上海中考英語(yǔ)A篇閱讀理解解題技巧講解

1、上海中考英語(yǔ) A 篇閱讀理解解題技巧講解一、知識(shí)框架細(xì)節(jié)理解題理解推斷題（猜測(cè)詞義題主旨大意題二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理I. .細(xì)節(jié)理解題一、解題思路1.凡屬針對(duì)特定細(xì)節(jié)的考題，其正確答案大都可以在閱讀材料中找到對(duì)應(yīng)的文字部分作為驗(yàn)證。這一部分可能是一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，也可能是一個(gè)句子或相關(guān)的若干句子，但句式、用詞和表達(dá)方式不同。2.干擾項(xiàng)往往是主體思想與細(xì)節(jié)混雜，正確答案細(xì)節(jié)和非正確答案的細(xì)節(jié)混雜，甚至真假混雜。因此，要做好閱讀理解中的確定細(xì)節(jié)和事實(shí)的題目，一要在文章中找出相應(yīng)的信息點(diǎn)，二要排除干擾項(xiàng)。【案例分析】Lins enjoyme nt of basketball actually bega n in

2、 Taiwa n, where his father started watch ing it.Lins father moved to U.S., and passed on this love of basketball to his son, the young Lin spe nt muchof his youth play ing basketball for fun, lear ning from his father and older brother. But his family taughthim about more tha n basketball. After gam

3、es, his pare nts would discuss not only his第 1 頁(yè)共頁(yè)score but also his con duct toward other players. This taught Lin that character was more importa nt出題角度案例分析例題解析第2頁(yè)共頁(yè)than playing well.74. Linjoyiment of basketball started in_ .A. TaiwanB. the U.SC. Harvard Un iversity D. NBA【解析】1.斷案一extract the key

4、 word in the questionLin s enjoymenbasketball; started2.去案發(fā)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)尋找蛛絲馬跡一find the original sentence in the passageLins enjoyme nt of basketball; bega n in = start3:找至U證據(jù)，破解案情 一get answers near the sentenceLins enjoyme nt of basketball actually bega n in Taiwa nn. .理解推斷題、解題思路推斷題就是根據(jù)某個(gè)事實(shí)推斷結(jié)論，主要考查學(xué)生的理解力和推斷力

5、。這類推斷通常包括：數(shù)據(jù)事實(shí)推斷、常識(shí)推斷以及作者的寫作目的、態(tài)度和傾向等的推斷。做此類題時(shí)，應(yīng) 根據(jù)短文中的相關(guān)語(yǔ)句，對(duì)與事實(shí)有關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)加以分析，找出線索，悟出字里行間的意思， 反復(fù)比較，從而做出合乎邏輯的判斷。、設(shè)題方式常以infer（推斷），imply（暗示），suggest, conclude（推斷），learn, intend（意指），mean, describe,purpose等詞提問。提問方式如下：1. We can guess the writer of the letter may be a_2. We can infer from the text that_ .3. Fr

6、om the story we can guess_4. What would be happy if_?第3頁(yè)共頁(yè)5. How did the writer feel at Vienna stati on?6. The writer writes this text to_ .7. The writer believes that_ .8. The writer suggests that_.、解題方法1根據(jù)上下文的邏輯得出結(jié)論邏輯結(jié)論是指嚴(yán)格根據(jù)文章中所陳述的事實(shí)、論點(diǎn)、例證等一系列論據(jù)材料進(jìn)行推理， 從而得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論，而不是根據(jù)自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)或愛好去理解文章的內(nèi)涵?！景咐?/p>

7、析】The continent of Africa has a long history and a rich culture, and this is shown in traditional dress.You ofte n find three colors red, gold and gree n in the cloth ing. The first color sta nds forthe blood of millions of people who suffered asslaves（奴隸）| the second is for the rich resources ofthe

8、 Africa n earth; and the third represe nts the grassla nds of home.76. Accord ing to the passage, red_.A）represe nts the sett ing sunB）sta nds for Africa n unityC）is chose n because it is a bright colorD）is a reminder（暗示）of the sad history in Africa【解析】根據(jù)文中所呈現(xiàn)的一句話的意識(shí)是：第一個(gè)顏色（紅色）代表著成千上萬的作為奴隸的人們的血液”C被選

9、擇因?yàn)樗且粋€(gè)明亮的顏色答案A:代表夕陽(yáng)B代表非洲的團(tuán)結(jié)第4頁(yè)共頁(yè)此處三個(gè)都屬于不符合文章所陳述的事實(shí)，論點(diǎn)。得出答案。2.整合全文（段）信息進(jìn)行推斷做推理題時(shí)，有時(shí)需要在弄懂全文（段）意思的基礎(chǔ)上，整合與題目相關(guān)的有用信息, 綜合起來去推理判斷，確定最佳結(jié)論?！景咐治觥緼s part of its fortieth anniversary (周年紀(jì)念日), Sesame Street had a special guest on its show. First Lady Michelle Obamashowed a group of children and Big Bird how to

10、 plant. She expla ined that the seeds would grow into vegetables, which arehealthy and good to eat. She also had a message to the pare nts who watch the show with their childre n.She said parents can helptheir childre n do things to have healthy lives, like gett ing eno ugh exercise.77. On the progr

11、ams fortieth anniversary, First Lady tried to help parents learn_ .A) how to grow and eat vegetables correctlyB) to watch the show with their childre nC) to teach childre n to do eno ugh exerciseD) the importance of a healthy life for their children【解析】綜合整段的含義，我們可以抓住主題內(nèi)容：在14周年的紀(jì)念日上，這個(gè)電視節(jié)目請(qǐng)來一個(gè)十分重要的貴賓

12、，通過這位貴賓給孩子們演示種子如何生長(zhǎng)成為對(duì)孩子們健康有益以及很好 吃的蔬菜的同時(shí)，也給和孩子們一起看電視的家長(zhǎng)傳達(dá)一個(gè)信息：父母可以幫助他們的孩子健康的生活。本文中的題干說道試圖幫助父母去學(xué)習(xí)什么：A/B兩個(gè)答案可以直接排除，難點(diǎn)就在于C/D的把握問題：文章最后一句有個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是“l(fā)ike后面一句只是一個(gè)舉例，不能作為一個(gè)主干的結(jié)構(gòu)去成為這題的答案，所以排除C,因此D就是最好的答案。3.利用語(yǔ)境的褒貶性進(jìn)行信息推斷D選項(xiàng)說它暗示了非洲的一段傷心的歷史（從文章中的blood以及suffered as slaves)可以第5頁(yè)共頁(yè)認(rèn)真閱讀原文并找出反映語(yǔ)境褒貶性變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子，對(duì)我們掌握文

13、章主旨大意, 了解主人公的心理特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展變化，從而正確地進(jìn)行邏輯推斷很有好處?！景咐治觥縁iftee n is such an awful age, I should kno w. I really wish I were eightee n. If you are an adult,you can be your own boss. People like my pare nts and teachers are always telli ng me what to do.You know what I mean.Its time for bed, Sally.”O(jiān)r“Sally, you

14、ve watched too much TV f(night.”“Sally, stand up straight. you must imSaiVe your handwriting.”Sally this. Sallythat. No one tells adults whe n they go to bed or not to watch TV . Besides, adults get to wear what they likeNow its goingto be great to be an adult. Dont you agree?76. Sally feels_ to be

15、told to do this and that.A. powerfulB. enjoyableC. awfulD. stra nge【解析】方法一：反映語(yǔ)境褒貶性變化的標(biāo)志性詞匯或句子原文:People like my parents and teachers are always telling me what to do.掌握be always doing這個(gè)詞組表示有一種貶義的抱怨色彩的話，這是解題技巧方法之一.方法二：了解主人公的心理特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展變化，從而正確地進(jìn)行邏輯推斷很有好處原文：No one tells adults when they go to bed or not to

16、watch TV . Besides, adults get to wear what they likeNow its goingto be great to be an adult. Dont you agree?皿. .猜測(cè)詞義題、出題趨勢(shì)考察單詞或者句子在語(yǔ)境中的含義【案例分析】But slowly, the excitement wore off(逐漸消失)and was replaced by anxiety. Lin was afraid of playing badly. He always第6頁(yè)共頁(yè)compared himself to other players and g

17、ave himself no time to rest up. For the first time in his life, he no Ion ger enjoyed playing basketball.78. The underlined words anxietyain paragraph 4 probably means_A). joy B). surpriseC).worries D).exciteme nt【解析】定位至U原文的那句話But slowly, the excitement wore off(逐漸消失)and was replaced by an xiety.根據(jù)語(yǔ)

18、境分析，這句話前半句表面激動(dòng)逐漸消失后；再看后半句有個(gè)詞組be replacedby可以推斷出激動(dòng)沒了，被_ 所取代，按照邏輯思維來看，這個(gè)詞一定是和excitement意思相反的一個(gè)詞。所以答案呼之欲出了選C?！景咐治觥縏he Internet is full of false in formati on .It is importa ntfor us all to avoid being fooled bysuch in formati on. Here are three examples of Internet hoaxes69. The underlined word hoaxes

19、 means_ .A) gamesB) websitesC) liesD) stories【解析】句中false information意為 錯(cuò)誤信息，下文告訴我們avoid being fooled by such information，避免被騙，因此可猜測(cè)hoaxes為謊言。IV.主旨大意題一、考查形式常見的主旨大意題的考查形式：The text is mai nly about_.The main idea/The gen eral idea/The main purpose is_ .第7頁(yè)共頁(yè)Whats the main point the writer is trying to

20、make in the last/xx paragraph?What would be the best title /headli ne for the text?This article mai nly tells about the story of_ .What is the topic of the text?The subject discussed in this text is_.What does the sec ond paragraph discuss?The paragraph (passage) deals with_.What is mainly discussed

21、 in the text?二、解題方法1.以原文為依據(jù)，不參雜個(gè)人意見，要客觀不要主觀。要克服“我認(rèn)為怎么樣”的觀點(diǎn)。2.答案是比出來的。 答案要看對(duì)的，更要看更合適的，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)候四個(gè)答案都是對(duì)的，只能選最好的。比答案的原則是：好的不知道的；不知道的不對(duì)的。3.注意絕對(duì)化的詞。 如果答案選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)化的詞，比如：all, always, never, nothing, every等等，除非文章中使用了該類詞匯，否則，一般都要排除。4.答案要避免以點(diǎn)帶面，以偏概全。尤其是多個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有道理，難以挑選正確答案的時(shí)候， 要注意選擇最符合題目要求的一個(gè)。5“傻瓜”原則。文章中沒有提到的就當(dāng)不知道，不要

22、瞎猜，一切以文章內(nèi)容為準(zhǔn)?！景咐治觥縏he Internet is full of false in formati on .It is importa nt for us all to avoid being fooled bysuch in formati on.Here are three examples of Internet hoaxes69. The underlined word hoaxes means_ .第 8 頁(yè) 共 頁(yè)【解析】句中false information意為 “錯(cuò)誤信息 ”，下文告訴我們avoid being fooled by such informat

23、ion， 避免被騙，因此可猜測(cè)hoaxes為謊言?！菊n堂小練】A. Choose the best answer (根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢?:Dear Addie,Greetings from New Jersey, how is New Zealand? Im very excited to have you as my penpal. I guess its my turn to tell you about myself.First off, I live with my parents, two sisters, and our pet dog Brighty. Our tow

24、n is called Whippangong. It is only about ahalf-hour away from New York City. My oldest sister, Ingrid, just turned 17, that means she now has a drivers license.She drives us to the mall. Do you have a mallnear you in Te Awamutu? My other sister is 11 and her name is Lucy. I guess I would say that s

25、he is my best friend. We stillfight, though. She rides horses and takes lessons every Saturday morning. I have to go with her sometimes, and that is trulythe most boring thing in the world. Do you like horses?I take tap dancing classes. I like to practice in the food store. The sound of my feet step

26、ping on the hard floorsechoes(發(fā)出回聲). I play scores in the fall; Im on the swim team during thesummer. I like swim, but I am really looking forward to diving thisyear. Next year I will startmusic lessons in school. I think I am going to play the piano.Our house has eight rooms and a small backyard wh

27、ere every year we try to grow vegetables.We mostly get zucchini because the rabbits eat everything else. I guess rabbits dont like zI have a bike and mum allows me to ride up and down our street, but nowhere else. I hope that I will get to ride it to schoolsomeday. Right now I ride the crowed and yu

28、cky bus.Well, that is enough about me for now. I look forward to hearing from you again soon. I hope your surfing lessons wentwell. And I hope your mum dose let you learn to play the drums.Write soonLove,JessicaA) gamesB) websitesC) liesD) stories第9頁(yè)共頁(yè)1 .In this letter, Jessica does n t talk aboutA)

29、 her family nu mbersB)her spare timeC) her houseD)her ambiti on2. What does the un derl ined word“fall ” mean here?A)跌倒B)降落C)秋天D)瀑布3. Jessica thinks riding horses is very _ .A) differe nt B) foolC)exciti ngD)frighte ning4. Zucch ini is likely to be a ki nd of _ .A) ani mals B)vegetable C)flower D)fr

30、uit5. Which of the following is TURE? _ .A) Jessica likes Lucy very much but they dont always get along.B) People below 18 cant get driving licenses in New JerseyC) Jessica usually goes to school by bike, but sometimes by bus.D) In grid gets to take ridi ng less ons and Jessica wishes she could, too

31、.6. What might be Addies problem?A) She cant take surfing lessons.B) She wants to play the drums.C) There are no malls n ear her house.D) She has no family.鞏固練習(xí)(1)Choose the best answer (根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，選擇最恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢?:第 10 頁(yè) 共 頁(yè)Most great inventors often met with much trouble in their work. Before they could succ

32、eed, they had to overcomethousands of difficulties which were put in their way. The following is one of such examples.George Stephenson (17811848), a famous British inventor, made the first train in 1825, using a steam engine. Whenhe was experimenting with the engine on the train, he met with troubl

33、e from the government, the newspapers and thegentlemen in the country. They said that the noise and the smoke would kill cows, horses and sheep and that the enginewould burst (爆炸) that the hot coals from it would set fire to their houses. People believed what they said.George Stephenson told the peo

34、ple that the train could go on small rails, could pull carriages (車廂) full of goods (貨物) and passengers and that there was no great danger to them. It was a very difficult matter for him to make them believe.However, after some time, he was able to do it, and the first train that was driven by Georg

35、e Stephenson himself proved whathe had said. On the train there was a new steam engine. It was invented by him, and was proved a complete success.The first day when the train ran on the rails, people along the way heard the noise of the train in the distance, and sawit running quickly to them. They

36、thought it was a genie (妖怪). They ran quickly back home for fear and until it had passed. Aweek later an old woman still said that her hen had been so frightened that it hadnt laid any eggs for three days.( )1. The story tells us something about _.A. the life of George StephensonB. the invention of

37、the trainC. the trouble of George Stephenson in his inventionD. the use of the engine on the train( ) 2. The first train was made in Britain _.A. in 1848 B. in 1825 C. in 1781D. from 1781 to 1848( ) 3. Troubles came from _ during the experiment with the engine on the train.C. the gentlemen in the co

38、untryD. not only A and B, but also C( ) 4. People along the way were _ when the first train ran on the rails.A. greatly frightenedB. very happyC. running quickly to itD. proud of the invention( ) 5. People ran quickly back home because they thought _.A. a genie was comingA. thegovernmentB. the newsp

39、apers第 11 頁(yè) 共 頁(yè)B. the train would kill themC. the train would set fire to their houseD. the smoke would make it hard to breathe( ) 6. According to the passage, which one is NOT TRUE?A. George Stephenson invented the first train when he was 44.B. The steam engine got power from burning coals.C. The f

40、irst train was driven by the inventor himself.D. A hen will not lay any eggs for three days when it sees a train for the first time.(2)Its not easy to be an astronauts son. Everybody expects you to be special or perfect. I often wonder how my father everhad a son like me. I mean hes so special and s

41、o good at everything he does. Even in middle school he was class presidentand captain of the football team.Well, to be honest, I often dream about being some kind of hero or doing something speciallike saving a child froma burning building or discovering a new star. I was daydreaming at school one m

42、orning when my teacher said there would bea Fathers Day writing competition for the whole school. I hope we have a winner right here in my class, my teacher said.When I got home, I started to think about what to write. My father is an astronaut. No, I wouldnt start like that.第 12 頁(yè)共頁(yè)That was the way others saw him. How did I see my father? Hmm, I saw him sitting with me in the dark whe n I had a terribledream. I remembered how he hugged me for hours whe n my dog Spotty was killed by a car. Yes, these were the things I wasgoing to write. To me, he was nt just a world-famou