石油工程專業(yè)英語1

1、Instructor: Guo QingContentSection One General Understanding Petroleum Industry 1. Knowing Petroleum（了解石油）2. Petroleum Geology （石油地質）3. Petroleum Industry（石油工業(yè)）4. Exploring for Petroleum （石油勘探）5. Well Drilling （鉆井）Course Introduction6. Petroleum Production （石油開發(fā)）7. Petroleum Storage and Transportati

2、on （石油儲運）8. Petrochemical Industry （石油化工工業(yè)）Purpose of this courseMemorize some key terms of petroleum science in EnglishUnderstand some basic knowledge of petroleum science in English1. Learn the ways to read articles of petroleum science in EnglishWays to learn this course Memorization Understandin

3、g 1. PracticeChapter One Knowing PetroleumPetroleum: a fuel found in mineral deposits under the ground. “Petr” comes from the Latin word for rock, “oleum” from the Latin word for oil - therefore, rock oil found in rock.Brief History of Petroleum Mankinds use of petroleum is as old as recorded histor

4、yStickiness of crude oil to bind things togetherWater repellent（防水） properties to keep water from entering unwelcome places e.g. 5000 years ago asphalt（瀝青） was used to inlay（鑲）mosaics（馬賽克） in walls and floors bitumen was used to line （封襯）water canals（運河）, seal joints （連接處） in wooden boats and build

5、roads. pitch was used to grease（潤滑） chariots（敞蓬雙輪馬車）; asphalt to embalm（保存） mummies（木乃伊）3. Used as medicine to kill pain 4. Used as fuel to burn light; kerosene（煤油）5. Used as fuel to cook and keep warmIts Modern uses: Modern industrial civilization depends on petroleum1 1. energy source： gasoline（汽油

6、） diesel oil（柴油） natural gas2. petrochemical industry：plastics artificial fertilizer manure （化肥）other functions: lubricant （潤滑劑）Black Gold and Blood of IndustryPhysical and Chemical Features of Crude Oil and Natural GasCrude Oil is defined as “ a mixture of hydrocarbons（烴） that existed in the liquid

7、 phase （相）in natural underground reservoirs（油藏）and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure （大氣壓力）after passing through surface separating facilities（分離裝置）” . In appearance（外表）, crude oils wary （差異） from yellow, green and brown and black in color. Oils are naturally oily in texture（質地） and have widely

8、 varying viscosities（粘稠度）. Oils on the surface tend to be more viscous than oils in warm subsurface（地下） reservoirs.In term of elemental chemistry（化學元素）, oil consists large of carbon（碳） and hydrogen（氫） with minor amounts of oxygen（氧）, nitrogen（氮）, and sulfur（硫）. Oil also contains traces（微量） of vanadi

9、um（釩）, nickel（鎳）, and other elements. No two oils are identical（一模一樣） either in the compounds contained or in the various proportions （比例）presentNatural GasNatural gas is composed primarily of 4 hydrocarbon molecules（分子）. These range from 1 to 4 carbons in length and they are methane ( 1 carbon )（甲烷

10、）, ethane (2 carbons)（乙烷）, Propane (3 carbons)（丙烷）, and butane (4 carbons)（丁烷）. The composition of natural gas from all of world varies considerably, but methane is by far the most common hydrocarbon.Typical Composition of Natural GasTypical Composition of Natural GasMethaneCH470-90%EthaneC2H60-20%P

11、ropaneC3H8ButaneC4H10Carbon DioxideCO20-8%OxygenO20-0.2%NitrogenN20-5%Hydrogen sulphideH2S0-5%Rare gasesA, He, Ne, XetraceFor convenience the compounds found in oil may be divided into tow major groups:petroleumcrude oilhydrocarbonsparaffins (鏈烷烴，石蠟簇）naphthenes（環(huán)烷烴）aromatics（芳香烴）heterocompounds（雜化合物

12、）oxygen compoundssulfur compoundsnitrogen compoundsothersNatural gas dry gas (methane)wet gasethanepropane butaneOrigin and Generation of petroleumBefore we study this topic let us have a brief review of the planet where we live and rocks exist in it.The planet where we liveSome important facts abou

13、t our earth. The Earth, itself, is composed primarily of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, nickel, sulfur, and titanium（鈦）. 71 Percent of its surface is covered with water. Earths atmosphere is 77% nitrogen（氮）, 21% oxygen, with traces of argon （氬）, carbon dioxide and water. The three main units of t

14、he earths interior are core（地核）, mantle（地幔） and crust（地殼）. The diameter of the core is about 4300 miles (6900 km), and iron is probably its chief ingredient. The mantle is nearly 1800 miles (2900 km) thick and make up about 84% of the volume of the earth.The crust actually makes up a very small part

15、 of the earth as a whole.Rocks exist in the earthRock is any naturally formed, consolidated（固結的）or unconsolidated （不固結的）material (excluding soil) composed of one or more rock-forming（成巖）minerals. In other words, all rocks are composed of minerals.According to the origin, rocks can be classified into

16、 three types-igneous rock（火成巖）, sedimentary rocks（沉積巖） and metamorphic rock（變質巖）, and their percentages in the crust are as following:Igneous rock 66% of volume of the crustSedimentary rock 8% of volume of the crustMetamorphic rock 20% of volume of the crust Igneous rock are formed by the cooling an

17、d consolidation（固結） of magma（巖漿）. The Latin word igneous means fire.火成巖 也稱巖漿巖。來自地球內部的熔融物質，在不同地質條件下冷凝固結而成的巖石。當熔漿由火山通道噴溢出地表凝固形成的巖石，稱噴出巖或稱火山巖。常見的火山巖有玄武巖、安山巖和流紋巖等。 Sedimentary rocks are the rocks resulting from the consolidation （固結） of loose sediments（沉積物） that have accumulated in layers.沉積巖 。在地表常溫、常壓條

18、件下，由風化物質、火山碎屑、有機物及少量宇宙物質經搬運、沉積和成巖作用形成的層狀巖石。按成因可分為 碎屑巖 、 粘土巖 和化學巖(包括生物化學巖)。常見的沉積巖有砂巖、礫巖、泥巖、頁巖、石灰?guī)r及白云巖等。Sedimentation is the process of depositing and accumulating sediments in layers in suitable site where the agents give up transporting the sediments.Clastic sedimentation （碎屑沉積作用）Rivers, oceans, win

19、ds and rain runoff all have the ability to carry the particles washed off of eroding rocks. Such materials, called detritus , consist of fragments of rocks and minerals. When the energy of the transporting current is not strong enough to carry these particles, the particles drop out in the process o

20、f sedimentation.Chemical sedimentation（化學沉積作用）: the sedimentary deposition occurs when material is dissolved in water, and chemically precipitates from the water.Biogenic sedimentation（生物沉積作用）: this process can occur, wherein living organism extract ions（離子） dissolved in water to make such things as

21、 shells and bones. There are three major types of sedimentary rocks: clastic sedimentary rocks（碎屑沉積巖） , chemical sedimentary rocks（化學沉積巖）, and biogenic sedimentary rocks（生物沉積巖）.Diagenesis（成巖作用）is a process through which the loose sediments are compacted and cemented into sedimentary rocks. There are

22、 several ways of diagenesis:Compaction （壓實作用）Cementation （膠結作用）Recrystalization （重結晶作用）Authigenesis （自生作用，新礦物生成）Shale（頁巖） with thin sandstone（砂巖） bedsRipple marks（波紋） in siltstone（泥巖）These are the rocks through which we drill to find gas and oil and they are the source and reservoir rocks for gas an

23、d oil Metamorphic rocks are the rocks that have undergone changes in mineralogy（礦物學）, texture（質地）, chemical composition, or all three, in mainly solid states.Metamorphism（變質作用）is the rock-genic（成巖） process, indicating all the changes in mineral assemblage and rock texture, or both, that take place i

24、n rocks in the solid state within the Earths crust as a result of changes in temperature and pressure. “Meta” is an old Greek prefix that means change, while “morphe” indicates form. Thus “metamorphism” means that rocks changes forms.The controlling factors in metamorphism are temperature, pressure

25、and chemically active fluids.變質巖：原有巖石經變質作用而形成的巖石。根據(jù)變質作用類型的不同，可將變質巖分為5類：動力變質巖、接觸變質巖、區(qū)域變質巖、混合巖和交代變質巖。常見的變質巖有 糜棱巖 、碎裂巖、 角巖 、板巖、 千枚巖 、 片巖 、 片麻巖 、 大理巖 、 石英巖 、角閃巖、片粒巖、榴輝巖、 混合巖 等。 Metamorphic rocks are the rocks that have undergone changes in mineralogy, texture, chemical composition, or all three, in main

26、ly solid states.Metamorphism（變質作用）is the endogenic process, indicating all the changes in mineral assemblage and rock texture, or both, that take place in rocks in the solid state within the Earths crust as a result of changes in temperature and pressure. “Meta” is an old Greek prefix that means “ch

27、ange”, while “morphe” indicates “form”. Thus “metamorphism” means that rocks changes forms.The controlling factors in metamorphism are temperature, pressure and chemically active fluids.Generation of Petroleuminorganic theory（無機說）: a theory of the creation of petroleum that states the elements of ca

28、rbon and hydrogen came together under great pressure under the earths surfaceorganic theory（有機說）: the prevailing theory of the origin of petroleum which states it was formed from plant and animal remains under great pressure under the earths surface millions of years ago 主要有無機成因和有機成因學說。多數(shù)學者認為石油主要是有機

29、成因的。 Kerogen（干酪根）. The solid, insoluble organic matter that occurs in source rocks which can yield oil and gas. This term (Greek: keros meaning wax- or oil-forming and the root-gen, meaning “that which produces”Kerogen I (algal sapropel), yields mainly oil upon thermal maturation（成熟期）. Kerogen II (w

30、axy sapropel) will yield both oil and gas upon thermal maturation. Kerogen III (vitrinite) mostly yields gas, Necessary conditions for the generation of petroleum Geological requirement Sediments are deposited along with organic matter at the rate that is rapid enough before the organic matter being

31、 destroyed by decay（腐爛）. Oxygen-free condition As the time goes more sediments cover above the organic matters and produce an oxygen free condition. organic matter-kerogenpetroleum Temperature the organic material is buried deeper and deeper and hence is exposed to higher temperatures and pressures.

32、 an average sedimentary basin, oil generation starts starts at 50 degree C, peaks at 90 degree C, and ends at 170 degree C. 1. Time: millions of years ago. (unrenewable resources)Usually Natural gas generated with oil or by it self.Natural gas is considered dry when it is almost pure methane, having

33、 had most of the other commonly associated hydrocarbons removed. When other hydrocarbons are present, the natural gas is wet.Wet gas contains methane, propane, butane besides methane (less than 90%)Wet gas is formed first. Dry gas mainly contains methane. (90% or above) (formed under higher temperat

34、ures. Natural gas has many uses, residentially, commercially, and industrially.一般來說，天然氣中甲烷含量在90%以上的叫干氣。甲烷含量低于90%，而乙烷、丙烷等烷烴的含量在10%以上的叫濕氣。 A Methane molecule, CH4 LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)液化天然氣（ LNG. A liquid composed chiefly of natural gas (i.e., mostly methane). LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)液化石油氣

35、LPG. A mixture of heavier, gaseous, paraffinic hydrocarbons, principally butane and propane. 天然氣是指蘊藏在地層內的可燃性氣體，主要是低分子烷烴的混合物，可分為干氣天然氣和濕天然氣兩種。干氣成分主要是甲烷，濕天然氣除含大量甲烷外，還含有較多的乙烷、丙烷和丁烷等。液化天然氣指通過高壓改變其物理性態(tài)，即從氣體變成液體，化學性質不變。液化石油氣是指在煉油廠生產，特別是催化裂化、熱裂化、焦化時所產生的氣體，經壓縮、分離而得到的混合烴，主要成分是丙烷、丙烯、丁烷、丁烯等。 Distinguishing of the two termsReview:Key wordshydrocarbons（烴）kerosene（煤油）gasoline（汽油）diesel oil（柴油）asphalt（瀝青） bitumen， pitchphase （相）reservoirs（油藏）visc