初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)名詞

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)名詞（講義）一、名詞（n.）表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱(chēng)的詞（一）名詞的分類(lèi)名詞分為普通名詞和專(zhuān)有名詞，其中普通名詞包括可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，可數(shù)名詞可用作單數(shù)，也可用作復(fù)數(shù)?？蓴?shù)名詞包括個(gè)體名詞（表示一類(lèi)人或物的個(gè)體。如：boy,desk,cat,window）和集體名詞（由若干個(gè)體組成的集合體。如：family,class,police）。不可數(shù)名詞包括物質(zhì)名詞（表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物。如：water,paper,silk,money）和抽象名詞（表示性質(zhì)、行為、狀態(tài)、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework

2、）專(zhuān)有名詞表示個(gè)人、地方、機(jī)構(gòu)、組織等。如：Tom,theGreatWall,theSpringFestival,France,theUnitedStates）（二）名詞的數(shù)1 .可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式，其復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成主要有以下幾種：（1） 一般情況下,在詞尾力口s.,dog-dogs,pen-pens,boy-boys（2）以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的詞名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，要在詞尾加es.,brush-brushes,bus-buses,box-boxes（es讀音為iz（3）以輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞，先變y為i,再加e,family-families,（注：以元音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞，直接

3、在詞尾加）（4）以元音字母o結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)情況如下：加,potato-potatoes結(jié)尾是兩個(gè)元音字母的加s,radio-radios某些外來(lái)詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)詞尾加s,eg.piano-pianos一些名詞的縮寫(xiě)形式變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，詞尾加s,（photograph）-photos,kilo（kilogram）kiloszero變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，既可加s,也可加/zeroes（5）以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，先把f或fe變?yōu)関,再加es.,leaf-leaves,half-halves,knife-knives,thief-thieves（res讀音為vz妻子騎牛拿起刀，wife-wives;calf-c

4、alves;knife-knives;追得賊狼滿街跑，thief-thieves;wolf-wolves碰倒架子喪己命,shelf-shelves;self-selves;life-lives手帕樹(shù)葉半空飄.leaf-leaveshalf-halves,woman-women,policeman-policemen,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,Japanese,sheep,deer,fishworks（6）有些名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，不是在詞尾加s或es,而是變換其中的字母。Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen,child-childr

5、en,mouse-mice,Ox-Oxen(公牛)(7)還有一些名詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。（8） 另一些名詞本身即是復(fù)數(shù)形式，不可用作單數(shù)eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes另外，當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞作定語(yǔ)修飾另一個(gè)名詞時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般用單數(shù)。appletree,fiveappletrees,agirlfriend,twogirlfriends,atwinsister但是，當(dāng)man和woman作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，就要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。menteachers,threewomendoctorsroomOfstudents,two可用量詞+of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示

6、可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量。boxesOfpencils2 .不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式，它的量的表示方式如下。（1）表不定數(shù)量時(shí)，一般用much,（a）little,alotof/lotsof,some,any等詞修飾。（2）表確定數(shù)量時(shí)，一般用數(shù)t+量詞+of+不可數(shù)名詞。如：two/three/.+量詞復(fù)數(shù)十of+不可數(shù)名詞。bagOfrice,twoglassesOfmilk,fourbottlesOfwater3 .有些名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞也可作不可數(shù)名詞，但詞義有所不同。eg：fruit水果-fruits表示不同種類(lèi)的水果；food食物-foods各種食品；fish魚(yú)-fishes魚(yú)的種類(lèi)；dr

7、ink飲料、酒-adrink一杯/一份飲料、一杯酒；cloth布-,acloth桌布、抹布；sand沙-sands沙灘；tea茶-atea一杯茶；chicken雞肉-achicken小雞；orange橘?f-anorange橘子；glass玻璃-aglass玻璃杯，glasses眼鏡；paper紙-apaper試卷、論文；wood木頭-awood小森林；room空間、余地-aroom房間（三）名詞的所有格（表示人或物的所屬關(guān)系）（1）有生命的名詞所有格以及表示時(shí)間、距離、城鎮(zhèn)、國(guó)家等的名詞所有格。不是以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有格時(shí)，在詞尾加s.swatch;WomensDay以s結(jié)尾的名詞變成所有

8、格時(shí)，只加。office,studentsrooms兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并列，表示共同所有，只需在最后一個(gè)名詞后加s.andMikesroom湯姆和邁克的房間（表示湯姆和邁克共有一間房）兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上名詞并列，表示分別所有，需在幾個(gè)名詞后都加s.sandJennysbikes瑪麗和詹妮的自行車(chē)（表示瑪麗和詹妮各自的自行車(chē)）在表示“店鋪，某某家，診所”的名詞所有格后面，一般省去被修飾的名詞。athisbrothersatthedoctorsatthebarkersatMrreads用所有格表示時(shí)間或距離的方法：tenminutesdrive十分鐘車(chē)程，amonthsholiday一個(gè)月的假期用所有

9、格表示節(jié)日的方法：TeachersDay,ChildrensDay.需要注意的是除了父親節(jié)和母親節(jié)其他節(jié)日我們都用名詞復(fù)數(shù)的所有格表示，因?yàn)榘职謰寢屆總€(gè)人就只有一個(gè)所以不用復(fù)數(shù)，MothersDay,FathersDay（2）無(wú)生命的事物的名詞所有格常用of結(jié)構(gòu)mapofChina,thebeginningofthisgame,thedooroftheroom（3）特殊形式可用s和of短語(yǔ)表示的名詞所有格boysname=thenameOftheboy（男孩的名字）thedogslegs=thelegsofthedog（狗的腿）Chinaspopulation=thepopulationOfC

10、hina（中國(guó)的人口）Chinascapital=thecapitalofChina（中國(guó)的首都）雙重所有格fiendofmymothers我媽媽的一個(gè)朋友a(bǔ)pictureofToms湯姆的一張圖片（四）名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的主謂一致1 1）.如主語(yǔ)是單數(shù)，后跟with,togetherwith,aswellas,like,but,except等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式.LiHuawithmeoftengoestothecinema.Thewomanwithtwochildreniscominghere.（2）.復(fù)數(shù)形式單數(shù)內(nèi)容的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式.Thenewsissurpri

11、sing.Mathsisanimportantsubject.(3),單數(shù)形式復(fù)數(shù)內(nèi)容的名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式.Thepolicehavecaughtthethief.Thepeoplethereareverykind.(4),一些集體名詞如family,class,team等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，若強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式.Hisfamilyisnotalargeone.他家不是個(gè)大家庭。HerfamilyarewatchingTV.他全家人在看電視。Theteamisplayingverywell.這個(gè)隊(duì)打得很出色。Theteamareallfamouspl

12、ayersinourcountry.全體隊(duì)員者B是我國(guó)有名的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。(5),表示時(shí)間，金錢(qián)，距離的名詞加s后，應(yīng)視為一個(gè)整體，故謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式.TwohoursisenoughforustogetthereOnehundreddollarsisenough.Fivekilometersisalongwayforthechildern.(6),復(fù)數(shù)名詞shoes,trousers,glasses等由pair修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要由pair決定.Thepairofshoeslooksnice.Thattwopairsoftrousersarebothtoolong.(7)由and連接兩

13、個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如表示整體概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式.若表示個(gè)體概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式,Myoldfriendandclassmatehasjustcomebackfromabroad.我的老校友剛從國(guó)外回來(lái).ThesingeranddanceristoattendourEnglishevening.那位歌唱家兼舞蹈家哥參力口我們的英語(yǔ)晚會(huì).(8)Thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。Anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(9)neither.nor;either.or.;notonly.butalso等連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)

14、詞要遵循就近原則。(10)of+抽象名詞=形容詞beofimportance=beimportant2 .不可數(shù)名詞量”的表示方法在英語(yǔ)中，不可數(shù)名詞如果要表示量”的概念，可以用以下兩種方法：(1)用much,alittle,alotof/lotsof,some,any等表示多少，例如：TherichmanhasalotofmoneyThereissomemilkinthebottleIsthereanywaterintheglassIdontlikewinterbecausetherestoomuchsnowandice(2)用apieceof這類(lèi)定語(yǔ)，例如：apieceofpaperapi

15、eceofwoodapieceofbreadabottleoforangeaglassofwater(milk)acupofteaacupofteaabagofricethreebagsofrice如果要表示兩杯茶、四張紙”這類(lèi)概念時(shí)，在容器后加復(fù)數(shù)，例如：twocupsofteafourpiecesofpaperthreeglassesofwater不可數(shù)名詞也可用alotof,lotsof,some,any,much等來(lái)修飾。初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法專(zhuān)項(xiàng)習(xí)題1-名詞1 .()1Shewasveryhappy.Sheinthemathstest.A.makesafewmistakeB.madeafewm

16、istakesC.madefewmistakesD.makesfewmistake()2Weneedsomemore.Canyougoandgetsome,pleaseA.potatoB.potatosC. potatoesD.potatoe()3areforcutting.Knife/usedB.Knives/usedC.Knife/usingD.Knives/using()4Whatbigthetigerhas!A.toothB.teethC.toothsD.toothes()5Pleaseremembertogivethehorsesome.leafsB.leavesC.leafD.le

17、ave()6-Canwehavesome-Yes,.bananaB.orangesD.pear2()1Theygotmuchfromthosenew.ideasB.photosC.informationD.stories()2Hegaveusonhowtokeep.someadvicesB.someadviceC.anadviceD.aadvice()3Whenwesawhisface,weknewwas.somenewsB.anewsC.thenewsP.news()4Whatlovelyweatheritis!A./B.theC.anD.a3()1-Wouldyouliketea-No,t

18、hanks.Ihavedrunktwo.A.any,bottlesoforangeB.some,bottlesoforangeC.many,bottlesoforangesD. few,bottleoforanges()2Heishungry.Givehimtoeat.A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreadC.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads()3Itreallytookhim:todrawthenice.sometimesB.hourC.longtimeD.sometime()4Iwouldliketohave.A.twoglasses

19、ofmilkB.twoglassofmilkIC.twoglassesofmilksD.twoglassofmilks()5CanyougivemeA.ateaB.somecupofteaC.acupteaD.acupoftea()6Pleasegivemepaper.A.oneB.apieceC.aD.apieceof()7Johnboughtforhimselfyesterday.A.twopairsofshoesB.twopairofshoeC.twopairofshoesD.twopairsshoes4()1-Howmanyhaveyougotonyourfarm-Ivegot.she

20、epsB.sheepC.pigD.chicken()2Somecametoourschoolforavisitthat.GermansB.GermenC.GermanyD.Germanies()3.Agroupofwillvisitthemuseumtomorrow.A.HungarianB.AustralianC.JapaneseD.American5()1Thistableismade.manyglassB.glassesC.someglassesD.glass()2-Whatwouldyouliketohaveforlunch,sir-Idlike.!A.chickenB.achicke

21、nC.chickensD.thechicken()3Childrenshouldmakeforoldpeopleina.roomB.aroomC.roomsD.theroom6()1Tablesaremade.woodB.somewoodsC.woodenD.woods()2Iwonderwhyaresointerestedinaction(武打片)films.A.peopleB.peoplesC.thepeopleD.thepeoples()3Ihavereadoftheyoung.worksB.workC.thisworksD.theworks7()1Letsmeetat7:30outsi

22、dethegateofA.thePeoplesParkB.thePeoplesParkC.thePeopleParkD.PeoplesPark()2Chinesepeoplearehardworking./;aB.We;theC.The;theD.The;a()3HowmanywerethereinthestreetwhentheaccidenthappenedA.policemanB.policesC.policeD.peoples8()1Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buya.setB.oneC.pieceD.pair()2LastweekIboughta.pair.B

23、.setC.pieceD.block()3Thereisaofwoodleftonthe.cupB.piece,C.boxD.pair9()1Therearesixty-seveninourschool.A.womensteacherB.womenteachersC.womanteachersD.womenteacher()2Therearefiveinourfactory.A.womandriverB,womendriverC.womandriversD.womendrivers10()1TheywritemostoftheirinEnglish.A.businessletterB.busi

24、nesslettersC.businessesD.businessesletters()2Wecametoaatlast.andwentin.A.watchshopB.watchesshop,C.watchingshopD.watchsshop()3Thisshopsellsapples,bananasandthingslikethese.Itsa.A.foodshopB.bookshopC.fruitshopD.vegetableshop()4Shebrokeawhileshewaswashingup.A.glassofwineB.glassforwineC.glasswineD.wineg

25、lass()5Iveforgottenbothof.roomnumbers.B.roomsnumberC.roomsnumbersD.roomnumber.September10thisin.TeachersDayB.TeachersDayC.TeacherDayD.TeachersDay()2-Isthebroomunderdesk-No,itsunder.A.theteachers;myB.teachers;mineC.teachers;meD.theteachers;mine()3Excuseme,whereistheA.mensroomB.mensroomC.mensroomsD.me

26、nrooms12()1Thefootballunderthebedis.A.LilyandLucyB.LilysandLucysC.LilysandLucyD.LilyandLucys()2Thisis.sisterMaryB.sistersC.sister,MarysD.sistersMarys()3Hewenttoshoptobuya.atailorB.thetailorC.atailorsD.thetailors()4Joanis.A.MarysandJacksisterB.MaryandJackssisterC.MaryandJacksisterD.MarysandJackssiste

27、r13()1Inafewtime,thosemountainswillbecoveredwithtrees.A.yearB.yearsC.yearsD.years()2Itsaboutwalkfrommy.tenminuteB.tenminutesC.tenminutesD.tenminutes()3Thepostofficeisabitfarfromhere.Itsabout.A.thirtyminutesswalkB.thirtyminuteswalkC.thirtyminuteswalkD.thirtyminuteswalk()4HalftelephonecallsaremadeinEnglish.A.theworldB.worldC.theworldsD.worlds14()1facetothesouth.A.WindowsoftheroomB.ThewindowsoftheroomC.TheroomswindowsD.Thewindowsinroom()2Pleasetake.pictureoftheparkB.picturesoftheparkC.thepicturesofaparkD.pictureofapark()3Theworkersarerepairing.A.thero