給學(xué)生Chapter One and Two

1、1Chapter One Introduction to International Payments and Settlements （國際支付與結(jié)算概述）國際支付與結(jié)算概述）1.1 Trade TermsTrade terms are also called”price terms”or “delivery terms”. Incoterms are sets of uniform rules codifying the interpretation of trade terms defining the rights and obligations of the buyer and se

2、ller in international transactions.貿(mào)易術(shù)語由單價(jià)金額、符號(hào)、地點(diǎn)組成，如貿(mào)易術(shù)語由單價(jià)金額、符號(hào)、地點(diǎn)組成，如USD20.00per set FOB Tianjin.金融系 劉玲“Incoterms 2000” includes the following 13 terms.21.1.1 Two Critical Points(兩個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)）兩個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)）1.1.1.1 Critical Point for Delivery/ Critical Point for Risk(交貨臨交貨臨界點(diǎn)界點(diǎn)/風(fēng)險(xiǎn)臨界點(diǎn)）風(fēng)險(xiǎn)臨界點(diǎn)）貨物運(yùn)到這個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)，從法律觀念上可以認(rèn)為賣

3、方已經(jīng)盡到交貨責(zé)任，將貨物交于買方，故在這個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)以前貨物遇到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生損失由賣方承擔(dān)責(zé)任，在這個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)以后貨物遇到風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生損失由買方承擔(dān)責(zé)任。1.1.1.2 Critical Point for Cost(費(fèi)用臨界點(diǎn)）費(fèi)用臨界點(diǎn)）在這個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)以前發(fā)生的運(yùn)費(fèi)（有時(shí)加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)）由賣方負(fù)擔(dān)，在這個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)以后發(fā)生的運(yùn)費(fèi)（有時(shí)加保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)）由買方負(fù)擔(dān)。金融系 劉玲31.1.2.1 Ex Works(Named Place)(EXW)工廠交貨工廠交貨（指定目的地）（指定目的地）Ex Works(EXW) means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliv

4、er when he has made the goods available to the buyer at his premises or another named place(i.e., works,factory,warehouse,etc.) not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle. Title and risk pass to the buyer including payment of all transportation and insurance costs from the selle

5、rs door.金融系 劉玲1.1.2 Detailed interpretation of “Incoterms 2000”41.1.2.2 Free Carrier(Named Place)(FCA)貨交承運(yùn)人（指貨交承運(yùn)人（指定地點(diǎn)）定地點(diǎn)）Title and risk pass to the buyer including transportation and insurance costs when the seller delivers goods cleared for export to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the nam

6、ed place.It should be noted that the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery is at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unl

7、oading.金融系 劉玲51.1.2.3 Free Alongside Ship(Named Port of Shipment)(FAS)船邊交貨（指定裝運(yùn)港）船邊交貨（指定裝運(yùn)港）Title and risk pass to the buyer including payment of all transportation and insurance cost when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment by the seller.The export clearance obli

8、gation rests with the seller.金融系 劉玲61.1.2.4 Free on Board(Named Port of Shipment)(FOB)船上交貨（指定裝運(yùn)港）船上交貨（指定裝運(yùn)港）Title and risk pass to the buyer including payment of all transportation and insurance cost when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to b

9、ear all costs and risks of loss or damage to the goods from that point.金融系 劉玲71.1.2.5 Cost and Freight(Named Port of Destination)(CFR)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（指定目的港）成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（指定目的港）The seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring t

10、he goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer.金融系 劉玲81.1.2.6 Cost, Insurance and Freight(Named Port of Destination)(CIF)成本加運(yùn)保費(fèi)（

11、指定目的港）成本加運(yùn)保費(fèi)（指定目的港）The seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occ

12、urring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. However, in CIF the seller has also to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller also should contract for insurance and pay the insurance premium.金融系

13、 劉玲91.1.2.7 Carriage Paid to(Named Port of Destination)(CPT)運(yùn)費(fèi)付至（指定目的港）運(yùn)費(fèi)付至（指定目的港）Title, risk and insurance cost pass to buyer when the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him and pays transportation cost to the named destination.金融系 劉玲101.1.2.8 Carriage and Insurance Paid to(Named

14、 Port of Destination)(CIP)運(yùn)保費(fèi)付至（指定目的港）運(yùn)保費(fèi)付至（指定目的港）Title, risk and insurance cost pass to buyer when the seller delivers the goods to the carrier nominated by him but the seller must pay the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination.The buyer must bear all risks and any a

15、dditional costs occurring after the goods have been delivered.The seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage.金融系 劉玲111.1.2.9 Delivered at Frontier(Named Place)(DAF)邊境交貨（指定地點(diǎn)）邊境交貨（指定地點(diǎn)）Title, risk and responsibility for import clear

16、ance pass to buyer when goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not unloaded, cleared for export, but not cleared for import at the named point and place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the adjoining country.(當(dāng)賣方在邊境的指定的地點(diǎn)和具體交貨點(diǎn)，當(dāng)賣方在邊境的指定的地點(diǎn)和

17、具體交貨點(diǎn)，在毗鄰國家海關(guān)邊界前，將仍處于交貨的運(yùn)輸工具上尚未卸下的貨物交給買在毗鄰國家海關(guān)邊界前，將仍處于交貨的運(yùn)輸工具上尚未卸下的貨物交給買方處置，辦妥貨物出口清關(guān)手續(xù)但尚未辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，即完成交貨。）方處置，辦妥貨物出口清關(guān)手續(xù)但尚未辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)，即完成交貨。）It is of vital importance that the frontier in question be defined precisely by always naming the point and place in the term. .（用指定地用指定地點(diǎn)和具體交貨點(diǎn)來準(zhǔn)確界定所指邊境，這是極為重要

18、的。）點(diǎn)和具體交貨點(diǎn)來準(zhǔn)確界定所指邊境，這是極為重要的。）金融系 劉玲121.1.2.10 Delivered EX Ship(Named Port of Destination)(DES)船上交貨（指定目的港）船上交貨（指定目的港）Title, risk and responsibility for vessel discharge and import clearance pass to buyer when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import

19、at the named port of destination.（在指定的目的港，貨物在船上交給買方處置，但不辦理貨物進(jìn)在指定的目的港，貨物在船上交給買方處置，但不辦理貨物進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)，賣方即完成交貨。）口清關(guān)手續(xù)，賣方即完成交貨。）The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination before discharging.金融系 劉玲131.1.2.11 Delivered EX Quay(Named Port of Des

20、tination)(DEQ)碼頭交貨（指定目的港）碼頭交貨（指定目的港）Title and risk pass to buyer when goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay(wharf) at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination and d

21、ischarging the goods on the quay(wharf). （賣方在指定的目的港碼頭將貨物交給買方賣方在指定的目的港碼頭將貨物交給買方處置，但不辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)，即完成交貨。賣方應(yīng)承擔(dān)將貨物運(yùn)至指定目處置，但不辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)，即完成交貨。賣方應(yīng)承擔(dān)將貨物運(yùn)至指定目的港并卸至碼頭的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用。）的港并卸至碼頭的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用。）This term requires the buyer to clear the goods for import and to pay for all formalities, duties, taxes and other charges

22、 upon import. .（該術(shù)該術(shù)語要求買方辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)并在進(jìn)口時(shí)支付一切辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)的費(fèi)用、關(guān)語要求買方辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)并在進(jìn)口時(shí)支付一切辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)的費(fèi)用、關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用。）稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用。）金融系 劉玲141.1.2.12 Delivered Duty Unpaid(Named Place of Destination)(DDU)未完稅交貨（指定目的港）未完稅交貨（指定目的港）The term means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer, not cleared for import, and not u

23、nloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods , other than, any “duty”(which term includes the responsibility for the risks of the carrying out of customs formalities, and payment of formaliti

24、es, customs duties, taxes and other charges) for import in the country of destination.Such “duty” has to be borne by the buyer as well as any costs and risks caused by failure to clear the goods for import in time. （賣方在指定的目的地將貨物交給買方，但不辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)，也不從交賣方在指定的目的地將貨物交給買方，但不辦理進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)，也不從交貨的運(yùn)輸工具上將貨物卸下，即完成交貨。賣

25、方應(yīng)承擔(dān)將貨物運(yùn)至指定目的貨的運(yùn)輸工具上將貨物卸下，即完成交貨。賣方應(yīng)承擔(dān)將貨物運(yùn)至指定目的地的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用地的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用 ，不包括在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)在目的國進(jìn)口應(yīng)繳納的，不包括在需要辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)時(shí)在目的國進(jìn)口應(yīng)繳納的任何任何“稅費(fèi)稅費(fèi)”（包括辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)的責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以及繳納手續(xù)費(fèi)、關(guān)稅、（包括辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)的責(zé)任和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以及繳納手續(xù)費(fèi)、關(guān)稅、稅款和其他費(fèi)用。）買方必須承擔(dān)此項(xiàng)稅款和其他費(fèi)用。）買方必須承擔(dān)此項(xiàng)“稅費(fèi)稅費(fèi)”和因其未能及時(shí)辦理貨物進(jìn)和因其未能及時(shí)辦理貨物進(jìn)口清關(guān)手續(xù)而引起的費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。）口清關(guān)手續(xù)而引起的費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。）金融系 劉玲151.1.2.13 Delivered

26、Duty Paid (Named Place of Destination)(DDP)完稅后交貨（指定目的港）完稅后交貨（指定目的港）The term means that the seller delivers goods to the buyer, cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear the costs and risks involved in bringing

27、the goods including, any “duty”(which term includes the responsibility for the risks of the carrying out of customs formalities and payment of formalities, customs duties, taxes and other charges) for import in the country of destination.金融系 劉玲161.1.3 Summarizing of “Incoterms 2000” : 貿(mào)易術(shù)語編排方式貿(mào)易術(shù)語編排

28、方式金融系 劉玲分類分類術(shù)語術(shù)語條件條件E字組字組EXWEX Works 工廠交貨條件工廠交貨條件F字組字組FCAFASFOBFree Carrier 交至承運(yùn)人交貨條件交至承運(yùn)人交貨條件Free Alongside 船邊交貨條件船邊交貨條件Free on Board 裝運(yùn)港船上交貨條件裝運(yùn)港船上交貨條件C字組字組CIFCFRCPTCIPCost, Insurance and Freight 成本加運(yùn)保費(fèi)交貨條件成本加運(yùn)保費(fèi)交貨條件Cost and Freight 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)交貨條件成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)交貨條件Carriage Paid to 運(yùn)費(fèi)付至運(yùn)費(fèi)付至_交貨條件交貨條件Carriage and

29、Insurance Paid to 運(yùn)保費(fèi)付至運(yùn)保費(fèi)付至_交貨條件交貨條件D字組字組DAFDESDEQDDUDDPDelivered at Frontier 邊境交貨條件邊境交貨條件Delivered Ex Ship 目的港船上交貨條件目的港船上交貨條件Delivered Ex Quay 目的港碼頭交貨條件目的港碼頭交貨條件Delivered Duty Unpaid 未完稅交貨條件未完稅交貨條件Delivered Duty Paid 完稅交貨條件完稅交貨條件17 Group E expresses departure from sellers premises. E字組表示離開賣方廠房起運(yùn)貨物

30、，它屬于買方國內(nèi)銷售條件。 Group F expresses main carriage unpaid by the seller. F字組表示主要運(yùn)費(fèi)賣方未付，要求賣方向買方指定的承運(yùn)人交貨。賣方承擔(dān)裝貨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及費(fèi)用的程度，要在銷貨合約中明確規(guī)定， F字組貿(mào)易術(shù)語屬于裝運(yùn)或發(fā)貨合約范疇。 Group C expresses main carriage paid by the seller. C字組表示主要運(yùn)費(fèi)賣方已付，由賣方負(fù)責(zé)向承運(yùn)人簽訂運(yùn)輸合同支付運(yùn)費(fèi)。但賣方對(duì)發(fā)生于裝船和發(fā)運(yùn)后貨物的滅失或損壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或其他費(fèi)用不負(fù)責(zé)任。故C字組貿(mào)易術(shù)語包含的Critical Point for Risk

31、和Critical Point for Cost是在兩個(gè)不同的點(diǎn)上。 C字組還表示在裝運(yùn)或發(fā)貨合同中，賣方承擔(dān)卸貨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及費(fèi)用的程度，要在銷貨合約中明確規(guī)定。 Group D expresses arrival of the goods. D字組表示貨物到達(dá)合約，由賣方承擔(dān)所有的為把貨物運(yùn)至目的國所需 的費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 金融系 劉玲181.2 Definition of International Payments and Settlements （國際支付與結(jié)算的定義）國際支付與結(jié)算的定義） 1.2.1 The general implication of international payme

32、nts and settlements International payments and settlements are financial activities conducted among different countries in which payments are effected or funds are transferred from one country to another in order to settle accounts, debts, claims, etc.,emerged in the course of political, economic or

33、 cultural contacts among them.國際支付與結(jié)算是各國之間進(jìn)行的金融活動(dòng)，它涉及一個(gè)國家向另一個(gè)國家支付款項(xiàng)或轉(zhuǎn)移資金以清算各國在政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化往來過程中所產(chǎn)生的賬戶和債權(quán)、債務(wù)。金融系 劉玲191.3.2 Settlement on commercial credit (基于商業(yè)信用的結(jié)基于商業(yè)信用的結(jié)算）算）1、Payment in advance2、Open account3、Remittance4、Collection金融系 劉玲201.3.3 Settlement on bank credit1、Letter of credit2、Bank guarant

34、ee金融系 劉玲21國際貿(mào)易中的國際貿(mào)易中的 “ “ 游戲規(guī)則游戲規(guī)則 ” ”：與國際貿(mào)易結(jié)算有關(guān)的：與國際貿(mào)易結(jié)算有關(guān)的法律和國際慣例法律和國際慣例（一）本課程涉及的法律文件主要是有關(guān)的票據(jù)法，包（一）本課程涉及的法律文件主要是有關(guān)的票據(jù)法，包括：括： 1. 1.中國票據(jù)法（中國票據(jù)法（19951995年）；年）； 2. 2.英國票據(jù)法（英國票據(jù)法（18821882年）年）; ; 3. 3.日內(nèi)瓦統(tǒng)一票據(jù)法（日內(nèi)瓦統(tǒng)一票據(jù)法（19301930年、年、19311931年）等。年）等。金融系 劉玲22（二）本課程涉及的國際慣例主要包括：（按年排二）本課程涉及的國際慣例主要包括：（按年排列）列）

35、1 1國際保理慣例規(guī)則國際保理慣例規(guī)則（19911991） 2 2見索即付保函統(tǒng)一規(guī)則見索即付保函統(tǒng)一規(guī)則（19921992）（ URDG 458 URDG 458 ） 3 3跟單信用證統(tǒng)一規(guī)則跟單信用證統(tǒng)一規(guī)則（ 19931993） （UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE FORUNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDIT DOCUMENTARY CREDIT， UCP 600 UCP 600） 4 4托收統(tǒng)一規(guī)則托收統(tǒng)一規(guī)則 （19951995） （THE UNIFORM RULES FOR COLLECTION

36、THE UNIFORM RULES FOR COLLECTION， URC522 URC522） 5 5國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋（19991999） （INTERNATIONALRULESFORTHEINTERPRETATION OF INTERNATIONALRULESFORTHEINTERPRETATION OF TRADE TERMS TRADE TERMS， INCOTERMS 2000. INCOTERMS 2000.）金融系 劉玲231.5 Correspondent Banking RelationshipThe so-called correspondent bank

37、may be defined as “ a bank having direct connection or friendly service relations with another bank.”所謂代理行可以定義為“與另一家銀行有著直接的或友好的服務(wù)關(guān)系的一家銀行 ”。金融系 劉玲241.5.1 Control documents Lists of specimen of authorized signatures金融系 劉玲列示銀行各級(jí)有權(quán)代表銀行或各自部門簽署文件的授權(quán)人員的簽字示樣的文件。按等級(jí)劃分，有的經(jīng)過單簽可以生效，有的則需要經(jīng)過雙簽才能生效。代理行之間往來的書面文件均須由

38、收件行將文件上的簽字與預(yù)留授權(quán)簽字樣本核對(duì)無誤后方能確定其真實(shí)性。25 Telegraphic test keys金融系 劉玲以電報(bào)、電傳等方式傳遞的電訊文件無法用授權(quán)簽字驗(yàn)定真?zhèn)危l(fā)電行會(huì)按照事先約定的編碼方法編制密押，由收電行用同樣的方法破譯并以破譯所得信息與文件字面信息相吻合來確定電訊文件的真實(shí)性。密押的編制方法在每個(gè)銀行都屬于絕對(duì)機(jī)密，只有極少數(shù)可靠的人員才能接觸到密押。密押沒有固定的編制方式，但其基本原理是不變的，即將電訊文件中有關(guān)日期、金額、幣種等中要信息及其他有關(guān)項(xiàng)目按某種方式折算成一項(xiàng)數(shù)字而得，為了保證使用的安全。26 Terms and conditions費(fèi)率表是銀行承辦各

39、種代理業(yè)務(wù)的收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。代理雙方換費(fèi)率費(fèi)率表是銀行承辦各種代理業(yè)務(wù)的收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。代理雙方換費(fèi)率表，以便讓對(duì)方了解收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果雙方關(guān)系良好，也可以考表，以便讓對(duì)方了解收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。如果雙方關(guān)系良好，也可以考慮互相給予優(yōu)惠。在大多數(shù)情況下，這些費(fèi)用可以最終轉(zhuǎn)嫁到慮互相給予優(yōu)惠。在大多數(shù)情況下，這些費(fèi)用可以最終轉(zhuǎn)嫁到客戶頭上去?？蛻纛^上去。 SWIFT authentic key金融系 劉玲271.5.2 Inter-bank accountsNostro and Vostro accountNostro account（往賬）往賬） is the foreign currency account (du

40、e from account) of a major bank with the foreign banks abroad to facilitate international payments and settlements.Vostro account （來賬）來賬）is an account (due to account) held by a bank on behalf of a correspondent bank.金融系 劉玲28代理行之間可能開立存款賬戶，這類賬戶通常是活期存款賬戶，代理行之間可能開立存款賬戶，這類賬戶通常是活期存款賬戶，又稱往來賬戶。本國銀行在外國銀行開立的

41、往來賬戶，在本國銀又稱往來賬戶。本國銀行在外國銀行開立的往來賬戶，在本國銀行看來，稱為行看來，稱為“”，通常是用外國貨幣開立的，以便直接對(duì)，通常是用外國貨幣開立的，以便直接對(duì)外支付。比如，中國銀行在花旗銀行開立了美元賬戶，便是開立外支付。比如，中國銀行在花旗銀行開立了美元賬戶，便是開立了往賬。外國銀行在本國銀行開立的往來賬戶，在本國銀行看來，了往賬。外國銀行在本國銀行開立的往來賬戶，在本國銀行看來，稱為稱為“”，通常是用本國貨幣開立的，以便在當(dāng)?shù)刂苯又Ц?。，通常是用本國貨幣開立的，以便在當(dāng)?shù)刂苯又Ц?。但來賬也可以用外國貨幣開立，如大通銀行在中國銀行開立美元但來賬也可以用外國貨幣開立，如大通銀行

42、在中國銀行開立美元賬戶。本國銀行的往賬，就是外國銀行的來賬。賬戶。本國銀行的往賬，就是外國銀行的來賬。金融系 劉玲29金融系 劉玲30帳戶設(shè)置帳戶設(shè)置大多數(shù)代理行之間并不設(shè)置帳戶，如有資金往來，大多數(shù)代理行之間并不設(shè)置帳戶，如有資金往來，可通過各自的帳戶行劃帳。因此，代理雙方應(yīng)在可通過各自的帳戶行劃帳。因此，代理雙方應(yīng)在協(xié)議中注明某種貨幣的帳戶行及帳號(hào)。這樣，一協(xié)議中注明某種貨幣的帳戶行及帳號(hào)。這樣，一方銀行如有該種貨幣的收入，可以要求對(duì)方將資方銀行如有該種貨幣的收入，可以要求對(duì)方將資金劃入指定帳戶行；如有支出，可以要求對(duì)方向金劃入指定帳戶行；如有支出，可以要求對(duì)方向指定銀行索償，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)雙方

43、間的資金轉(zhuǎn)移。指定銀行索償，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)雙方間的資金轉(zhuǎn)移。金融系 劉玲31有些代理行之間會(huì)開設(shè)帳戶，包括用于經(jīng)常性資金收付的往來帳戶、投資有些代理行之間會(huì)開設(shè)帳戶，包括用于經(jīng)常性資金收付的往來帳戶、投資帳戶及其它特定用途的帳戶（如信用卡帳戶、債券發(fā)行帳戶等）。開設(shè)帳帳戶及其它特定用途的帳戶（如信用卡帳戶、債券發(fā)行帳戶等）。開設(shè)帳戶的代理行稱為帳戶行，在一家銀行的海外代理行中處于中心地位。戶的代理行稱為帳戶行，在一家銀行的海外代理行中處于中心地位。 首先，這是因?yàn)橐患毅y行雖然在同一東道國里有多家代理行，但往往只首先，這是因?yàn)橐患毅y行雖然在同一東道國里有多家代理行，但往往只在一家銀行開立帳戶。其次，因?yàn)樵搸粜性O(shè)在東道國的金融中心或貨幣在一家銀行開立帳戶。其次，因?yàn)樵搸粜性O(shè)在東道國的金融中心或貨幣清算中心城市，因此帳戶行在全體中擁有特殊的地位。銀行如果不在東道清算中心城市，因此帳戶行在全體中擁有特殊的地位。銀行如果不在東道國的金融中心開設(shè)分行，就必定會(huì)確定一家?guī)粜?，從而便利清算。之所國的金融中心開設(shè)分行，就必定會(huì)確定一家?guī)粜校瑥亩憷逅?。之所以只在一家代理行中開設(shè)帳戶，這既是為了防止外匯資金的分散，便于集以只在一家代理行中開設(shè)帳戶，這既是為了防止外匯資金的分散，便于集中利用，也是為了防止外匯資金的閑置積壓，從而增加