美國學(xué)術(shù)圖書館的發(fā)展和未來趨勢

1、美國學(xué)術(shù)圖書館的發(fā)展和未來趨勢ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN THE USA美國學(xué)術(shù)圖書館As of August, 2013, 3,689 academic As of August, 2013, 3,689 academic libraries (including 1,326 are less than libraries (including 1,326 are less than four-year, 2,363 are four-year and above) four-year, 2,363 are four-year and above) 截止截止20132013年

2、年8 8月，全美共月，全美共3,6893,689個學(xué)術(shù)圖書館個學(xué)術(shù)圖書館 （其中（其中1,3261,326個少于四年，個少于四年，2,3632,363在四年或以在四年或以上）上） (ALA Library Fact Sheet) (ALA Library Fact Sheet) ( (美圖聯(lián)信美圖聯(lián)信息冊）息冊）ACADEMIC LIBRARIES IN ILLINOIS伊利諾州伊學(xué)術(shù)圖書館198 academic libraries in Illinois (Illinois Library 198 academic libraries in Illinois (Illinois Libra

3、ry Association) Association) 伊利諾伊州有伊利諾伊州有198198個學(xué)術(shù)圖書館個學(xué)術(shù)圖書館 （伊利諾伊圖（伊利諾伊圖書館協(xié)會）書館協(xié)會）Illinois academic libraries have acted consortially Illinois academic libraries have acted consortially for over 30 years for over 30 years 伊利諾伊學(xué)術(shù)圖書館已合作三十余年伊利諾伊學(xué)術(shù)圖書館已合作三十余年 ( :/ /about/histgov). ( :/

4、/about/histgov). CARLI (The Consortium of Academic and Research CARLI (The Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois , July 2005-): 145 members, Libraries in Illinois , July 2005-): 145 members, 850,000 students, thousands of faculty and staff 850,000 students, thou

5、sands of faculty and staff ( :/ /about/histgov). CARLI ( :/ /about/histgov). CARLI （伊州學(xué)術(shù)與研究圖書館聯(lián)盟，（伊州學(xué)術(shù)與研究圖書館聯(lián)盟，20052005年年7 7月月-) : 145-) : 145個成員，個成員，850,000850,000個學(xué)生個學(xué)生, , 數(shù)千教務(wù)人員數(shù)千教務(wù)人員IFLA TREND REPORT (AUGUST 2013) 國際圖聯(lián)發(fā)展趨勢報告 (2013年8月)Identifies 5 top level tre

6、nds which will play a key role in shaping our future information Identifies 5 top level trends which will play a key role in shaping our future information ecosystem (): ecosystem (): 確定了確定了5 5個頂級水平的趨勢，這將在塑造我們的未來的信息生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用個頂級水平的趨勢，這將在塑造我們的未來的信息生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用: :TREND 1 New Technologies will both exp

7、and and limit who has access to information.TREND 1 New Technologies will both expand and limit who has access to information. 趨勢趨勢1: 1: 新科技將擴展并同時限制信息獲取新科技將擴展并同時限制信息獲取 TREND 2 Online Education will democratise and disrupt global learning.TREND 2 Online Education will democratise and disrupt global l

8、earning. 趨勢趨勢2: 2: 網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育民主化同時干擾全球?qū)W習(xí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)教育民主化同時干擾全球?qū)W習(xí)TREND 3 The boundaries of privacy and data protection will be redefined.TREND 3 The boundaries of privacy and data protection will be redefined. 趨勢趨勢3:3:隱私和數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)的邊界將被重新定義隱私和數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)的邊界將被重新定義TREND 4 Hyper-connected societies will listen to and empower new v

9、oices and groups.TREND 4 Hyper-connected societies will listen to and empower new voices and groups. 趨勢趨勢4:4:超連接社會將聽取并賦予新聲音和團(tuán)體力量超連接社會將聽取并賦予新聲音和團(tuán)體力量TREND 5 The global information environment will be transformed by new technologies.TREND 5 The global information environment will be transformed by new

10、technologies. 趨勢趨勢5:5:新技術(shù)將改變?nèi)蛐畔h(huán)境新技術(shù)將改變?nèi)蛐畔h(huán)境WORLD OF INFORMATION信息世界Changes in the world of information are very radical.Changes in the world of information are very radical.信息世界的改變巨大的。信息世界的改變巨大的。1. The displacement of paper.1. The displacement of paper. 紙張的取代紙張的取代2. The primacy of the search engi

11、ne.2. The primacy of the search engine. 搜索引擎的重要位置搜索引擎的重要位置3. The emergence of the digital lifestyle.3. The emergence of the digital lifestyle. 數(shù)字生活方式的出現(xiàn)數(shù)字生活方式的出現(xiàn)4. The innovative patterns of scholarly communications.4. The innovative patterns of scholarly communications. 學(xué)術(shù)交流的創(chuàng)新模式學(xué)術(shù)交流的創(chuàng)新模式5. Decreas

12、ing reliance on local collections is transforming the library as 5. Decreasing reliance on local collections is transforming the library as a physical destination. This environment of upheaval will pose both a physical destination. This environment of upheaval will pose both opportunities and challe

13、nges for academic libraries. opportunities and challenges for academic libraries. 對本地館藏減少的依對本地館藏減少的依賴改變了圖書館的物理館性質(zhì)。巨變的環(huán)境對學(xué)術(shù)圖書館帶來機遇的同時也充滿挑賴改變了圖書館的物理館性質(zhì)。巨變的環(huán)境對學(xué)術(shù)圖書館帶來機遇的同時也充滿挑戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)(Gregory, 2006, p. 101)CHANGES IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION CONTEXT高等教育背景的改變University students are more ethnically and racially Un

14、iversity students are more ethnically and racially diverse than in the past.diverse than in the past. 大學(xué)生比過去更加民族和種族大學(xué)生比過去更加民族和種族多元化多元化The faculty is changing as well.The faculty is changing as well. 教員也在改變教員也在改變The economics of higher education represent an area of The economics of higher education

15、represent an area of particular volatility.particular volatility. 高等教育經(jīng)濟(jì)代表了一個領(lǐng)域特殊高等教育經(jīng)濟(jì)代表了一個領(lǐng)域特殊的變化性的變化性Delivery methods have evolved significantly, due Delivery methods have evolved significantly, due largely to the development of new information and largely to the development of new information an

16、d communication technologies. communication technologies. 傳遞方式發(fā)生了重要改變，傳遞方式發(fā)生了重要改變，很大程度上是因為新信息和交流技術(shù)的發(fā)展很大程度上是因為新信息和交流技術(shù)的發(fā)展(Gregory, 2006)MOOCS (MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE) （大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課）An online course aimed at large-scale interactive participation and open access via the An online course aimed at large-s

17、cale interactive participation and open access via the web. web. 網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程目標(biāo)在于大范圍的互動參與以及網(wǎng)頁的公開使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程目標(biāo)在于大范圍的互動參與以及網(wǎng)頁的公開使用In addition to traditional course materials such as videos, readings, and problem sets, MOOCs In addition to traditional course materials such as videos, readings, and problem sets, MOO

18、Cs provide interactive user forums that help build a community for the students, professors, and provide interactive user forums that help build a community for the students, professors, and teaching assistants (TAs). teaching assistants (TAs). 除了傳統(tǒng)的課程材料，如視頻，閱讀，和習(xí)題集，除了傳統(tǒng)的課程材料，如視頻，閱讀，和習(xí)題集，MOOCsMOOCs提

19、供交互式用戶論壇，幫助提供交互式用戶論壇，幫助學(xué)生，教授和教學(xué)助理（助教）建立一個社區(qū)。學(xué)生，教授和教學(xué)助理（助教）建立一個社區(qū)。MOOCs are a recent development in distance education.MOOCs are a recent development in distance education. MOOCSMOOCS是在遠(yuǎn)程教育中最新發(fā)展是在遠(yuǎn)程教育中最新發(fā)展Features associated with early MOOCs, such as open licensing of content, open structure and Feat

20、ures associated with early MOOCs, such as open licensing of content, open structure and learning goals learning goals 早期早期MOOCSMOOCS特點：公開許可內(nèi)容、開放的結(jié)構(gòu)和學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)特點：公開許可內(nèi)容、開放的結(jié)構(gòu)和學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)Connectivism may not be present in all MOOC projects,in particular with the Connectivism may not be present in all MOOC projects

21、,in particular with the openness of many MOOCs being called into question raising issues around the openness of many MOOCs being called into question raising issues around the reuse and remixing of resources.reuse and remixing of resources. 關(guān)聯(lián)主義可能不存在在關(guān)聯(lián)主義可能不存在在MOOCMOOC項目，項目，【特別是對特別是對“開放開放”許許多多MOOCsM

22、OOCs的資料提出問質(zhì)疑，問題圍繞資源的資料提出問質(zhì)疑，問題圍繞資源“重用重用”和和“混用混用”】 ://wiki/Massive_open_online_course#Economics. ://wiki/Massive_open_online_course#Economics.2C_business_models_and_industry_structure2C_business_models_and_industry_structureMOOCS大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課The proliferation of MOOCs (Massi

23、ve Open Online Courses) has been hailed as a potent defense against the rising cost and insular culture of attending a traditional college. The proliferation of MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) has been hailed as a potent defense against the rising cost and insular culture of attending a traditio

24、nal college. 作為一種有效的抵御作為一種有效的抵御成本上升和狹隘的文化，上傳統(tǒng)的大學(xué)，被喻為的成本上升和狹隘的文化，上傳統(tǒng)的大學(xué)，被喻為的MOOCsMOOCs（大規(guī)模開放式在線課程）的增殖。（大規(guī)模開放式在線課程）的增殖。The courses, which are generally taught by experts with affiliations to elite universities, are characterized by their unique pedagogy and The courses, which are generally taught by e

25、xperts with affiliations to elite universities, are characterized by their unique pedagogy and unlimited enrollment. To date, no course has been accepted for transfer credit at a major on-campus institution; however some administrators unlimited enrollment. To date, no course has been accepted for t

26、ransfer credit at a major on-campus institution; however some administrators and higher-education experts predict their gradual integration into university curriculum. and higher-education experts predict their gradual integration into university curriculum. 課程，一般都是所屬的精英大學(xué)的專家教授，其特點是其獨課程，一般都是所屬的精英大學(xué)的

27、專家教授，其特點是其獨特的教學(xué)和招生無限。到今天為止，沒有一家大學(xué)接受轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)分，一些管理員和高等教育專家預(yù)測他們逐步融入大學(xué)課程。特的教學(xué)和招生無限。到今天為止，沒有一家大學(xué)接受轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)分，一些管理員和高等教育專家預(yù)測他們逐步融入大學(xué)課程。2012 : November 2nd New York Times article, “The Year of the MOOC,” as well as the October 29th issue of Time Magazine devoted to this 2012 : November 2nd New York Times article, “The

28、 Year of the MOOC,” as well as the October 29th issue of Time Magazine devoted to this topic.2012topic.2012時代周刊的報道讓時代周刊的報道讓MOOCSMOOCS名聲大噪。名聲大噪。Coursera cofounder Daphne Koller: within five years, Coursera will expand from around 200 courses to 3,000, roughly the same Coursera cofounder Daphne Koller

29、: within five years, Coursera will expand from around 200 courses to 3,000, roughly the same number of courses offered in the academic catalogs of large research universities (Koller, 2012). Courseranumber of courses offered in the academic catalogs of large research universities (Koller, 2012). Cou

30、rsera聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人達(dá)芙妮科勒預(yù)聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人達(dá)芙妮科勒預(yù)言：五年內(nèi)，言：五年內(nèi)，CourseraCoursera將擴大從約將擴大從約200200門課程門課程30003000門，數(shù)量大致相同目錄的大型研究型大學(xué)在學(xué)術(shù)課程（科勒，門，數(shù)量大致相同目錄的大型研究型大學(xué)在學(xué)術(shù)課程（科勒，20122012）。）。(Wright & Reuters, 2013, ://dlib/march13/wright/03wright.html)(Wright & Reuters, 2013, ://dlib/march13/wright/03wright.html)M

31、OOCS & COURSERA（大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課）Coursera: This for-profit company currently offers over 200 courses covering a range of subjects Coursera: This for-profit company currently offers over 200 courses covering a range of subjects including Humanities, Medicine, Biology, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Busines

32、s, and Computer including Humanities, Medicine, Biology, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Business, and Computer Science. CourseraScience. Coursera盈利公司目前提供超過盈利公司目前提供超過200200種網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程，課程科目包括人文，醫(yī)學(xué)，生物，社會學(xué)，數(shù)學(xué)，商科和計算機科學(xué)。種網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程，課程科目包括人文，醫(yī)學(xué)，生物，社會學(xué)，數(shù)學(xué)，商科和計算機科學(xué)。These courses are created by faculty representing over 3

33、0 universities, including Princeton University, These courses are created by faculty representing over 30 universities, including Princeton University, Stanford University, University of Pennsylvania, Duke University, and the University of Virginia, to Stanford University, University of Pennsylvania

34、, Duke University, and the University of Virginia, to name a few. name a few. 有有3030多個大學(xué)參與了這些課程的創(chuàng)建，其中包括普林斯頓大學(xué)，斯坦福大學(xué)，賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)，杜克大學(xué)，多個大學(xué)參與了這些課程的創(chuàng)建，其中包括普林斯頓大學(xué)，斯坦福大學(xué)，賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)，杜克大學(xué)，弗吉尼亞大學(xué)等等。弗吉尼亞大學(xué)等等。The structure of each course varies, but generally students watch lectures with embedded quizzes, and comple

35、te homework assignments The structure of each course varies, but generally students watch lectures with embedded quizzes, and complete homework assignments within a designated timeframe for course completion. within a designated timeframe for course completion. 每個課程的結(jié)構(gòu)都不一樣，但是一般學(xué)生會看網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程和隨堂測驗，每個課程的結(jié)構(gòu)都

36、不一樣，但是一般學(xué)生會看網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程和隨堂測驗，在一定的時間內(nèi)完成課后作業(yè)以便完成課程學(xué)習(xí)。在一定的時間內(nèi)完成課后作業(yè)以便完成課程學(xué)習(xí)。Other features include student collaboration via online forums, as well as peer reviews for evaluating assignments. Other features include student collaboration via online forums, as well as peer reviews for evaluating assignments. 其其

37、他的功能還包括學(xué)生在線討論，和同學(xué)互相審查作業(yè)打分。他的功能還包括學(xué)生在線討論，和同學(xué)互相審查作業(yè)打分。Certificates of completion are awarded, but transcript credit is not recognized by any university to Certificates of completion are awarded, but transcript credit is not recognized by any university to date. date. 課程完成證書會辦法給學(xué)生，但是目前為止成績單學(xué)分還沒有被任何一家大學(xué)

38、認(rèn)可。課程完成證書會辦法給學(xué)生，但是目前為止成績單學(xué)分還沒有被任何一家大學(xué)認(rèn)可。Scholarly resources for students vary greatly from course to course. Some of the courses are self-contained, Scholarly resources for students vary greatly from course to course. Some of the courses are self-contained, and do not require any additional literatu

39、re, while others, such as Greek and Roman Mythology require and do not require any additional literature, while others, such as Greek and Roman Mythology require students to read assigned classical literature. Many of the professors recommend certain readings for students to read assigned classical

40、literature. Many of the professors recommend certain readings for additional content, with links to free online resources. additional content, with links to free online resources. 每個課程需要的學(xué)術(shù)性資料的數(shù)量都不一樣。有一些課程不每個課程需要的學(xué)術(shù)性資料的數(shù)量都不一樣。有一些課程不需要閱讀其他資料，然而另外一些，例如需要閱讀其他資料，然而另外一些，例如“希臘和羅馬神話希臘和羅馬神話” 要求學(xué)生閱讀指定的古典文學(xué)。很

41、多教授會推薦一些在線的免費資要求學(xué)生閱讀指定的古典文學(xué)。很多教授會推薦一些在線的免費資料供學(xué)生使用。料供學(xué)生使用。Will Massive Online Open Access Courses Change How We Teach? (Martin, 2012). Will Massive Online Open Access Courses Change How We Teach? (Martin, 2012). “大量的網(wǎng)上公開課程會不會改變我們的教學(xué)方式？大量的網(wǎng)上公開課程會不會改變我們的教學(xué)方式？”（馬丁，（馬丁，20122012）Wright & Reuters, 2013

42、, ://dlib/march13/wright/03wright.html)MOOCS ILLINOIS大眾公開課在伊大MOOCS Illinois ( /)MOOCS Illinois ( /)“Our campus has partnered with Coursera to deliver content through its Massive Open Online “Our campus has partnered with Coursera to deliver content through its Massive Open Online Course (MOO

43、C) platform. As our work in the area of MOOCs and online delivery grows, we may Course (MOOC) platform. As our work in the area of MOOCs and online delivery grows, we may engage with other platform providers as well as offer our own MOOCs. This website serves as a engage with other platform provider

44、s as well as offer our own MOOCs. This website serves as a resource for faculty and staff interested in teaching MOOCs and for students who want to learn resource for faculty and staff interested in teaching MOOCs and for students who want to learn more about taking MOOCs.more about taking MOOCs.The

45、 online education landscape is growing quite rapidly, and Illinois should be at the forefront of The online education landscape is growing quite rapidly, and Illinois should be at the forefront of innovations in education delivery. “innovations in education delivery. “我們學(xué)校與我們學(xué)校與CourseaCoursea合作推出大眾網(wǎng)

46、絡(luò)公開課程。隨著我們在大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開合作推出大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課程。隨著我們在大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課程方面的成長，我們可能會跟更多的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺商合作或者推出我們自己的網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程平臺。這個網(wǎng)站可以給對大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程方面的成長，我們可能會跟更多的網(wǎng)絡(luò)平臺商合作或者推出我們自己的網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程平臺。這個網(wǎng)站可以給對大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課程有興趣的學(xué)院和教師，或者想要了解大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課的同學(xué)提供一些資料。公開課程有興趣的學(xué)院和教師，或者想要了解大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課的同學(xué)提供一些資料。在線教育的成長非常迅速，伊利諾伊大學(xué)應(yīng)該走在教育傳遞創(chuàng)新的最前沿。在線教育的成長非常迅速，伊利諾伊大學(xué)應(yīng)該走在教育傳遞創(chuàng)新的最前沿?！?Phyllis M. Wi

47、se, Chancellor, Ilesanmi Adesida, Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs and Provost) (Phyllis M. Wise, Chancellor, Ilesanmi Adesida, Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs and Provost) （菲利斯（菲利斯 M. M. 懷斯，名譽校長，懷斯，名譽校長， 萊薩米萊薩米 艾德斯達(dá)，教務(wù)處副榮譽處長）艾德斯達(dá)，教務(wù)處副榮譽處長）MOOCS & CHALLENGES TO LIBRARIES大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課程和圖書館面臨的挑

48、戰(zhàn) Academic librarians need to be aware of how these developments may impact their responsibilities Academic librarians need to be aware of how these developments may impact their responsibilities and role within a university. and role within a university. 學(xué)術(shù)圖書館需要了解這些發(fā)展會怎么樣影響圖書館在大學(xué)里扮演的角色和承學(xué)術(shù)圖書館需要了解這些

49、發(fā)展會怎么樣影響圖書館在大學(xué)里扮演的角色和承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。擔(dān)的責(zé)任。How universities are involved in creating or sanctioning MOOCs, descriptions of the major MOOC providers, and how How universities are involved in creating or sanctioning MOOCs, descriptions of the major MOOC providers, and how scholarly resources are used in their cu

50、rriculum. scholarly resources are used in their curriculum. 大學(xué)怎樣創(chuàng)建或開設(shè)大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程，主要網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程提供商的介紹，和學(xué)術(shù)大學(xué)怎樣創(chuàng)建或開設(shè)大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程，主要網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程提供商的介紹，和學(xué)術(shù)性資性資 offer an evaluation of current models for library services in distance learning that may apply to offer an evaluation of current models for library services in distance le

51、arning that may apply to the support of MOOCs. the support of MOOCs. 對現(xiàn)有遠(yuǎn)程教育課程中的圖書館服務(wù)的模式做評估，對大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課程的圖書館服對現(xiàn)有遠(yuǎn)程教育課程中的圖書館服務(wù)的模式做評估，對大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課程的圖書館服務(wù)提供借鑒意見。務(wù)提供借鑒意見。Important for librarians to consider these issues in the early stages of this phenomenon, because Important for librarians to consider these

52、issues in the early stages of this phenomenon, because not only are MOOCs here to stay, but they represent a new challenge in the shifting relationship not only are MOOCs here to stay, but they represent a new challenge in the shifting relationship between library services and online learning that w

53、ill continue to play out in the future of between library services and online learning that will continue to play out in the future of higher education. higher education. 在發(fā)展早期，圖書管理員考慮這些問題非常重要。因為大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課不僅會成為發(fā)展趨在發(fā)展早期，圖書管理員考慮這些問題非常重要。因為大眾網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開課不僅會成為發(fā)展趨勢，更因為它代表一個改變圖書館服務(wù)和在線教育關(guān)系的一個新挑戰(zhàn)。而這種關(guān)系在未來高等教育中將越來越勢，更

54、因為它代表一個改變圖書館服務(wù)和在線教育關(guān)系的一個新挑戰(zhàn)。而這種關(guān)系在未來高等教育中將越來越重要。重要。(Wright & Reuters, 2013, ://dlib/march13/wright/03wright.html) (Wright & Reuters, 2013, ://dlib/march13/wright/03wright.html) （萊特和瑞特爾，（萊特和瑞特爾，20132013， ://dlib/march13/wright/03wright.html ://dlib/march13/wrig

55、ht/03wright.html）LIBRARY SERVICES TO DISTANCE LEARNING (圖書館服務(wù)與遠(yuǎn)程教育）The Northwest Commission on Colleges states that institutions must provide access to library and The Northwest Commission on Colleges states that institutions must provide access to library and scholarly resources with an appropriate

56、 level of currency, depth, and breadth to support the scholarly resources with an appropriate level of currency, depth, and breadth to support the institutions mission, core themes, programs, and services, wherever offered and however institutions mission, core themes, programs, and services, wherev

57、er offered and however delivered (as cited in Francis, 2012). delivered (as cited in Francis, 2012). 西北高校委員會認(rèn)為院校必須提供西北高校委員會認(rèn)為院校必須提供“ “ 對圖書館和比較近期的，有一定深度的和廣度學(xué)術(shù)性資料的使用權(quán)，以便支持對圖書館和比較近期的，有一定深度的和廣度學(xué)術(shù)性資料的使用權(quán)，以便支持學(xué)院的使命，主要任務(wù)，計劃和服務(wù)學(xué)院的使命，主要任務(wù)，計劃和服務(wù)”（弗蘭克斯，（弗蘭克斯，20122012）。）。The Association of College and Research

58、Libraries (ACRL) Distance Learning Section established the policy that The Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) Distance Learning Section established the policy that every higher education student is entitled to the library services and resources of that institution, every higher edu

59、cation student is entitled to the library services and resources of that institution, including direct communication with the appropriate library personnel, regardless of where enrolled (as including direct communication with the appropriate library personnel, regardless of where enrolled (as cited

60、in Nickel & Mulvihill, 2010). cited in Nickel & Mulvihill, 2010). 高校圖書館聯(lián)盟遠(yuǎn)程教育組在創(chuàng)建的制度規(guī)定，每個接受高等教育的學(xué)生都高校圖書館聯(lián)盟遠(yuǎn)程教育組在創(chuàng)建的制度規(guī)定，每個接受高等教育的學(xué)生都“有權(quán)利享受圖書館服務(wù)和該學(xué)校的各種資源，包括有權(quán)利享受圖書館服務(wù)和該學(xué)校的各種資源，包括直接與圖書管理員溝通，不管該學(xué)生在哪入學(xué)直接與圖書管理員溝通，不管該學(xué)生在哪入學(xué)” ” （尼克和（尼克和Mulvihill,2010)Mulvihill,2010)(Wright & Reuters, 2013, ://dlib/march13/wright/03wright.html