free、C+的操作符new、delete在運行時進行堆的操作。high-level language（高級語言）A language, such as C or C+, that is processor-independent. When programming in a high-level language, it is possible to concentrate on algorithms and applications without worry

36、ing about the details of a particular processor.一種語言，象C或C+，是處理器獨立的。當在高級語言上編程時，不需要考慮特定處理器的細節(jié)，只用關心算法和應用。Host（主機）A general-purpose computer that communicates with the target via a serial port or network connection. This term is usually used to distinguish the computer on which the debugger is running f

37、rom the embedded system that is being developed.一臺通用計算機，它通過串口或網(wǎng)絡連接與目標機通訊。這處名詞一般用來區(qū)別調試程序運行的計算機和被開發(fā)的嵌入式系統(tǒng)。IICEIn-Circuit Emulator. See emulator.在線仿真器。查閱仿真器。I/O（輸入/輸出）Input/Output. The interface between a processor and the world around it. The simplest examples are switches (inputs) and LEDs (outputs).

38、輸入/輸出。處理器與外界的交互界面。最簡單的例子是開關（輸入）和發(fā)光二級管（輸出）。I/O device（IO設備）A piece of hardware that interfaces between the processor and the outside world. Common examples are switches and LEDs, serial ports, and network controllers. 一種介于處理器和外界之間的硬件設備。一般的實例是開關、LED、串口和網(wǎng)絡控制器。I/O map（I/O映射）A table or diagram containing

39、 the name and address range of each peripheral addressable by the processor within the I/O space. I/O maps are a helpful aid in getting to know the target.一張包含每個外設的名字和地址的表格或圖表，可由處理器在I/O空間中設定地址。I/O映射對得知目標機情況非常有利。I/O space（I/O空間）A special memory region provided by some processors and generally reserve

40、d for the attachment of I/O devices. Memory locations and registers within an I/O space can be accessed only via special instructions. For example, processors in the 80x86 family have special I/O space instructions called in and out. Contrast with memory space.一個由處理器提供的特殊內存區(qū)域，一般為為I/O設備的附件保留。在I/O空間的內

41、存位置和寄存器只能通過特殊的指定進行訪問。例如：80X86家族的處理器有叫做in / out的特殊的I/O空間指令。相對內存空間而言。ISR（中斷服務程序）See interrupt service routine.instruction pointer（指令指針）A register in the processor that contains the address of the next instruction to be executed. Also known as a program counter.包含下一條要執(zhí)行指令地址的處理器中的寄存器。也叫程序計數(shù)器。Interrupt（中

42、斷）An asynchronous electrical signal from a peripheral to the processor. When the peripheral asserts this signal, we say that an interrupt occurs. When an interrupt occurs, the current state of the processor is saved and an interrupt service routine is executed. When the interrupt service routine exi

43、ts, control of the processor is returned to whatever part of the software was previously running.一個從外設到處理器的異步電信號。當外設發(fā)出這個信號，我們說一個中斷發(fā)生。當一個中斷發(fā)生，當前的處理器狀態(tài)被保存并且中斷服務程序開始運行。當中斷服務程序退出，對處理器的控制權轉到先前運行的那個軟件上。interrupt latency（中斷延遲）The amount of time between the assertion of an interrupt and the start of the ass

44、ociated interrupt service routine.在中斷發(fā)生和相關的中斷服務程序運行之間的時間長短。interrupt service routine（中斷服務程序）A piece of software executed in response to a particular interrupt.響應特定中斷而運行的一小段軟件。interrupt type（中斷類型）A unique number associated with each interrupt.和每一個中斷相關聯(lián)的唯一數(shù)字。interrupt vector （中斷向量）The address of an in

45、terrupt service routine.中斷服務程序所在的地址。interrupt vector table（中斷向量表）A table containing interrupt vectors and indexed by interrupt type. This table contains the processors mapping between interrupts and interrupt service routines and must be initialized by the programmer.一個表格，包含由中斷類型決定的中斷向量和索引。這個表格包含中斷與

46、中斷服務程序之間的處理器的映射，必須由程序員進行初始化。intertask communication（進程間通訊）A mechanism used by tasks and interrupt service routines to share information and synchronize their access to shared resources. The most common building blocks of intertask communication are semaphores and mutexes.一種被用來在任務和中斷服務程序之間共享信息和同步它們對共

47、享資源訪問的機制。大部分進程間通訊的建立的基石是信號燈和互斥。KKernel（內核）An essential part of any multitasking operating system, the kernel contains just the scheduler and context-switch routine.任何多任務操作系統(tǒng)的本質部分，內核僅僅包含調度程序和上下文切換進程。LLinker（連接程序）A software development tool that accepts one or more object files as input and outputs a

48、relocatable program. The linker is thus run after all of the source files have been compiled or assembled.一種能把一個或更多目標文件組合成可輸入和輸出的可重定位程序的開發(fā)工具。連接程序在所有的源文件都被編譯或匯編之后運行。Locator（定位程序）A software development tool that assigns physical addresses to the relocatable program produced by the linker. This is the

49、last step in the preparation of software for execution by an embedded system and the resulting file is called an executable. In some cases, the locators function may be hidden with in the linker.一種分配物理地址給連接程序處理過的可重定位程序的軟件開發(fā)工具。這是準備一個軟件在嵌入式系統(tǒng)中運行的最后一步，并且結果文件叫做可執(zhí)行的。在一些情況下，定位程序功能隱藏在連接程序中。logic analyzer（邏

50、輯分析儀）A hardware debugging tool that can be used to capture the logic levels (0 or 1) of dozens, or even hundreds, of electrical signals in real-time. Logic analyzers can be quite helpful for debugging hardware problems and complex processor-peripheral interactions.一種硬件調試工具，能捕獲實時電信號的許多邏輯電平（0或1），邏輯分析儀

51、在調試硬件問題和復雜的處理外設交互時相當有用。Mmemory map（內存映射）A table or diagram containing the name and address range of each peripheral addressable by the processor within the memory space. Memory maps are a helpful aid in getting to know the target.一個在內存空間中的，包含每個外設的名字和可由處理器設置的地址范圍的表格或圖表。內存映射有助于了解目標機情況。memory-mapped I/

52、O（內存映射I/O）An increasingly common hardware design methodology in which I/O devices are placed into the memory space rather than the I/O space. From the processors point of view, memory-mapped I/O devices look very much like memory devices.一種日益流行的硬件設計方法，在這種方法中，I/O設備被放置在內存空間而不是I/O空間。從處理器的觀點看，內存映射I/O設備看

53、上去很象內存一樣。memory space（內存空間）A processors standard address space. Contrast with I/O space.一個處理器的標準地址空間。相對I/O空間。Microcontroller（微控制器）A microcontroller is very similar to a microprocessor. The main difference is that a microcontroller is designed specifically for use in embedded systems Microcontrollers

54、 typically include a CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM and/or ROM), and other peripherals on the same chip. Common examples are the 8051, Intels 80196, and Motorolas 68HCxx series.微控制器很像微處理器。主要的差別在于微控制器被特殊設計用在嵌入式系統(tǒng)中。微控制器典型地包括CPU、內存（很小的RAM或ROM），還有其他的外設，它們在同一塊芯片上。常見的例子是：8051、Intel80196、Motorola68HCxx

55、系列。Microprocessor（微處理器）A piece of silicon containing a general-purpose CPU. The most common examples are Intels 80x86 and Motorolas 680x0 families.一片包含通用CPU的硅片。常見的例子是：Intel80x86、Motorola 680x0系列。Monitor（監(jiān)視器）In the context of this book, a debug monitor. However, there is a second meaning for this wor

56、d that is associated with intertask communication. In that context, a monitor is a language-level synchronization feature.在這本書的上下文中，是指調試監(jiān)視器。然而，第二個意思與任務間通訊相關聯(lián)。在那個上下文中，監(jiān)視器是高級同步機制的特性。Multiprocessing（多處理）The use of more than one processor in a single computer system. So-called multiprocessor systems usu

57、ally have a common memory space through which the processors can communicate and share data. In addition, some multiprocessor systems support parallel processing.在單個的計算機系統(tǒng)中有多個處理器。被叫作“多處理器系統(tǒng)”的一般有公用的內存空間，處理器通過它們進行通訊和共享數(shù)據(jù)。另外，一些多處理器系統(tǒng)支持并行處理。Multitasking （多任務）The execution of multiple software routines in pseudo-parallel. Each routine represen