Linux入門課程（基礎(chǔ)篇）

1、Linux Linux 入門課程入門課程( (基礎(chǔ)篇基礎(chǔ)篇) )講者: Pank2006-02-21Install LinuxInstall Linux選擇 Distro (Distribution)建議 Fedora Core Linux 或 Mandriva Linux.tw/pub/Linux/光碟安裝 或 網(wǎng)路安裝分割硬碟 最精簡的分割法 /、swap進(jìn)階分割 /、/var、/usr、/home、swap與Windows共存 先灌Windows選擇安裝套件 全部安裝約34G選擇 X Windows系統(tǒng): GNOME、KDE、

2、IceWMBoot LoaderBoot LoaderGrub/boot/grub/menu.lstLilo/etc/lilo.confGrub is betterRun LevelRun Level0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)1 - Single user mode2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)3 - Full multiuser mode4 - unused5 - X116 - reboot (Do NOT set ini

3、tdefault to this)Boot ProcedureBoot ProcedureBoot LoaderKernelinitrd (optional)init/etc/inittab/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit/etc/rc.d/rc3.d/*(3 is run level)/etc/rc.localX WindowDisplay Manager or Desktop Manager (run level 5)Keyboard ControlKeyboard ControlCtrl+Alt+F1F6Switch consoleCtrl+Alt+F7X Window cons

4、oleTabCommand line auto-complete、Edit history commandShift+PgUp/PgDnScroll screenMouse ControlMouse ControlMark 即複製中鍵貼上、或是同時按左右鍵File Structure (1)File Structure (1)/binbinary,core utilities/bootkernel、initrd/devdevice file/etcconfig/libmain library、glibc/procprocess file system/sbinsystem binary/tmp

5、temp directory/usrnon-system applications、library/varlog、spool、databaseFile Structure (2)File Structure (2)/homeuser home directory/home/pank/mntmounting directory/rootsuper user root directoryOthers/initrdinitrd mounting directory/optsome program install to /optFile SystemFile SystemEXT2EXT3EXT2+日誌

6、式系統(tǒng)ReiserFSHans Reiser開發(fā) XFSSGI公司開發(fā) JFSIBM開發(fā) File Access PermissionsFile Access PermissionsEveryone、Group、OwnerRead、Write、eXecuter=4、w=2、x=1rwx=7File Permission=777, Everyone can read、write、executechmod 644 filechmod 755 filechmod 777 fileDevicesDevicesNo C: D: E: Primary Master: /dev/hdaPrimary Mas

7、ter 1st Partition: /dev/hda1Mouse: /dev/psaux or /dev/mouseAudio: /dev/dsp or /dev/audioMixer: /dev/mixerConsole: /dev/tty? (tty0、tty1)RAM Disk: /dev/ram0Null: /dev/nullBasic Commands (1)Basic Commands (1)cat顯示檔案內(nèi)容 =DOS/Windows的typecd轉(zhuǎn)移目錄 =DOS/Windows的cdclear清除螢?zāi)?=DOS/Windows的cp複製檔案 =DOS/Windows的cop

8、ydate顯示日期、時間 =DOS/Windows的dateecho印出字串 =DOS/Windows的echofdisk分割磁碟 =DOS的fdiskfind找尋檔案、目錄 =Windows的搜尋功能ftp檔案傳送 =Windows的ftpkill終止程式之執(zhí)行 =Windows的taskkillls列出檔案資訊 =DOS/Windows的dirmkdir建立子目錄 =DOS/Windows的md/mkdirrmdir刪除子目錄 =DOS/Windows的rd/rmdirmke2fs製作檔案系統(tǒng) =DOS/Windows的formatmv更改、移動目錄或檔案 =DOS/Windows的mov

9、enetstat查詢網(wǎng)路目前狀況 =Windows的netstatping查詢網(wǎng)路上某主機是否開著 =Windows的pingps查看系統(tǒng)中正在執(zhí)行程序資料 =DOS/Windows的tasklist或工作管理員rm刪除檔案或目錄 =DOS/Windows的deltelnet連到別臺機器 =Windows的telnetBasic Commands (2)Basic Commands (2)chmod改變檔案權(quán)限屬性chown更改檔案或目錄的擁有者df查詢硬碟使用量du查詢檔案的磁碟使用空間fsck檢查、修復(fù)Linux檔案系統(tǒng)grep用關(guān)鍵字找尋檔案ln建立符號連結(jié)(捷徑) -s (soft l

10、ink) man查詢某個指令的說明more顯示檔案的內(nèi)容(暫停)mount掛上檔案系統(tǒng)passwd改變密碼pwd顯示目前工作目錄路徑su切換使用者或super user (root)sync把記憶體中的資料寫入硬碟top查看系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)umount卸下已掛上的檔案系統(tǒng)uname查詢Linux版本,uname -auptime顯示目前的使用者和平均負(fù)荷reboot重新開機shutdown關(guān)機Shell EnvironmentShell EnvironmentDefault shell: bash - GNU Bourne-Again Shellstdin、stdout、stderr、|Shell S

11、criptBasic ConfigurationBasic Configuration/etc/fstabfile system mounting table/etc/groupuser group file/etc/crontab系統(tǒng)自動排程檔/etc/hostshost names static table/etc/resolv.confDNS設(shè)定檔/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 IP/NETMASK/etc/sysconfig/network HOSTNAME、GATEWAY/etc/bashrcbash 設(shè)定檔/etc/inittab

12、init table/etc/sysctl.confkernel parametersServicesServicesService管理工具(一般): chkconfig其他管理工具: ntsysv、drakxservicesService scripts in /etc/init.d/*xinetd services configuration /etc/xinetd.d/*常用Services:apachecrondimapipop3keytablenetworksmbsshdsyslogxinetdInformationInformationdmesgKernel開機過程/var/log

13、/messages系統(tǒng)資訊/var/log/syslog系統(tǒng)記錄/proc/cpuinfoCPU資訊/proc/meminfo記憶體資訊/proc/modules載入的modules資訊/proc/pciPCI資訊/proc/versionKernel版本資訊ArchivesArchives壓縮 gzip file解壓縮 gunzip file.gz包裝 tar cf files.tar file1 file2 fileN解包裝 tar xf files.tar壓縮 tar czf files.tar.gz file1 file2 fileN解壓縮 tar zxf files.tar.gz壓縮

14、 tar cjf file.bz2 file1 file2 fileN解壓縮 tar jxf file.bz2User and Group ManagementUser and Group Managementuseradd新增使用者userdel 刪除使用者usermod異動使用者資料groupadd新增群組groupdel刪除群組groupmod異動群組資料passwd設(shè)定使用者密碼ApplicationsApplicationsWeb browserFirefox、MozillaEmail clientThunderbird、EvolutionOfficeOpenOfficeEditorvi、joe、geditFiles downloading wget、ncftp、GftpIMGaimPDF ViewerAcrobat Reader、XpdfAudio PlayerXmmsMovie PlayerMplayerGraphicGimpPicture Viewerxv、xnview、