1CFR-1303法規(guī)---中文

1、PART1303BANOFLEAD-CONTAININGPAINTANDCERTAINCONSUMERPRODUCTSBEARINGLEAD-CONTAININGPAINT1303部分-禁用含鉛油漆以及某些使用含鉛油漆的消費品1303.1 Scopeandapplication.適用范圍1303.2 Definitions.定義1303.3 Exemptions.豁免1303.4 Bannedhazardousproducts.禁止使用的有害產(chǎn)品1303.5 Findings.依據(jù) 1303.1 Scopeandapplication.1303.1 適用范圍(a)Inthispart1303,

2、theConsumerProductSafetyCommissiondeclaresthatpaintandsimilarsurface-coatingmaterialsforconsumerusethatcontainleadorleadcompoundsandinwhichtheleadcontent(calculatedasleadmetal)isinexcessof0.06percentoftheweightofthetotalnonvolatilecontentofthepaintortheweightofthedriedpaintfilm(whichpaintandsimilars

3、urface-coatingmaterialsarereferredtohereafterasleadntainingpaint)arebannedhazardousproductsundersections8and9oftheConsumerProductSafetyAct(CPSA),15U.S.C.2057,2058.(Seeparts1145.1and1145.2fortheCommissionsfindingundersection30(d)oftheConsumerProductSafetyAct(CPSA)thatitisinthepublicinteresttoregulate

4、lead-containingpaintandcertainconsumerproductsbearingsuchpaintundertheCPSA.)Thefollowingconsumerproductsarealsodeclaredtobebannedhazardousproducts:A.在t%1303部分，消費品安全委員會聲明：依照消費品安全法案(CPSA)的第八部分和第九部分，15U.S.C.2057,2058.(參考1145.1和1145.2委員會在消費品安全法案(CPSA)30(d)中的依據(jù)，根據(jù)公眾利益，所規(guī)范的CPSA下的含鉛油漆及某些覆蓋有該類油漆的消費品)，用于消費目的

5、，含鉛或鉛化合物的油漆和類似表層材料(以下簡稱“含鉛涂料”)，其中鉛含量(以金屬鉛計算)超過油漆的總非揮發(fā)物或干油漆膜重量0.06%的，為有害產(chǎn)品，予以禁用。以下消費品也被聲明作為禁用的危險產(chǎn)品：(1) Toysandotherarticlesintendedforusebychildrenthatbear-containingpOaOtd1 .帶有“含鉛涂料”的兒童玩具和其他兒童用品。(2) Furniturearticlesforconsumerusethatbear-containirliga|daint.2.帶有“含鉛涂料”的消費品家具。(b) Thisbanappliestothep

6、roductsinthecategoriesdescribedinparagraph(a)ofthissectionthataremanufacturedafterFebruary27,1978,andwhichareconsumerproductsasthattermisdefinedinsection3(a)(1)oftheConsumerProductSafetyAct.Accordingly,thoseoftheproductsdescribedabovethatarecustomarilyproducedordistributedforsaletoorforuse,consumpti

7、on,orenjoymentofconsumersinoraroundahousehold,inschools,inrecreation,orotherwisearecoveredbytheregulation.Paintsandcoatingsformotorvehiclesandboatsarenotincludedwithinthescopeofthebanbecausetheyareoutsidethestatutorydefinitionofprodsiumer.Inadditiontothoseproductswhicharesolddirectlytoconsumers,theb

8、anappliestoproductswhichareusedorenjoyedbyconsumersaftersale,suchaspaintsusedinresidences,schools,hospitals,parks,playgrounds,andpublicbuildingsorotherareaswhereconsumerswillhavedirectaccesstothepaintedsurface.B.該禁令適用于1978年2月27日以后制造的，在該部分(a)段中提到的產(chǎn)品，以及在消費品安全法案第三部分(a)(1)中定義的消費品.相應地，為用于家庭、學校或者娛樂場所使用、消費

9、、享用的產(chǎn)品.另外，該禁令對于直接賣給消費者的產(chǎn)品，適用于那些消費者在購買后使用或享用的物件，比如用在住房，學校，醫(yī)院，公園，操場和公共場所的建筑物或其他場合，消費者可能直接接觸其涂層的油漆。用于機動車輛和船的油漆以及涂層不在該禁令的范圍之內(nèi)，因為這些不在“消費品”的范疇。(c) TheCommissionhasissuedthebanbecauseithasfound(1)thatthereisanunreasonableriskofleadpoisoninginchildrenassociatedwithleadcontentofover0.06percentinpaintsandcoat

10、ingstowhichchildrenhaveaccessand(2)thatnofeasibleconsumerproductsafetystandardundertheCPSAwouldadequatelyprotectthepublicfromthisrisk.C.委員會發(fā)布該法令，是因為已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)(1)兒童相當高的鉛中毒風險與兒童接觸到的超過0.06%鉛含量的油漆和涂料有關，(2)在CPSA下，無可執(zhí)行的消費品安全標準，用于充分保護公眾免于鉛中毒的危險。1303.2Definitions.13.03.2定義Thedefinitionsinsection3oftheConsumerProd

11、uctSafetyAct(15U.S.C.2052)shallapplytothispart1303.A.消費品安全法案第三節(jié)的定義(15U.S.C.2052)亦適用于該1303部分(B)Forpurposesofthispart:B.此部分的含義：(1)Paintandothersimilarsurface-coatingmaterialsmeansafluid,semi-fluid,orothermaterial,withorwithoutasuspensionoffinelydividedcoloringmatter,whichchangestoasolidfilmwhenathinla

12、yerisappliedtoametal,wood,stone,paper,leather,cloth,plastic,orothersurface.Thistermdoesnotincludeprintinginksorthosematerialswhichactuallybecomeapartofthesubstrate,suchasthepigmentinaplasticarticle,orthosematerialswhichareactuallybondedtothesubstrate,suchasbyelectroplatingorceramicglazing.(1) 漆和其他類似

13、表面涂層原料是指含有或不含懸浮狀態(tài)的色素顆粒的，涂布于諸如金屬、木材、石頭、紙、皮革、布料，塑料或其他表面的時候，會變成固態(tài)薄膜的流體、半流體，及其他材料。該術語不包括印刷墨水或那些實際上已經(jīng)變成基質(zhì)一部分的材料，例如塑料制品中的顏料，或者那些事實上與底層結(jié)合到一起的材料，例如電鍍或上瓷器釉。(2) Lead-containingpaintmeanspaintorothersimilarsurfacecoatingmaterialscontainingleadorleadcompoundsandinwhichtheleadcontent(calculatedasleadmetal)isinex

14、cessof0.06percentbyweightofthetotalnonvolatilecontentofthepaintortheweightofthedriedpaintfilm.2.含鉛涂料是指含鉛或鉛化合物，含鉛量(按鉛金屬計算)超過油漆的總非揮發(fā)物或干油漆膜重量的0.06%的油漆或其他類似表層涂料。(3) Toysandotherarticlesintendedforusebychildrenmeansthosetoysandotherarticleswhichareintendedtobeentrustedtoorforusebychildren.Thiswouldnotinc

15、ludeallarticlestowhichchildrenmighthaveaccesssimplybecausetheyarepresentinahousehold.3.兒童玩具和其他兒童用品是指些計劃提供給兒童或被兒童使用的玩具和用品。不包括在家庭中出現(xiàn)的兒童可能接觸到的家居用品。(4) Furniturearticlemeansthosemovablearticles:(i)Usedtosupportpeopleorthings;(ii)otherfunctionalordecorativefurniturearticles,including,butnotlimitedto,prod

16、uctssuchasbeds,bookcases,chairs,chests,tables,dressers,desks,pianos,consoletelevisions,andsofas.Thetermfurniturearticledoesnotincludeappliances,suchasranges,refrigerators,dishwashers,clotheswashersanddryers,airconditioners,humidifiers,anddehumidifiers;fixturessuchasbathroomfixtures,built-incabinets,

17、chandeliers,windows,anddoors;orhouseholditemssuchaswindowshades,venetianblinds,orwallhangingsanddraperies.4.家具是指那些可移動的物品(i)用于支撐人或物品(ii)其他功能或裝飾家居的物品，包括但不限于床、書架、椅子、斗柜、桌子、梳妝柜、寫字臺、鋼琴、遙控電視，和沙發(fā)。術語“家具”不包括諸如灶具、電冰箱、洗碗機、洗衣機和干衣機、空調(diào)、加濕器和減濕器等電器；以及淋浴設備、內(nèi)嵌式櫥柜、樹枝形的裝飾燈、窗戶和門等固定裝置；和窗簾、活動百葉窗，或壁毯和織品等家居用品。1303.3Exemption

18、s.1303.3豁免(a)Thecategoriesofproductslistedinparagraph(b)ofthissectionareexemptedfromthescopeofthebanestablishedbythispart1303,provided:A.在此目錄中臼段所列產(chǎn)品不受1303部分禁令的限制，假如：(1)Thattheseproductsbearonthemainpaneloftheirlabel,inadditiontoanylabelingthatmaybeotherwiserequired,thesignalwordWarning(unlesssomeoth

19、ersignalwordisrequired)andthefollowingstatement:ContainsLead.DriedFilmofThisPaintMayBeHarmfulIfEatenorChewed.1 .這些產(chǎn)品的主面板上張貼標簽，除了必須的標注和內(nèi)容，還需加上：“警告”(除非要求特定白詞語），然后后邊需標明“含鉛，如果吞食或咀嚼此涂料的干膜可能有害”(2)(i)Thattheseproductsalsobearontheirlabelthefollowingadditionalstatementoritspracticalequivalent:Donotapplyonto

20、ysandotherchildrensarticles,furniture,orinteriorsurfacesofanydwellingorfacilitywhichmaybeoccupiedorusedbychildren.ornotapplyonexteriorsurfacesofdwellingunits,suchaswindowsills,porches,stairs,orrailings,towhichchildrenmaybecommonlyexposed.Keepoutofreachofchildren.2 .(i)這些產(chǎn)品的標簽上帶有以下附加聲明或者等效聲明：不能用于玩具和其

21、他兒童用品，家具，及任何兒童居住或使用的居所或設施的內(nèi)表面，不能用于兒童通常能夠接觸到的居所的外表面，例如窗臺，走廊、樓梯或欄桿。防止兒童接觸(ii)Ifthestatementrequiredbytheprecedingparagraph(a)(2)(i)isplacedonalabelpanelotherthanthemainpanel,thelabelstatementrequiredtobeonthemainpanelbyparagraph(a)(1)ofthissectionshallcontainthefollowingadditionalstatement:Seeothercau

22、tionson(insertsideorback,asappropriate)panel.(ii)如果前面(a)(2)(i)要求的聲明被放在非主面板的其他標簽上，那么在主面板上的標簽，則必須包含以下額外聲明：“請見其他面(側(cè)面或背面等)的警告”(3) Thattheplacement,conspicuousness,andcontrastofthelabelstatementsrequiredbythissection(a)complywiththerequirementsoftheFederalHazardousSubstancesActat16CFR1500.121.3.該節(jié)中標簽聲明的位

23、置、對比度和突出性：A.必需遵從聯(lián)邦危險物品法案16CFR1500.121的要求.(b)Thefollowingproductsareexemptfromthescopeofthebanestablishedbythispart1303,providedtheycomplywiththerequirementsofparagraph(a)ofthissection:B.在遵照此部分A點要求的條件下，以下產(chǎn)品不受1303部分的禁令的限制，(1) Agriculturalandindustrialequipmentrefinishcoatings.1 .農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)設備的修補涂層。16CFRCh.I

24、I(1-1-06Edition)1303.4(2) Industrial(andcommercial)buildingandequipmentmaintenancecoatings,includingtrafficandsafetymarkingcoatings.solelyforapplicationonbillboards,2.工商業(yè)的建筑和設備維護涂料，包括交通和安全標志涂料.(3) Graphicartcoatings(i.e.,productsmarketedroadsigns,andsimilarusesandforidentificationmarkinginindustrial

25、buildings).3.圖案藝術涂料(即在產(chǎn)品上已經(jīng)注明，專用于廣告牌，路標，和在工業(yè)大廈中相類似用途).(4) Touchupcoatingsforagriculturalequipment,lawnandgardenequipment,andappliances.4.潤色涂料，用于農(nóng)業(yè)設備，草地公園的設備和電器。(5) Catalyzedcoatingsmarketedsolelyforuseonradio-controlledmodelpoweredaircraft.4.催化涂料，專用于無線電遙控模型飛機.(c)Thefollowingproductsareexemptfromthes

26、copeofthebanestablishedbypart1303(nocautionarylabelingisrequired):C.以下產(chǎn)品可免于1303的禁令(不需要警示標簽).(1) Mirrorswhicharepartoffurniturearticlestotheextentthattheybearlead-containingbackingpaint.(1) 為家具的一部分的鏡子，背面帶有含鉛的涂料。(2) Artistspaintsandrelatedmaterials.2.藝術家們的油漆和相關材料.(3) Metalfurniturearticles(butnotmetal

27、childrenfurniture)bearingfactory-applied(lead)coatings.3.金屬家具物品(但非金屬兒童家具)，帶有含鉛涂料.1303.4Bannedhazardousproducts.1303.4禁止使用的有害產(chǎn)品.Thefollowingconsumerproducts,manufacturedafterFebruary27,1978,unlessexemptedby1303.3,arebannedhazardousproducts(seedefinitionsin1303.2)制造日期為1978年2月27日以后的消費品除了1303.3所免除的，都為禁用

28、危險品。(詳見1303.2的定義)(a) Paintandothersimilarsurface-coatingmaterialswhichare-coneaidiingpaint.A.含鉛油漆和其它類似的表面涂層材料.le-caodntaining(b) Toysandotherarticlesintendedforusebychildrenthatbearpaint.-containleiajdpaint.B.帶含鉛油漆的玩具和其它為兒童制作的產(chǎn)品。(c) FurniturearticlesthatbearC.帶含鉛油漆的家具產(chǎn)品。1303.5Findings.1303.5依據(jù).(a)Th

29、edegreeandnatureoftheriskofinjury.A.受傷風險的程度與性質(zhì).(1) TheCommissionfindsthattheriskofinjurywhichthisregulationisdesignedtoeliminateorreduceisleadpoisoninginchildren.Theadverseeffectsofthispoisoninginchildrencancausearangeofdisorderssuchashyperactivity,slowedlearningability,withdrawal,blindness,andevend

30、eath.ThefinalEnvironmentalImpactStatementonLeadinPaintwhichisonthePresidentCouncilonEnvironmentalQuality(andavailableforinspectionintheOfficeoftheSecretary)containsinappendixAadetaileddiscussionofthehealtheffectsofleadinpaint.Theseeffectswillonlybesummarizedhere.1.該委員會發(fā)現(xiàn)確有兒童鉛中毒受傷的危險，而這個條例的目的是消除或減輕其不

31、利的影響。兒童鉛中毒可引起一系列的疾病，如多動癥，學習能力低下，失明，甚至死亡.對含鉛油漆的對健康的影響的詳盡討論，列于最終的環(huán)境影響聲明，錄入總統(tǒng)內(nèi)閣的環(huán)境質(zhì)量卷案中的附錄A（可到國務卿辦公室里查閱），這些影響只在這里作了總結(jié).(2) Leadisacumulativetoxicheavymetalwhich,inhumans,exertsitseffectsontherenal,hematopoietic,andnervoussystems.Newerconceptsindicatethattherearethreestagestochildhoodleadpoisoning.Theadv

32、ersehealtheffectsinthefirststagearenotclinicallypresentbutmetabolicchangescanbeobserved.Duringthesecondstageorsymptomaticstagesuchsymptomsaslossofappetite,vomiting,apathy,drowsiness,andinabilitytocoordinatevoluntarymusclemovementsoccur.Theaftereffectsofthisstageincludeseizuredisordersaswellasvarious

33、behavioralandfunctionaldisorderswhichareoftenincludedundertheheadingofminimalbraindysfunction.Studiessuggestthatthissyndromemayincludehyperactivity,impulsivebehavior,prolongedreactiontime,perceptualdisordersandslowedlearningability.Theadversehealtheffectsofthethirdstagemaybepermanentandcanincludebli

34、ndness,mentalretardation,behaviordisorders,anddeath.2.鉛是一種可體內(nèi)積累的有毒重金屬，它會影響到人類的腎臟，造血干細胞和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)最新資料顯示，兒童鉛中毒分3個階段：第一階段無臨床癥狀，但可覺察出新陳代謝的變化；第二階段為征兆階段，癥狀為食欲不振，嘔吐，冷漠，嗜睡，四肢活動失調(diào)，后期病癥為突然發(fā)作的混亂和各種行為和功能失調(diào)，其中包括腦部供能失調(diào)，研究顯示，該病癥可能包括多動，沖動行為，延長反應時間，感知障礙，學習能力低下；第三階段則可造成永久性的影響，包括失明，智力遲鈍，行為失常，甚至死亡.(3) TheCommissionnotesthat

35、childrenwithpicaareofspecialconcernwithregardtoleadpoisoning.Pica,therepetitiveingestionofnonfoodsubstances,occursin50percentofchildrenbetweentheagesofoneandthree,andstudiesindicatethatatthisageleadisabsorbedmorerapidlythanleadisabsorbedinadults.Picaforpaintisbelievedtobeepisodicandcanoccur2to3times

36、aweek.3.委員會指出關于鉛中毒方面，值得特別關注是異食癖患兒，異食癖表現(xiàn)為經(jīng)常攝取非食品物質(zhì)，50%出現(xiàn)于年齡介于13歲的兒童，研究表明，在這個年齡段對鉛的吸收比成人更迅速.對涂料的異食癖被認為是時有發(fā)生的，一個星期可能出現(xiàn)2至3次.(4) TheCommissionalsonotesthattherearenoreportsofinjuriescausedbyleadpaintpoisoningintheCommissionsNationalElectronicInjurySurveillanceSystem(NEISS)data,whichreflecthospitalemergen

37、cyroomtreatment.Leadpaintpoisoningsresultfromachronichazardratherthanfromanacutehazardofthetypegenerallytreatedinemergencyrooms;andNEISSreporting,therefore,doesnotreflectthistypeofchronichazardorinjuries.4.委員會還注意到，用于反映醫(yī)院急診治療的全國電子損傷監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)(NEISS)的數(shù)據(jù)中無含鉛油漆中毒人員傷亡的報道.含鉛油漆中毒所導致的是一種慢性危害，而不是出現(xiàn)需要急診室處置的急性癥狀。因此N

38、EISS報告無法反映出這一類型的慢性危害或傷害。(5) FormerU.S.Surgeon-GeneralJesseL.Steinfeld,however,estimatedin1971that400,000pre-schoolAmericanchildrenhaveelevatedbodyleadburdens.TheNationalBureauofStandardsin1972estimatedthat600,000youngchildrenhaveundulyhighleadbloodcontent.5.前美國外科負責人JesseL.Steinfeld,估計在1971年，美國有40000

39、0個學前兒童已經(jīng)體內(nèi)鉛負擔增高.國家標準局1972年評估有600000名少兒血液有短期鉛含量過高.(b)Productssubjecttothisban.B.牽涉到該禁令的產(chǎn)品1303.4.(1) Theproductsbannedbythisrulearelistedin1.禁用產(chǎn)品已列于1303.4(2) Thetermpaintcomprisesavarietyofcoatingmaterialssuchasinteriorandexteriorhouseholdpaints,varnishes,lacquers,stains,enamels,primers,andsimilarcoat

40、ingsformulatedforuseonvarioussurfaces.Basedon1976data,theCommissionestimatesthatover400milliongallonsofpaintayearvaluedatapproximately$2.5billioncouldpotentiallybesubjecttothisrule.2.涂料方面，包括一系列的涂層材料，如室內(nèi)和室外家用油漆，清漆，漆漬，釉面，底漆及類似配制的可用于各種表面的涂料.基于1976年的數(shù)據(jù)，該委員會估計每年有超過400萬加侖，價值約25億美元的油漆牽涉到該禁令.(3) Allproducts

41、commonlyknownastoysandotherarticlesintendedfortheuseofchildrenaresubjecttothisrule.Thecategoriesofproductswithinthisclassificationarenumerousandincludeitemsandequipmentforplay,amusement,education,physicalfitness,andcareofchildren.Retailsalesin1976ofproductsconsideredtobetoysorotherarticlesintendedfo

42、ruseofchildrenareestimatedataround$4billion.3 .被判定為玩具和其他兒童用品，將牽涉到該禁令.產(chǎn)品種類分類繁多，包括用于游戲，娛樂，教育，健身，和照看幼兒的物品和設備.作為玩具或其他兒童用品，1976年銷售額估計為約40億美元.4 4)Forthepurposesofthisrule,furniturearticlesarecertainmovablearticlesusedtosupportpeopleorthingsorotherfunctionalordecorativefurniturearticlessuchascouches,beds,t

43、ables,chairs,chests,andthelike.Appliancesandsimilarequipment,householdfixtures,andcertainotherhouseholditemssuchaswindowshades,blinds,wallhangings,andthelikearenotincludedwithinthedefinitionoffurniture.Theregulationappliestofurnitureforuseinhouseholds,schools,inrecreation,orotherwise.In1972,thevalue

44、ofshipmentsofitemsoffurnituresuchasthosenamedabovewasasfollows:woodhouseholdfurniture$2,716million;metalhouseholdfurniture$859million;woodtelevisionandradiocabinets$293million;and$190millionforotherhouseholdfurnituremadeofplastic,reedandrattan.(Notincludedintheabovearesome$2billionworthofupholstered

45、furnitureand$300millioninconvertiblesofas,chairbedsandstudiocouches.)4.針對于該法令，家具定義為某些可移動的物品，用以支持的人或事物或其他功能性或裝飾物品的家具，如沙發(fā)，床，桌椅，柜，及其他等.家電及類似設備，家庭電器，以及其他一些生活用品，如遮光簾，百葉窗，壁掛，以及不在定義內(nèi)的類似物品.該規(guī)章適用于在家庭，學校，娛樂，還有在其他方面的家具。1972年，上述家具的船運貨品價值如下：木材家具美元2,716萬元；金屬家具8.59億美元；木質(zhì)電視柜和視聽柜2.93億美元；其他塑料家具,蘆葦和藤190萬美元。(上述還不包括某些價值

46、20億美元的軟墊家具，和3億美元的折疊沙發(fā)，沙發(fā)床和三用沙發(fā))。(c)Needofthepublicfortheproductsandeffectsoftheruleontheirutility,cost,andavailability.(1) Thepublicneedforpaintsofvarioustypesandforfurnitureandotherarticlesissubstantialandwellestablished.TheCommissionfindsthattheneedofthepublicforpaintcontainingmorethan0.06percentl

47、eadorfortheaffectedproductsthatarecoatedwithmaterialscontainingmorethan0.06percentleadislimited.TheCommissionhasdeterminedthatthereareproductscontainingmorethanthe0.06percentlevelofleadwhichmeetapublicneedandforwhichsubstitutesareeithernotavailableorarenotsufficientlyeffectiveandtowhichaccessbychild

48、rentothecoatingsorthesurfacestowhichtheyareappliedisunlikely.Accordingly,theseproductshavebeenspecificallyexemptedfromthescopeoftheregulationin1303.3.C.公眾對產(chǎn)品的需求，及規(guī)則對其性能、成本和易獲得性的影響。1.公眾有用于家具和其他物品的各類型涂料的需求。委員會發(fā)現(xiàn)，對超過0.06%含鉛漆，或是涂層中含有超過0.06%的鉛的產(chǎn)品的需求，很有限。委員會認為，某些產(chǎn)品中含有超過0.06%的鉛，但符合消費者的需求，而替代品并不存在或效果不佳，應用場合

49、小孩子也不可能接觸的到的，相應地，這些產(chǎn)品在1303.3.規(guī)則中已作豁免。(2) TheCommissionfindsthattheeffectsofthisruleonthecost,utility,andavailabilityofpaintsandpaintedarticleswillbesmall.TheCommissionnotesthatover95percentoflatex-basedandnearly70percentofoil-basedpaintshaveleadlevelsatorbelowthelevelsetbypart1303.1 i)Costs.TheCommi

50、ssionestimatesthattheaddedcoststotheconsumerforpaintsaffectedbythisrulewillnotexceed5to10centspergallon.Coststoconsumersforfurnitureandfortoysandotherarticlesintendedfortheuseofchildrenarenotexpectedtoincreaseastheresultofcompliancewiththeregulation.2 .委員會認為該法令在涂料的成本、功能性、實用性和相應產(chǎn)品上的影響很小。委員會注意到超過95%的乳

51、膠漆和將近70%油性涂料中的鉛含量滿足或低于1303規(guī)定的水平。(i)成本.受此規(guī)則影響，委員會推測涂料所轉(zhuǎn)嫁到消費者身上的成本每加侖不會超過510美分。對于家具、玩具和其他兒童用品，增加到消費者身上的成本，預計不會增加。(ii) Utility.TheCommissionfindsthatforwater-basedorlatexpaintsandcoatingssubjecttothisrule,reducingtheamountofallowableleadto0.06percentwillnothaveadverseeffectsontheirutility.Forcertainsol

52、vent-thinnedcoatings,however,leaddrierswillhavetobereplacedbynon-leaddrierssuchaszirconiumtocomplywiththe0.06percentlevel(Driersarenotusedinlatexpaints).Animpactonthepaintindustrymayresultbecausecurrentnonleaddriersmaynotdrysatisfactorilyinlowtemperaturesorhighhumidityconditions,andsothepaintingindu

53、stryinsomeareasatcertaintimesoftheyearmaysufferareductionofeffectivepaintingtime.(ii)性能。委員會認為對于該法令，水性涂料或乳膠性漆和涂料，將其中的鉛含量降低至0.06%,對這些材料的功能不會產(chǎn)生負面作用。但是對某些稀釋性溶解涂料，含鉛劑將要被無鉛催干劑來替代，比如錯，以符合低于含鉛0.06%的標準(乳膠性涂料不需催干劑)對涂料行業(yè)造成的沖擊，是由于目前無鉛催干劑在低溫或是高濕度條件下效果不好，因此一些地區(qū)的噴涂行業(yè)在年內(nèi)某些時間段，將會受影響，縮減可噴涂的工作時間。(iii) Availability.Sub

54、stitutesatcomparablepricesareavailableforpaintsandforproductsbannedbythisrule.TheCommissionbelievesthatthereductionofleadtoalevelof0.06percentwillnotaffecttheavailabiltyofwater-basedorlatexpaints.Salesofsuchcoatingscurrentlyexceedsalesofsolvent-basedcoatings,andbecauseofthedryingproblemmentionedabov

55、e,thetrendtowardincreaseduseofwater-basedpaintsmaybeacceleratedsomewhatbytheeffectsoftheban.(iii)易獲得性.對于受此條款的禁用的油漆，價格相近的替代物很容易獲得。委員會認為鉛含量減低至0.06%的水平將不會影響水性涂料或是乳膠涂料的易獲得性。目前這種涂料的銷售量已經(jīng)超過了溶劑性涂料，由于前面提到的干燥問題，受到禁令的影響，水性涂料使用量趨勢在一定程度上會進一步增加。(d)Alternatives.D.其他(1) TheCommissionhasconsideredothermeansofachiev

56、ingtheobjectiveofthisrule,buthasfoundnonethatwouldcauselessdisruptionordislocationofmanufacturingandothercommercialpractices,consistentwithpublichealthandsafety.1.委員會也考慮過達到該法令目的的其他方法，但尚未尋找到一種能給生產(chǎn)或商業(yè)活動帶來較少混亂及保證公眾健康和安全的方法。(2) TheCommissionestimatesthatthisbanmay,becauseoftestingcostsandthenecessityforimprovedhousekeepingpracticesinthemanufactureofpaintandsimilarsurface-coatingmaterialstopreventleadcontaimination,havesomerelativelyminoradverseeffectonindividualfirmswithinsomemarkets.2.委員會預計