(精校版)新編語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程名詞解釋(部分重點(diǎn))

1、（完整 word 版）新編語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程名詞解釋（部分重點(diǎn)）編輯整理:尊敬的讀者朋友們:這里是精品文檔編輯中心，本文檔內(nèi)容是由我和我的同事精心編輯整理后發(fā)布的，發(fā)布之前我們對(duì)文中內(nèi)容進(jìn)行仔細(xì)校對(duì)”但是難免會(huì)有疏漏的地方”但是任然希望（完整word版）新編語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程名詞解釋（部分重點(diǎn)）的內(nèi)容能夠給您的工作和學(xué)習(xí)帶來(lái)便利。同時(shí)也真誠(chéng)的希望收到您的建議 和反饋，這將是我們進(jìn)步的源泉，前進(jìn)的動(dòng)力。本文可編輯可修改,如果覺(jué)得對(duì)您有幫助請(qǐng)收藏以便隨時(shí)查閱,最后祝您生活愉快業(yè)績(jī)進(jìn)步,以 下為（完整word版）新編語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程名詞解釋（部分重點(diǎn)）的全部?jī)?nèi)容。(1)linguistics：(i吾 言學(xué))the sci

2、entific or systematic study of language (2)Ianguage:(語(yǔ)言)a system of arbitrary vocaI symbols used for humancommunication.(3)arb i trari ness:(任意性)the abse nee of s imi lari ty bet wee n the form of aI i ngu i s tic s i g n and what it re I a tes to in rea I ity. e。g the word dog does not Iook Iike a

3、dog。(4)dua I i ty ：(雙重性)the way mean in gless e I eme nts of Ian guage at one I eve I (sounds a nd letters) comb i ne to f ormmea ningful units (words) at ano ther I eve Io(5)competence：(語(yǔ)言能力)knowI edge of the grammar of a Ianguage as a forma I abstraction and d i stinct from the behavior of actual

4、Ianguage use, i。e. performsnee.(6)performanee：(語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用)Chomskyrs term for actual Ianguage behavior as di stinct from the knowI edgethat underI i es it, or competenceo(11)synchronic I inguistics:(共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué))the study of Ianguage and speech as they are used at a givenmoment and not in terms of how they have e

5、voIved over time,(12)diachronic I inguistics:(歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué))the study of I inguistic change over time in contrast to lookingat Ianguage as it is used at a given moment.(6)phoneme:(音位)the abstract eIement of a sound, ident ifi ed as be ing di st i net i vein a particular Ianguage.(7)phonetics(語(yǔ)音學(xué)):the study

6、of I inguistic speech sounds, how they areproduced, how they are percei ved, and thei r physicaI properties。(8)phono logy：(音位學(xué))the study of the abstrac t sys tems under ly ing the soundsof Ianguage。(1)morphology:(形態(tài)學(xué))the study of the st rue ture of words (2)morpheme：(詞素)the smal les t uni t of Ian g

7、uage that car r i es me a ning or serves a grammatical function.(3)free morpheme:(自由詞素)a morpheme that can stand a I one as a word。(4)bound morpheme:(黏著詞素)a morpheme that can not stand a lone as a word,e。go merit (as in est ab I i shme nt)， and - er (as in paint er )o(5)morph：(語(yǔ)素變體)the sma I lest me

8、a nin gful phonetic segments of an utt era nee on the I eve I of paroIeo(6)a I Iomorph: a phonet ic form in which a morpheme is rea I ized, e。g。 一s, -es, and en are a I I a II omorphs (in wr i ting) of the p I ura I morpheme。(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the

9、 study of sente nee st ructure (句法學(xué))(5)IC an a lysis: (Immedia te constituent an a lysis直接成分分析法)the approach to divide the sentenceup into its i mmed i a te constituents by us i ng bin ary cut ting unti I obtaining its ultimate constituents.(11) ideational function(概念功能)：the use of Ianguage as a mea

10、ns of giving structure to our exper ieneeof the reaI or imaginary worId (12) in terpersona I functi on(人際功能)：t he use of Ian guage for ma i ntainin g soc i a I roles and interactingwith others (13)textual funct ion(語(yǔ)篇功能)：to create wr itten or spoken texts which cohere wit h i n t hemse I vesand wh i

11、 ch fi t the par ti cu I ar situation in which they are usedo(1) semantics: the study of I ingui stic meaning.語(yǔ)義學(xué)(14)syno nymy：(同義)the sense re I at i ons of equ i va le nee of meaning betwee nlexical itemsre。g smaI I/1ittle and dead/deceased (15)antonymy:(反義關(guān)系)the sense relat ion of var ious kinds

12、of opposing meaning between lexical i terns,e. g b i g/smaI Ifa I i ve/dead and good/bado(16)hyponymy:(上下義關(guān)系)the sense relationbetween terms in a hierarchy,where a more par ti cu I ar t erm (the hyponym) i s in c I uded i n the more genera I one (the superordi nate) : X i s a Y, e. g a beech i s a t

13、ree, a tree i s a p I ant.(17)mero nym:(整體部分關(guān)系)t he se nserela tion bet wee n body a nd it s par ts which are not only sectionsof the body but defi ned in terms of specift c functions. For examp Iefthe head i s the part of the bodywh i ch carr i es the most important sense organs, i。e. eyes, ears, n

14、ose and tongue.(1)pragma tics：(語(yǔ)用學(xué))a bra nch of I in guist ics that stu dies Ian guage i n use (2)deixis：(扌旨示)the marking of the or ientation or position of entitles and s ituations with respect tocerta i n points of reference such as the pI ace (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance。(1) soc

15、i o I in gu i s t i cs: the study of the re I a tion sh i p bet wee n Ian guage and soc i e ty, t hatis, how soc i a I factors infl uence the st ructure and use of language。(社 會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué))(8)diglossia：(雙語(yǔ))a situation when twodistinet var ieties of the same language are used, side by side,for two different

16、sets of functions.(9)bi I ingual ism:(雙語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象)the use of at least two languages either by anin dividual or by a group of speakers, such as the i nhab i tants of a par ti cu I arregion or a nation.(11)taboo：(禁忌)a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from genera I use (12)euphemi sm:(委婉語(yǔ))a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid referenee to certainact