TO DO 不定式

1、To do 不定式1不定式的用法1）作主語不定式短語作主語時，一般表示具體的、個別的、一次性的或具有將來意義的動作,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。TomasteraforeignLanguagerequirespainstakingeffort(辛苦的努力).Tocombinetheorywithpracticeisagoodwayoflearning.It動詞賓語等todosthItmakesmesicktothinkaboutit.Itdoesyoualotofgood_(swim)intherivers.Itbe表語todosthItwastogiveupsmoking.Itwasbeyondme_(

2、help)him.Itbe表語forsb.todosth/forsth.tobedoneItisimportantforyoutoattendthatmeeting.Itisagoodidea_thebooks_(give)toher.Itbe表語of名詞/代詞todosthItiskindofyoutooffermethislovelyholiday.Itwascareless_you_(leave)yourbookonthebus.to swimto helpforto be givenofto leave2）作表語：動詞不定式放在be，become，sound，taste等系動詞后面常表

3、示將來的動作或起解釋說明作用，其主語常常是wish，idea，task，purpose，duty，job等表示意向、打算、計劃的詞。Myambitionistoworkforafirmthatdevelopscomputersoftware.我的目標(biāo)是在開發(fā)電腦軟件的公司里工作。動詞不定式作表語時也常用來表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動作，或表示未來的可能性或假設(shè)。Thestudentsaretomeetattheschoolgatetomorrow.明天學(xué)生們將在學(xué)校大門口見面。注意：當(dāng)主語部分有實義動詞注意：當(dāng)主語部分有實義動詞do時，作表語的不定式也時，作表語的不定式也可不帶可不帶to.The onl

4、y thing you can do is (to)wait and see.3）作賓語以下動詞可用于：主語動詞todoIcannotafford_(pay)suchaprice.Wedecidednottogooutbecauseoftheweather.afford, agree, aim, attempt, begin, decide, demand, deserve, fail, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, manage, mean, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise,

5、 prove, refuse, seem, strive, swear, threaten, try, volunteerto pay以下動詞可用于：主語動詞（以下動詞可用于：主語動詞（on/for）賓語）賓語to do（賓語）（賓語）Can you arrange for the instruments to be delivered on Monday?I am counting on(依靠依靠) all of you to help me through?rely, count, arrange, long, wait, 以下動詞可用于：主語動詞疑問詞todo（賓適）Heaskedhow

6、togettothestation.Idontknowwhethertoapplyforthejobornot.ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, learn, wonder以下動詞可用于：主語動詞it賓補todo（賓語）Idontthinkitnecessarytogoonwiththeexperiment.Iconsider_myduty_(write)toyouandthankyou.believe, consider, count, declare, deny, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge,

7、 know, prove, realize report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take, think, understanditto write4）作賓語補足語下列動詞可用于“動詞賓語todo”結(jié)構(gòu)。Iadvise/allow/askyoutoleave.Weshallrequestthecommitteetoconsideroursuggestion.Irecommendyou_(buy)thisdictionary.advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, command, dare, determine,

8、 direct, discover, drive, enable, expect, encourage, forbid, force, get, inform, invite, order, permit, persuade, prepare, recommend, remind, request, require, send, teach, urge, want, warn, wishto buy在下列感官動詞和使役動詞用于“動詞賓語do”結(jié)構(gòu)Wefeltthehouseshake.Theymadetheboygotobedearly.Isawher_(leave)theclassroomq

9、uietly.Couldyouhavehimcallmewhenhegetsback?一感（一感（feel），二聽（），二聽（hear, listen to），三使役），三使役（make, let, have），五看（），五看（see,look at, watch, notice, observe）leave說明：這些句子如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)都必須帶to.let的被動形式通常用allowpermitgivepermission的被動形式。例如Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.Ilethimgo.Hewasallowed/per

10、mittedtogo.動詞help后接動詞作賓語補足語省略的情況常見于美國英語中。注意：havesb.dosth用于通常情況下期望別人為自己做事，常指份內(nèi)該做的事；getsb.todosth用于勸說別人做我們所希望的事，常指有一定難度；makesb.dosth指使用權(quán)力或權(quán)威追使別人做不情愿做的事。例如Hehadthesalespersonshowhim12pairsofshoes.Thebosshadusprepareaprogressreporteveryweek.Ittookalongtime,butfinallyIgotmybosstoletmetakeaweekoff.Howdoes

11、theteachergetherstudentstostaysoquiet?HowcanImakeherwearthisdressifshedoesntwantto?Therobbermadetheclerkgivehimthemoney.下列動詞可用于“動詞賓語tobe形容詞或名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。Ibelievehimtobehonest.Everybodyconsiderthis_afact.Ijudgehimtobeaboutfifty.Hedeclaredhimselftobeamemberoftheclub.believe, consider, count, declare, deny, f

12、eel, find, guess,imagine, judge, know, prove, realize, suppose, thinkto behope,demand,suggest等后不能接動詞不定式作賓語補足語。Ihope/demand/suggestyoutocome.（錯誤）Ihopethatyoucancomeontime.（正確）Idemand/suggestthatyoushouldcomeontime.(正確)說明：將不定式作賓語補足語的句子改為被動語態(tài)時，動詞不定式就成了主語補足語。也就是說，它與句子主語構(gòu)成了主謂關(guān)系。例如Ithoughthimtobethebestpl

13、ayerofthebasketball.Heisthoughttobethebestplayerofthebasketball.WesawhimenterthehallHewasseentoenterthehall.5）作定語ItwasthefirstbooktohaveappearedonthesubjectHewasthefirstonetohavebeeninvitedtotheparty不定式作定語有時幾乎等于一個定語從句，有時具有情態(tài)意義，大都用于表示即將發(fā)生的動作。例如Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.（不可能會）Sheusuallyhasalo

14、tofmeetingstoattendintheevening.(必須做）Itisntathingtotalkabout.（不應(yīng)該談?wù)摚￤ellhavemoreactivitieslikethisinthefewweekstocome.(將要到來）TheconferencetotakeplaceinShanghainextmonthisofgreatimportance.（將要發(fā)生）在某些由動詞派生的名詞后常接不定式作定語Idonttrusthispromise_(come)foravisit.Hehaspersistedin(堅持)herrefusaltospendChristmasatsc

15、hool.注意：在intention或hope后常接“of動名詞或動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)”形式。agreement,arrangement,attempt,claim,decision,desire,determination,failure,need,offer,plan,pleasurepromise,refusal,tendency,threat,warning,wish等to come某些由形容詞派生的名詞后常接不定式作定語Yourability_(analyze)theproblemreallysurprisesme.Hehasfulfilledhisambitiontobeawriter

16、.ability,ambition,anxiety,capability,curiosity,eagerness,freedom,patience,readiness,willingness等to analyze用于說明某些名詞的內(nèi)容，常接不定式作定語Youmusthavethecouragetosay“No”.Wehavegoodreasontobelievethatheislying.appeal,campaign,chance,courage,effort,evidence,opportunity,position,power,reason,right,sense,skillstrugg

17、le,talent,way等說明名詞或代詞所起的作用，與不定式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系A(chǔ)：中心詞是名詞Weareinneedofnursestotakecareofchildren.Ineedaboxtoholdmybooks.B：中心詞是代詞Haveyouanythingtocuremybadcold?Thereisnoonetolookafterthechild.在theonly、序數(shù)詞（thefirst,thesecond）、順序詞（thelast,thenext)或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞后用不定式作定語.Lindawastheonlyone_(stay)forthewholeperforma

18、nce.Theyarethefirsttobearhardships,thelasttoenjoycomfort.他們吃苦在前，享樂在后。Theyoungestperson_(enter)theprogrammewasjustfourteen.the only；序數(shù)詞： the first， the second順序詞： the last， the next；形容詞最高級 名詞不定式to stayto enter說明：作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或不定式修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等，不定式后須有相應(yīng)的介詞。帶直接賓語的不定式修飾一個間接賓語時，也應(yīng)加上相應(yīng)的介詞。例如：Hei

19、slookingforaroomtolivein.Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.Ihavenoideawhomtogivethismessageto.不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time,place或way，不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上可省去。如Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive(in).6）作狀語，表示目的、結(jié)果、條件、原因或程度作目的狀語：（有以下幾種表達(dá)方式）Inordertoaccomplishthetask,wemustworkveryhard.Weturnedthelightsoffinordernottowasteelectricity._(

20、stop)thetrain,pullthelever(控制桿)downwards.Ineedabackpacktocarrythings.A: (in order) to動詞原形動詞原形To stopCheckyourcompositionsoastoavoidmistakes.Thetestquestionsarekeptsecretsoastopreventcheating.Myfatherboughtanewbookformetoread.Istoppedandwaitedforhertocatchup.說明：美國英語中，動詞come,go后接不定式表目的時可以省略to。例如:Comew

21、atchTVwithusthisevening.Illgotellhimaboutit.B：so as to動詞原形（通常不置于句首動詞原形（通常不置于句首)C：for.to動詞原形（不定式本身有自己的主動詞原形（不定式本身有自己的主語語)作結(jié)果狀語：（有以下表達(dá)方式）Hearrivedatthestationtoolatetocatchtheearlytrain.Wefoundtheroomtoosmalltoholdsomanypeople.說明：通常”too.to”結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式具有否定意義。但如果”too.to”結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞為anxious,delighted,eager,easy,g

22、lad,kind,pleased,ready,surprised,willing，其后的不定式表示肯定。Hewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.看到父親那么生氣，她非常吃驚。Weweretoowillingtoofferthemwhatwehad.A：too.to 動詞原形動詞原形當(dāng)all,but,not,never,only,quite,really等后接”too.to”結(jié)構(gòu)時“too”的含義為very”，不定式?jīng)]有否定含義。例如Imonlytoogladtostayathome.我太想留在家里啦。Itsnevertoolatetolearn.活

23、到老，學(xué)到老。WhathaveIdonetooffend(冒犯)you?Hehurriedtotheschool_(find)nobodythere.Heliftedarockonlytodropitonhisownfeet.B：（：（only）to動詞原形動詞原形(find /discover/ realize)only to find作原因狀語（一般不置于句首）：不定式的動作先于謂語動詞，但很少用完成式。大部分表達(dá)情感等的原因，有以下3種句型Icouldnotbutlaughtohearsuchafunnystory.Irejoiced(高興)tolearnthathissonwasadm

24、ittedtotheuniversity.A：主語表示感情的不及物動詞不定式：主語表示感情的不及物動詞不定式I am glad to see her in such good health.I am sorry to give you so much trouble.We were very excited _(hear)the news.B：主語：主語be表情緒或感情的形容詞過去分表情緒或感情的形容詞過去分詞不定式詞不定式 afraid, angry, anxious, eager, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, delighted, disappointed, e

25、xcited, shocked, surprisedto hearThe boy was rude to speak to the teacher like that.She was clever to solve the problem so quickly.C：主語：主語be說明人的行為或品質(zhì)的形容詞不定式說明人的行為或品質(zhì)的形容詞不定式7）作獨立成分）作獨立成分To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.常用的這類短語有常用的這類短語有:to be frank坦白地說坦白地說 to be exact確切地說確切地說to be sure當(dāng)然，肯定當(dāng)然，肯定 to begin with