語言學(xué)概論chpt2 phonetics and phonology

1、Pharyngeal cavity - the throat; LaryngealThe oral cavity - the mouth; Nasal cavity - the nose. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _voicelessvoicelessvoicelessvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedvoicedalveolaralveolaralveolardentaldentalbilabialpalatalpalatalvelarbilabialstopstopstopfricativenasalaffricateaffricateliquid

2、nasalfricativePhonetics PhonologyPhonetics PhonologyPhonePhonemeAllophoneDistinctive features音素音素Phoneme 音位音位音位變體音位變體Their relationships: n In actual speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. nAllophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme. Distinctive features 區(qū)別性特征區(qū)別性特征word syll

3、abicsonorantvoiced nasalWord levelsyllable levelsegmentFeature levelnFor /p/, its distinctive features are -voiced, +bilabial, +stop.nHowever, +aspirated is not a distinctive feature for /p/ in English. Task one: to identify phonemes in a languageTask two: to formulate rules to explain sound pattern

4、sTask one: to identify phonemes in a language音位對立音位對立 互補(bǔ)分布互補(bǔ)分布Minimal set:在英語中作為音節(jié)首音在英語中作為音節(jié)首音(Onset ) 的輔音的輔音連綴只有連綴只有CC 和和CCC 兩種模式。兩種模式。nCC的組合方式可以分為兩類 第一類是, 第一個輔音由/ p , t , k , b , d , g , m , n , l , f ,v , , , h/ 這些輔音中的一個充當(dāng), 第二個輔音則由/ l , r , w , j/ 中的一個擔(dān)任, 其組合模式有著嚴(yán)格的限制:np + l , r , j b + l , r , j

5、nt + r , j , w d + r , j , wnk + l , r , j , w g + l , r , j , wnm + j f + l , r , jnn + j . + r , j , wnl + j + rnv + j h + jnCC 組合的第二類模式是, 第一個輔音為/ s/ , 第二個輔音由/ p , t , k , f , m , n , l , w , j/ 這9 個輔音中的一個充當(dāng)。nExamples?ptk(l)r(w)j在英語中作為音節(jié)首音在英語中作為音節(jié)首音(Onset ) 的的輔音連綴為輔音連綴為CCC時：時： Nasalization and den

6、talizationEnglish Fricative Devoicing Schwa deletion rule in English: / C _ C V / C V C _ C V +stress+stressC means “any number of successive Cs from zero on up”.To sum up, schwa in an unstressed syllable can be deleted.a hotel ,a boy,a use , a wagona big man an apple ,an honor,an old ladyAnother ex

7、ample of Epenthesis rule: an is used when the following word begins with a vowel sound. nHow are we able to identify a syllable and hence count the number of syllables of each word? Recognition of the nucleus(音核)nThe nucleus is the essential part, usu. formed by a vowel.nBut l, n, m might also funct

8、ion as nucleus as in “apple, hidden, communism ” Syllable structurenRhyme (韻基) = Nucleus + Coda Two words are said to be rhyming with each other if they have the same rhyme.Main and plainStreet and sheetn nIn the English language, there are various phonotactic constraints with regard to the possible

9、 combinations and sequencing of consonants in the onset and coda positions.nlig or vig. nfs or rnviolating some constraints on the sequence or position of English phonemes.They are possible English words. nIn other words, consonants should be organized into the onset of a following syllable without

10、violating the phonotactic constraints (i.e. permitted arrangements of sounds) in English.Onset Rhyme Nucleus Rhyme Nucleus Coda is t reinPractice: Syllabify the following wordsnAspirinnSplendidnextremeIn English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate

11、 ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.e.g photograph, photographer , photographicAssignment:n閱讀 英漢音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)比較和語音教學(xué)并摘抄新知識。I.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1.S_ features are the

12、 phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 2.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s _ rules. 3.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription whil

13、e the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_ transcription. 4. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_. 5. P_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particu

14、lar language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. II. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature

15、of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones _. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar 2. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, they occur in the same environments and can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _. A. in phonemic contrast B. the allophones C. in complementary distribution D. minimal pair 3. A(n) _ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection o