自修課一：如何破解閱讀障礙

1、自修課一：如何破解閱讀障礙高考題型完形、閱讀學(xué)通法自修課二：如何全取完形填空自修課三：如何完勝閱讀理解自修課一：如何破解閱讀障礙怎樣突破生僻詞匯一無(wú)關(guān)緊要的詞匯“跳過(guò)去”1怎樣突破生僻詞匯在考試中，有百分之十的生詞都不會(huì)干擾你做題。跳過(guò)去Sergio Pellis of Lethbridge University某個(gè)大學(xué)斜體的單詞某本書(shū)、雜志、電影的名稱或某個(gè)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)影響閱讀的詞匯“猜出來(lái)”2怎樣突破生僻詞匯定義和解釋01為了準(zhǔn)確地說(shuō)明一件事物的性質(zhì)和特征，作者常常會(huì)運(yùn)用一些概念和一些特定的詞匯對(duì)該事物進(jìn)行直接或間接的解釋?？忌ㄟ^(guò)解釋性的說(shuō)明來(lái)理解概念和特定詞匯就成了一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀技能。怎樣

2、突破生僻詞匯定義和解釋01【示例】(2014遼寧高考閱讀B) This is the reason why the word belated was invented. “Happy belated birthday！” is short for: “Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”分析：通過(guò)“Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”對(duì)Happy belated

3、 birthday！的解釋可知，belated表示“遲來(lái)的”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯描述和例證02描述即作者為幫助考生更深入和感性地了解某人或某物而對(duì)該人或該物所做出的外在相貌或內(nèi)在特征的描寫(xiě)。例證是作者通過(guò)舉例的方式來(lái)說(shuō)明某一詞匯。尤其通過(guò)考生比較熟悉的現(xiàn)象和情況對(duì)比較難的詞匯做出生動(dòng)的說(shuō)明，以使考生對(duì)該詞匯產(chǎn)生正確的認(rèn)知和理解。因此可以通過(guò)描述和例證對(duì)生詞加以推測(cè)。怎樣突破生僻詞匯描述和例證02【示例1】(2014新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷閱讀B) Sadly, the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing. Where the

4、birds were most abundant, people believed there was an everlasting supply and killed them by the thousands. Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain, waited until pigeons had settled to feed, then threw large nets over them, taking hundreds at a time. The birds were shipped to

5、 large cities and sold in restaurants.分析：根據(jù)下文的描述可知，人們認(rèn)為旅鴿的數(shù)量大便開(kāi)始大量捕殺它們，最終導(dǎo)致它們滅絕。故undoing意為“滅絕”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯描述和例證02【示例2】(2014江西高考閱讀D) With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and iPads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.分析：根據(jù)such as后面的例證“mobile phones and iP

6、ads”可知，gadgets指通信工具。怎樣突破生僻詞匯同義和反義03同義和反義是兩種修辭手法。在閱讀理解中，作者經(jīng)常使用多個(gè)同義詞或近義詞來(lái)避免重復(fù)，有時(shí)候則將兩個(gè)或多個(gè)同義詞放在一起以示強(qiáng)調(diào)；反義詞的作用主要是突出某個(gè)詞的特征或含義。用同義詞猜詞，一看and或or連接的同義詞詞組，二看在進(jìn)一步解釋的過(guò)程中使用的同義詞。通過(guò)反義詞猜詞，一看表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞或副詞，二看與not搭配的或表示否定意味的詞語(yǔ)。怎樣突破生僻詞匯同義和反義03【示例1】(2014福建高考閱讀A) As we walked up to her, my son became intimidated by all the b

7、lood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her.分析：根據(jù)上下文可知，所猜之詞和后面句子中的scared 應(yīng)為同義詞，故intimidated意為“害怕的；恐懼的”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯同義和反義03【示例2】(2014北京高考閱讀D) But while e-shops can use sights and sounds, only bricksandmortar stores(實(shí)體店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers

8、step through the door to the moment they leave.分析：e-shops是本文中的生詞，從only可知，后文bricksandmortar stores (實(shí)體店)可知與本詞意義相反，并借助構(gòu)詞法(前綴e意為“電子的，電腦的，網(wǎng)上的”)，可知此處e-shops意為“網(wǎng)店”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯平行關(guān)系04上下文中有可能會(huì)有和生詞所處的句子相平行的句子，找出其中和生詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的處于同一地位的詞或句子去推測(cè)。怎樣突破生僻詞匯平行關(guān)系04【示例2】(2014陜西高考閱讀B) My father visited an OHenry expert at Columbi

9、a University in New York, who authenticated the story as OHenrys.My father then set out to sell it.分析：通過(guò)和 authenticated所在句子并列的“My father then set out to sell it.”可知，既然找專家鑒定后拿出去賣了，那么就可以證明這本手稿是真正的歐亨利的作品。因此authenticate的意思是“證明(某物)為真”。怎樣突破生僻詞匯構(gòu)詞法05英語(yǔ)是一種拼音文字，字母根據(jù)一定的規(guī)律組合為單詞。究其規(guī)律，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)許多單詞都是通過(guò)詞根和前后綴及單詞的組合演變而

10、來(lái)的：詞根為單詞的意義提供了一個(gè)最基本的意思，而前后綴則對(duì)單詞加以修飾或改變。在閱讀文章時(shí)如果碰到有些很難通過(guò)上下文來(lái)推斷詞義的生詞時(shí)，構(gòu)詞法就該派上用場(chǎng)了。怎樣突破生僻詞匯構(gòu)詞法052014重慶高考完形showerhead “淋浴頭”2014山東高考完形courageous courage加后綴ous構(gòu)成了形容詞，意為“勇敢的；有膽量的”）2014廣東高考完形untidiness tidy(整潔)加名詞后綴ness和否定前綴un構(gòu)成的，意為“不整潔；凌亂”。怎樣破譯長(zhǎng)難句二理解長(zhǎng)難句的類型1怎樣破譯長(zhǎng)難句帶從句的句子01從句包括名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句)，定語(yǔ)從句

11、以及狀語(yǔ)從句。帶從句的句子之所以難理解，是因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)主句、從句難以分清，從而造成句子結(jié)構(gòu)的混亂。怎樣破譯長(zhǎng)難句帶從句的句子01【示例2】(2014福建高考閱讀E) Those who disagree with the rapid expansion of wind farms state that the damage they cause is out of proportion (比例) to the benefits they bring, because their energy output cannot match that of the carbonbased power sta

12、tions they are supposed to replace.主句從句定語(yǔ)從句賓語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句定語(yǔ)從句譯文：那些不同意快速發(fā)展風(fēng)力發(fā)電廠的人說(shuō)它們?cè)斐傻奈：εc它們帶來(lái)的益處不成比例，因?yàn)樗鼈兊陌l(fā)電量比不上它們理應(yīng)取代的以碳為原料的發(fā)電站。怎樣破譯長(zhǎng)難句帶非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的句子02非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有三種形式，即動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)詞的ing形式和動(dòng)詞的ed形式。它們不能作句子的謂語(yǔ)，但可以作謂語(yǔ)之外的其他句子成分，而且可以像謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一樣有自己的賓語(yǔ)或由其他成分修飾。由于不能作謂語(yǔ)，它們不像句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有自己的主語(yǔ)，但它們絕大多數(shù)都有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。怎樣破譯長(zhǎng)難句帶非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的句子02【

13、示例2】(2014湖北高考閱讀E) In fact, according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally (水平地), and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical columns.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)譯文：事實(shí)上，

14、按照威爾克的觀點(diǎn)，汽車和電梯被鎖進(jìn)一場(chǎng)“秘密的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”達(dá)一個(gè)世紀(jì)，汽車讓人們水平地運(yùn)動(dòng)成為可能，電梯推動(dòng)他們?cè)谝粋€(gè)垂直的塔柱中朝著生活邁進(jìn)。形式賓語(yǔ)真正賓語(yǔ)怎樣破譯長(zhǎng)難句帶插入語(yǔ)的句子03在閱讀中，很多句子中間會(huì)插入其他詞、短語(yǔ)或從句，表示一些附加解釋、說(shuō)明，或總結(jié)或表示說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度和看法，或僅僅是承上啟下，使句子與前面的語(yǔ)句銜接的更緊密一些。這些被稱為插入語(yǔ)。多數(shù)插入語(yǔ)位于主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間，有時(shí)也位于句首或句末，因而對(duì)考生的理解造成一定的干擾，特別是比較長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)。怎樣破譯長(zhǎng)難句帶插入語(yǔ)的句子03【示例2】(2014重慶高考閱讀C) Sadly, biological facts preve

15、nt us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aid we simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulting in a lot of pressure that makes us sink.插入語(yǔ)，用來(lái)說(shuō)明破折號(hào)前面的原因譯文：不幸的是，生理上的事實(shí)使我們?cè)跊](méi)有人工幫助的前提下不能這樣做我們太沉了，全身的重量向下壓著我們相對(duì)很小的雙腳，導(dǎo)致很大的壓力使我們向下沉。掌握長(zhǎng)難句的分析方法提

16、取主干法2首先把長(zhǎng)難句分解成若干個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。按照句子成分，找出句子主干。1找出連詞和關(guān)系詞，確定句與句、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系，確定主句和從句。2分析主句與從句的成分，識(shí)別謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，判斷謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，接著看該句中是否有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、倒裝、省略、插入成分、獨(dú)立成分、同位成分等。3語(yǔ)法分析可以按照下列步驟來(lái)操作：分析主句與從句、從句與從句、主句與非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。同時(shí)，考慮上下文、文化背景，從總體上把握句子的字面含義以及字里行間的深層含義。4怎樣破譯長(zhǎng)難句掌握長(zhǎng)難句的分析方法提取主干法00【示例】(2014新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷閱讀A) He reported the case to the poli

17、ce and then sat there, lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one.主句譯文：他向警方報(bào)案，然后坐在那里，很失落，在陌生的城市也很孤單，想想從一個(gè)遙遠(yuǎn)的國(guó)家把那么多文件重新整理一遍會(huì)有多大麻煩，而自己還要盡力在一個(gè)新的國(guó)度里安頓下來(lái)。形容詞短語(yǔ)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作伴

18、隨狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)從句的省略怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)三怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)倒三角形寫(xiě)作法()01即主題句出現(xiàn)在文首。開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，提出主題，隨之用節(jié)來(lái)支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想。這英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的演繹法寫(xiě)作方式。怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)(2014重慶高考完形)Cultural differences occur wherever you go. When visiting another country, you should be aware of those differences and 28.respect them. Here are some 29.tips on how to fit in

19、.Every traveler to a foreign country feels 30.awkward at some point. What you do can make locals laugh. Your best defense is a sense of 31.humor.If you can laugh off eating with the wrong hand in India, locals will warm to you as “that crazy foreigner.”怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)Wearing proper clothes is important

20、too, 32.for locals will judge you by what you wear. In some Middle Eastern countries, exposing your flesh is 33.forbidden,_especially if you are a woman. So leave your torn jeans at home.Also be cautious about expressing 34.emotions.Getting angry in Southeast Asia just makes you look silly. In some

21、countries it is 35.unwise to kiss in public.怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)總體說(shuō)明不同國(guó)家有著不同的風(fēng)俗，提議大家入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。點(diǎn)明主題從三個(gè)方面分別介紹入鄉(xiāng)隨俗行為方式方面穿衣方面情感表達(dá)方面怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)正三角形寫(xiě)作法()02即主題句出現(xiàn)在文尾。在表述細(xì)節(jié)后，歸納要點(diǎn)、印象、結(jié)論、建議或結(jié)果，以概括主題。這是英語(yǔ)中最常見(jiàn)的歸納法寫(xiě)作方式。怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)(2014浙江高考完形)I had worried myself sick over Simons mother coming to see me.I was a new 21.teacher,

22、_and I gave an honest account of the students work.In Simons case, the grades were awfully low.He couldnt read his own handwriting. 22.But he was a bright student.He discussed adult subjects with nearly adult comprehension.His work in no way reflected his 23.abilities.怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)So when Simons mothe

23、r entered the room, my palms (手掌心) were sweating.I was completely 24.unprepared for her kisses on both my cheeks.“I came to thank you，” she said, surprising me beyond speech.25.Because_of me, Simon had become a different person.He talked of how he 26.loved me, he had began to make friends, and for t

24、he first time in his twelve years, he had 27.recently spent an afternoon at a friends house.She wanted to tell me how grateful she was for the 28.selfrespect I had nurtured (培養(yǎng)) in her son.She kissed me again and left.怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)I sat, stunned (驚呆), for about half an hour, 29.wondering what had just

25、 happened.How did I make such a lifechanging difference to that boy without 30.even_ knowing it? What I finally came to 31.remember was one day, several months before, when some students were 32.giving reports in the front of the class, Jeanne spoke 33.quietly,_and to encourage her to raise her voic

26、e, I had said, “Speak up.Simons the expert on this.He is the 34.only one you have to convince, and he cant hear you in the 35.back of the room.” That was it.From that day on, Simon had sat up straighter, paid more attention, 36.smiled more, and became happy.And it was all because he 37.happened to b

27、e the last kid in the last row.The boy who most needed 38.praise was the one who took the last seat that day.It taught me the most 39.valuable lesson over the years of my teaching career, and Im thankful that it came 40.early and positively.A small kindness can indeed make a difference., 怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

28、情節(jié)一：描述一位學(xué)生聰明，但學(xué)習(xí)很差情節(jié)二：這位學(xué)生的母親來(lái)向我致謝，我有點(diǎn)摸不著頭腦情節(jié)三：回憶了幾個(gè)月前發(fā)生的一件事情，當(dāng)時(shí)鼓勵(lì)了一個(gè)學(xué)生歸納三個(gè)段落，只為說(shuō)明一個(gè)事情的來(lái)龍去脈我的表?yè)P(yáng)和鼓勵(lì)使一位學(xué)生發(fā)生了重大改變歸納要點(diǎn)，點(diǎn)明主題小小的善舉卻能產(chǎn)生重大的作用。怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)圓形寫(xiě)作法()03即首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方法。突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫(xiě)作方式也較為常見(jiàn)。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù)，后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)(2014廣東高考完形)Parents feel that it is difficu

29、lt to live with teenagers.Then again, teenagers have 1.similar feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them.According to a recent research, the most common 2.argument between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks.On the one hand, pare

30、nts go mad over_3.messy rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their childrens refusal to help with the 4.housework.On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for 5.dropping the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping

31、 at the supermarket.怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)The research, conducted by St.George University, shows that different parents have different 6.approaches to these problems.However, some approaches are more 7.successful than others.For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8.late

32、r clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their childrens 9.behaviour.On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10.consequences of their actions can do better.For example, when teenagers who dont help their parents with the shopping dont find their favorite drink in the

33、 refrigerator, they are forced to 11.reconsider their actions.怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)Psychologists say that munication is the most important thing in parentchild relationships.Parents should 13.talk to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what they have to say.Parents may 14.scold thei

34、r children when they are untidy but they should also understand that their room is their own private space.Communication is a twoway process.It is only by listening to and 15.understanding each other that problems between parents and children can be settled.怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)門見(jiàn)山，點(diǎn)明主題父母和孩子均表示住在一起不容易，然后指出在哪

35、些方面存在爭(zhēng)論。緊扣主題，詳寫(xiě)論證父母對(duì)于問(wèn)題的處理方式會(huì)導(dǎo)致不同的結(jié)果。首尾呼應(yīng)，升華主題介紹解決問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是溝通，只有通過(guò)傾聽(tīng)和理解才能解決父母和孩子相處難的問(wèn)題。結(jié)尾和開(kāi)頭相呼應(yīng)，并進(jìn)一步升華。怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)菱形寫(xiě)作法()04即主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間。通常前面先提出一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或事例，然后引申出文章的中心或主題，而后又對(duì)其作進(jìn)一步的解釋、支撐或發(fā)展。怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu) (2014廣東高考閱讀B)It was a cold winter day. A woman drove up to the Rainbow Bridge tollbooth (收費(fèi)站)“Im paying f

36、or myself, and for the six cars behind me，” she said with a smile, handing over seven tickets. One after another, the next six drivers arriving at the tollbooth were informed, “Some lady up ahead already paid your fare.” It turned out that the woman, Natalie Smith, had read something on a friends re

37、frigerator: “Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty.” The phrase impressed her so much that she copied it down.怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu) Judy Foreman spotted the same phrase on a warehouse wall far away from home.When it stayed on her mind for days, she gave up and drove all the way back to copy it

38、 down.“I thought it was beautiful，” she said, explaining why shed taken to writing it at the bottom of all her letters, “l(fā)ike a message from above.” Her husband, Frank, liked the phrase so much that he put it up on the classroom wall for his students, one of whom was the daughter of Alice Johnson, a

39、 local news reporter.Alice put it in the newspaper, admitting that though she liked it, she didnt know where it came from or what it really meant. Two days later, Alice got a call from Anne Herbert, a woman living in Marin.It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper, a

40、fter turning it around in her mind for days.怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu) “Heres the idea,” Anne says. “Anything you think there should be more of, do it randomly.” Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools, leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town, and giving money secretly

41、to a proud old lady. Anne says, “Kindness can build on itself as much as violence can.” The acts of random kindness spread. If you were one of those drivers who found your fare paid, who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later. Like all great events, kindness begins slow

42、ly, with every single act. Let it be yours！怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)引用Natalie Smith的事例引出下文主題。主旨本段為文章的中心，畫(huà)線句為主題句。闡釋一三個(gè)人都見(jiàn)到了這句話，但卻未完全領(lǐng)悟。闡釋二Anne Herbert真正領(lǐng)悟了這句話，并打算付諸行動(dòng)。升華偶爾為之的善舉可以傳播，因此愿大家都能把善意傳遞下去。怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)正方形寫(xiě)作法()05即主題句隱含在全文之中，沒(méi)有明確的主題句。在這種情況下，我們的注意力應(yīng)放在文章的主要內(nèi)容上。怎樣理清文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu) (2014福建高考閱讀D)Perhaps you think you coul

43、d easily add to your happiness with more money. Strange as it may seem, if youre unsatisfied, the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you dont have enough tastes. Real riches consist of welldeveloped and hearty capacities (能力) to enjoy life. Most people are already swamped (淹沒(méi)) with things. They eat, wear, go and talk too much. They live in too big a house with too many rooms, yet