英語句子翻譯

1、英語句子翻譯黃山學(xué)院黃山學(xué)院 程汕姍程汕姍短句短句另外看到的、想到的英語：SVO/SVC/SVP漢語:TC (topic + comment)原文: Her efforts gained her a reputation.原譯: 她的努力為她贏得了聲譽(yù)。改譯: 她很努力, 名聲很好。解說: 原文SVO三分結(jié)構(gòu), 原譯逐字直譯, 不合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。改譯采用兩分結(jié)構(gòu)。原主語是偏正詞組,改譯為描寫句, 后續(xù)評論。短句短句另外看到的、想到的原文: His skills qualify him for the job.原譯: 他的技藝使他有資格擔(dān)任這一工作。改譯: 他有技術(shù), 能擔(dān)任這一工作。解說: 原

2、譯按原文SVO三分結(jié)構(gòu)譯為漢語, 改譯是兩分結(jié)構(gòu), 符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。原主語是偏正結(jié)構(gòu), 譯文改為句子。短句短句另外看到的、想到的漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)不像英語那樣三分, 它只有兩個部分:話題和說明。它的基礎(chǔ)不是形式邏輯, 而是陰陽辨證。中國的遠(yuǎn)古先民們很早就對世界形成了陰陽對立的認(rèn)識,傳說中的伏曦八卦是很久遠(yuǎn)的了, 歷經(jīng)夏易、商易、周易, 一脈相承。易經(jīng)中的思想和語言文字都是陰陽對立的。到詩經(jīng)已經(jīng)比較系統(tǒng)了, 此后雖然經(jīng)過了二三千年, 今天遣詞造句依然如此。短句短句另外看到的、想到的漢語句子的陰陽對立, 不在語法, 而在語意, 其表意有其獨(dú)特之處。有學(xué)者把漢語句子的表意類型歸納為七種:語義相反型: 先

3、天下之憂而憂, 后天下之樂而樂。(宋范仲淹)語義相異型: 窗含西嶺千秋雪, 門泊東吳萬里船。( 唐杜甫)語義遞進(jìn)型: 同是天涯淪落人, 相逢何必曾相識。( 唐白居易)反義襯托型: 衣莫若新, 人莫若故。( 春秋晏子)同義襯托型: 有莠則鋤, 有疾則醫(yī)。( 宋蘇軾)正說反說型: 改過不吝, 從善如流。( 宋蘇軾)同義強(qiáng)調(diào)型: 同聲相應(yīng), 同氣相求。( 周易乾文言)短句短句另外看到的、想到的不僅詩詞歌的句子語義結(jié)構(gòu)如此, 散文句子的語義結(jié)構(gòu)也是如此。比如:有理而無益于治者, 君子弗言; 有能而無益于事者,君子弗為。(尹文子)水濁,則無掉尾之魚;政苛,則無逸樂之士。(鄧析子)天地者, 萬物之逆旅也;

4、 光陰者, 百代之過客也。(李白)只影自憐, 命寄江湖之上; 驚魂未定, 夢游縲紲之中。(蘇軾)夜光之珠, 不必出于孟津之河; 盈握之璧, 不必采于昆侖之山。(劉義慶)木秀于林, 風(fēng)必摧之; 堆出于岸, 流必湍之; 行高于眾, 眾必非之。(李康運(yùn)命論)蘭生幽谷, 不為莫服而不芳; 舟在江海, 不為莫乘而不浮; 君子行義, 不為莫知而止休。(淮南子)滿則慮兼, 平則慮險, 安則慮危。(荀子)思焉而得, 故其言深; 感焉而得, 故其言切; 觸焉而得, 故其言易。(蘇洵)短句短句課堂練習(xí)The strong walls of the castle served as a gooddefense ag

5、ainst the attackers.原譯: 那城堡的堅固城墻充當(dāng)了抵御進(jìn)攻者的良好防御物。改譯: 那座城堡的城墻很堅固, 在敵人的進(jìn)攻中起了很好的防御作用。解說:原文SVO三分結(jié)構(gòu),原譯文直譯,顯得不通順。改譯是兩分,符合陰陽結(jié)構(gòu)。原主語是偏正結(jié)構(gòu)(adj. +n.) ,譯文變?yōu)槊鑼懢?名詞+ 形容詞) ,后續(xù)評論句。那座城堡城墻堅固,有效地抵御住了敵人的進(jìn)攻。短句短句課堂練習(xí)That dirty old house is an offense to everyonewho lives in the street.原譯: 那座骯臟的老房子使住在那條街上的人都討厭。改譯: 那座老房子很臟,

6、住在那條街上的人都很討厭。解說: 原文是SVO三分結(jié)構(gòu), 原譯直譯, 句子較長,讀起來不上口。改譯是兩分, 節(jié)奏變短, 容易上口, 符合陰陽結(jié)構(gòu)。主語是偏正結(jié)構(gòu), 改譯為描寫句, 后續(xù)評論句。長長句句結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別英語長句呈現(xiàn)出一種樹式結(jié)構(gòu)，即在英語中，主干結(jié)構(gòu)突出，主謂賓突出，表達(dá)復(fù)雜思想時，往往開門見山，句中的主語和主要動詞這兩根巨棟先樹立起來，再運(yùn)用各種關(guān)系詞把定語從句及其它短語往這兩個巨棟上掛靠。英語是形合語言，往往以整馭零。 漢語長句呈現(xiàn)出一種竹式結(jié)構(gòu)，即在漢語中，動詞使用頻繁。在表達(dá)一些較復(fù)雜的思想時，往往借助動詞，按動作發(fā)生的順序，或邏輯順序，逐步交待，層層展開，給人以舒緩明快之感，有

7、如一根竹子，一節(jié)節(jié)連下去。漢語沒有主干結(jié)構(gòu)，因此就沒有主干與枝叉之分、竹節(jié)可多可少，由語音凝結(jié)在一起，有團(tuán)塊性，由于漢語不存在主干，在擴(kuò)展時會引起結(jié)構(gòu)的不斷變化對比。長長句句翻譯的唯一原則語意第一具體操作： 理解 找出各層含義 理清層次關(guān)系（包括時間、空間、以及各種邏輯關(guān)系） 表達(dá) 按照漢語的時空邏輯規(guī)律重新排列。 時間：先后 空間：大小、上下、遠(yuǎn)近 邏輯：先因后果，先假設(shè)后結(jié)論長長句句課堂解析But now it is realized that supplies of some of minerals are limited, and it is even possible to give

8、 a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.分析: 該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is realized that”, it為形式主語, that引導(dǎo)著主語從句以及并列的it is even possible to 結(jié)構(gòu), 其中, 不定式作主語, the time 是“expectation of life”的同位語, 進(jìn)一步解釋其含義, 而time后面的句子是它的定語從

9、句。五個謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 表達(dá)了四個層次的意義: A. 可是現(xiàn)在人們意識到; B. 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的; C. 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”; D. 將這些已知礦源和儲量消耗殆盡的時間可是現(xiàn)在人們意識到, 其中有些礦物質(zhì)的蘊(yùn)藏量是有限的, 人們甚至還可以比較合理的估計出這些礦物質(zhì)“可望存在多少年”, 也就是說, 經(jīng)過若干年后, 這些礦物的全部已知礦源和儲量將消耗殆盡。長長句句課堂解析Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it f

10、ound freefree, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.分析: 這個句子由一個主句, 兩個原因狀語和一個定語從句, “鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)”是主句, 也是全句的中心內(nèi)容, 全句共有四個謂語結(jié)構(gòu), 共有五層意思: A. 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn); B. 由于在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁; C. 由于它總是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起; D. 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; E. 鋁跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力。鋁總

11、是跟其他元素結(jié)合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧結(jié)合; 因?yàn)殇X跟氧有很強(qiáng)的親和力, 由于這個原因, 在自然界找不到游離狀態(tài)的鋁。所以, 鋁直到19世紀(jì)才被人發(fā)現(xiàn)。長長句句課堂解析I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on.原譯：我在一頭租來的騾上騎了一整天，直到曾擔(dān)任我向?qū)У泥]差指著一條河

12、遠(yuǎn)邊上的小屋，默默地拒絕了我給他的錢，騎著馬走了。改譯：我雇了一頭騾子，騎了整整一天。在此期間，郵差權(quán)當(dāng)向?qū)?。后來他指著河對岸的一幢木屋給我看，我給他錢，他默然拒絕，逕自騎馬走了。長長句句課堂解析The village of Marlott lay amid the northen-easten undulations of the beautiful lake Blakemore or Blackmore aforesaid, an engirdled and secluded region, for the most part un-trodden as yet by tourists o

13、r landscape-painters, though within a four hours journey from London.前面說過的那個布蕾谷或布萊谷，是一處群山環(huán)抱、偏僻幽靜的地方。雖然離倫敦不過四個小時的路程，但它的大部分都不曾有游游家和畫家的足跡。馬勒村就在它東北部那片起伏地帶的中間。長長句句課堂解析People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as con

14、fused and helpless as anybody else.該句共有三層含義:A: 人們不敢出門;B: 盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況;C: 警察也和其他人一樣不知所措和無能為力。在這三層含義中, B表示讓步, C表示原因, 而A則表示結(jié)果, 按照漢語習(xí)慣順序, 我們作如下的安排:盡管警察已接到命令, 要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況, 但人們不敢出門, 因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o能為力。長長句句課堂解析Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three sho

15、ts.原譯： 肯尼迪先生明顯地是被目擊者相信開了三槍中的第一槍擊中的。改譯：據(jù)目擊者說，兇手共開了三槍，肯尼迪顯然是被第一槍擊中的。被動句被動句英漢對比簡介 被動語態(tài)是英語中動詞的一種變化形式，表示句子的謂語動詞和其主語之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。被動句的主語實(shí)際上是謂語動詞動作的承受者。英語被動句把所要說明的人或事物放在主語的位置上，突出了行為的對象，因此較少主觀色彩。被動語態(tài)的廣泛使用是英語有別于漢語的又一個特點(diǎn)。 漢語中雖也有被動句，但使用范圍較狹窄，許多被動意義的句子是用無主句或主動的形式來表達(dá)的。被動句被動句一個英譯漢實(shí)例I was beaten up by my father yes

16、terday.昨天我被爸爸狠狠地打了一通。昨天我爹狠狠地打了我。/狠狠地把我揍了一通。昨天我挨挨了老爸一頓狠揍。昨天我讓讓老爸暴打/猛K了一通。昨天我給給/ /叫叫我爸狂扁了一通。被動句被動句英語被動變漢語主動轉(zhuǎn)換主語轉(zhuǎn)換主語 Large quantities of fuel are used by modern industry. 現(xiàn)代工業(yè)耗用大量燃料。English is spoken in Britain, the U.S. and some other countries.英國、美國和其它一些國家講英語。Many new opportunities will be opened up

17、in the course of time for those with a university education.今后具有大學(xué)文化水平的人將會獲得更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會。被動句被動句英語被動變漢語主動添加主語添加主語He was sent a thank-you letter last week.上周，有人給他送了一封感謝信。他上周收到一封感謝信。To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again.為了探索月球表面，人們一次又一次地發(fā)射火箭。被動句被動句英語被動變漢語主動轉(zhuǎn)變成無主句轉(zhuǎn)變成無主句Care shou

18、ld be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.要注意看看信的地址有沒有寫錯寫錯。Account should be taken of the low melting point of this substance.應(yīng)該考慮到這種物質(zhì)熔點(diǎn)較低。被動句被動句習(xí)慣套語It is considered that- It is considered that- 有人認(rèn)有人認(rèn)為為It is generally accepted that-It is generally accepted that-普遍認(rèn)為普遍認(rèn)為It is believe

19、d that It is believed that 人們認(rèn)為人們認(rèn)為It is well known thatIt is well known that眾所周知眾所周知It is estimated thatIt is estimated that據(jù)估計據(jù)估計It is learned thatIt is learned that據(jù)悉據(jù)悉It is supposed that-It is supposed that-據(jù)推測據(jù)推測It must be pointed out thatIt must be pointed out that必須必須指出指出It will be seen thatI

20、t will be seen that可見可見It is understood thatIt is understood that不用說不用說It cannot be denied thatIt cannot be denied that無可否認(rèn)無可否認(rèn)It has been proved thatIt has been proved that已經(jīng)證明已經(jīng)證明It may be confirmed thatIt may be confirmed that可以肯定可以肯定It may be safely said thatIt may be safely said that可以有可以有把握地說把

21、握地說據(jù)-/無主語結(jié)構(gòu)/添加主語被動句被動句英語被動變漢語被動英語標(biāo)記被動變漢語無標(biāo)記被動英語標(biāo)記被動變漢語無標(biāo)記被動動作去動作去”被被” 直接保留直接保留 Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily. 大部分問題已經(jīng)圓滿地解決了。 His house is located on the edge of the city. 他家位于市區(qū)的邊緣。 The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year. 這座橋?qū)⒃诮衲昴甑捉ǔ伞１粍泳浔粍泳溆?/p>

22、語被動變漢語被動被動轉(zhuǎn)判斷被動轉(zhuǎn)判斷The song was composed by a friend of mine.這首歌是我一個朋友譜寫的。History is made by the people.歷史是人民創(chuàng)造的. The explosive was first made and used in China.火藥最早是在中國制造和使用的。被被動動句句英語被動變漢語被動英語標(biāo)記被動變漢語標(biāo)記被動英語標(biāo)記被動變漢語標(biāo)記被動He is often sent to do this work. 他常被派做這項(xiàng)工作。The boy was criticized yesterday.這孩子昨天挨來

23、了一頓批評。 Our clothes were soaked with sweat.我們的衣服給汗水濕透了。The things have been affected with damp.東西受潮了。They were hit by a natural calamity last year.他們?nèi)ツ暝饬藶?zāi)。被動句被動句關(guān)于漢語“為所” 結(jié)構(gòu)漢語的“為所”結(jié)構(gòu)是一種文化色彩較濃，較為端莊典雅的被動表達(dá)方式。All the buildings were destroyed in a big fire.所有建筑物都為那場大火所焚毀。Peace is desired by everyone.和平為人人

24、所向往。Such conduct will be looked down upon by all sense of decency.此種行為將為一切君子所不齒。否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之冗余否定冗余否定冗余否定（redundancy negation）/ /多余否定多余否定(pleonastic negation) 形式否定，語意肯定，多為習(xí)慣表達(dá)或語氣委婉之故。她差一點(diǎn)（沒）撞上人。（你）小心（別）見到班主任。我險些（沒）摔了個狗啃泥。我們好（不）容易才買到了車票。否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之冗余否定賓語從句的多余否定賓語從句的多余否定某些賓語從句,特別是用whether ,if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從

25、句,其主句謂語往往表示不肯定或懷疑(如wonder ,question , ask ,know , think) ,后面的從句如果使用否定形式,其否定意義往往會弱化消失。I asked him if I could not do anything for him. 我問他也許我能幫他做點(diǎn)什么吧。 I wonder if/whether we cannot get any more. 我想知道我們再拿一些行不行。 Wont you drink some tea?= Will you drink some tea?否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之冗余否定感嘆句中的多余否定感嘆句中的多余否定有時英語句子里

26、面雖沒有感嘆詞,但也是表示某種強(qiáng)烈感情的句子,這類句子也屬感嘆句。這類感嘆句中出現(xiàn)否定形式時,但卻沒有否定的意義。一般多用于口語,句未用嘆號,全句讀作降調(diào)。My mother read the little poem and began to cry. “Buddy , you didnt really write this beautiful ,beautiful poem !”我媽媽讀完這首小詩便大叫起來:“寶貝 ,你寫了一首多漂亮的詩啊!”If the walls of that room could speak，what amount of blundering and caprici

27、ous cruelty would they not bear witness to ! 如果這個房間的墻壁會說話,那該有多少錯誤和任性的殘暴行為會說出來呀!否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之冗余否定習(xí)慣用法中的多余否定習(xí)慣用法中的多余否定I cant hardly believe it.I cant but say thatSome people just want it all. But I dont want nothing at all.If I aint got you.I dont never trust you.否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之轉(zhuǎn)移否定轉(zhuǎn)移否定（轉(zhuǎn)移否定（transferred

28、 negationtransferred negation）句中否定詞在語法上屬于某一部分（往往是謂語部分），但在語義上否定的卻是另一部分。I dont think (that) you are right.= I think you are not right. ?You are probably right, but I dont think so. (periphrasis)It is a fact that you are wrong. I think so. (seldom used)在表達(dá)個人感知、評論時，往往使用轉(zhuǎn)移否定。Think，feel, believe, look/sou

29、nd as if, expect, imagine, suppose etc.I dont believe hell come back tomorrow.I dont suppose Ill trouble you again.She didnt feel the neighborhood was friendly.She doesnt look as if she were drunk.否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之轉(zhuǎn)移否定特例特例We didnt think wed be this late.我們沒想到會這么遲。I cant believe that they are married.我真不

30、敢相信，他們竟然結(jié)婚了。You mustnt think that he is a fool.你千萬不要以為他是個傻瓜。否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之轉(zhuǎn)移否定I didnt take Joan to swim in the pool today.I didnt take Joan to swim in the pool today. (I forgot to do so.)我今夭沒帶瓊到游泳池去游泳。I didnt take Joan to swim in the pool today. (It was Lucy)我今天帶到游泳池去游泳的不是瓊。I didnt take Joan to swim

31、in the pool today. (just to see it)我今天帶瓊到游泳池去不是游泳。I didnt take Joan to swim in the pool today. I took her to the seaside.)我今天帶瓊?cè)ビ斡镜牡胤讲皇怯斡境?。I didnt take Joan to swim in the pool today. (It was last week)我不是今天帶瓊到游泳池去游泳的。I didnt take Joan to swim in the pool today. (It wasnt I but my father)今天帶瓊到游泳池去游泳

32、的不是我。否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之轉(zhuǎn)移否定He didnt mention it on purpose.He mentioned it unintentionally.He deliberately didnt mention it.I havent studied English for two years.I have studied English for less than two years.I stopped studying English two years ago.He didnt go to the clinic to have his wound dressed.他沒去

33、診所包扎傷口。他去診所不是去包扎傷口的。He didnt go downtown because his father was ill.他沒進(jìn)城，因?yàn)楦赣H病了。他進(jìn)城，并不是因?yàn)楦赣H病了。否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之轉(zhuǎn)移否定The earth does not move around in an empty space.The earth moves around but not in an empty space.In an empty space, the earth doesnt move around.Certainly I dont teach because teaching is

34、easy for me. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.分析：這句話主要涉及的是否定的范圍問題。如果把because從句排除在否定范圍之外，其意思為：“因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易，所以沒有教書”（= because teaching is very easy for me, I dont teach）；如果把because從句包括在否定范圍之內(nèi)，則為：“我之所以教書，并不是因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易”（=I teach, but it is

35、nt because teaching is easy for me）。譯文：當(dāng)然，我之所以教書，并不是因?yàn)槲矣X得教書容易。我之所以教書，也不是因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為自己能夠解答問題，或者因?yàn)槲覞M腹學(xué)問，情不自禁地要與別人分享。否定句否定句穿越重重迷霧之轉(zhuǎn)移否定 嚴(yán)格說來, 否定句并不是簡單的非此即彼。如果脫離語境, 一切否定句都可以找到若干不同的深層意義。 否定的情況很復(fù)雜, 不可能一覽無余地加以說明。總而言之, 分析否定句不能依賴語序等句法結(jié)構(gòu), 要從語義結(jié)構(gòu)的角度去分析, 更重要的是聯(lián)系上下文進(jìn)行邏輯分析。只有這樣, 才能把握否定句的深層結(jié)構(gòu), 從而順利地實(shí)現(xiàn)語際轉(zhuǎn)換。長長句句課后練習(xí)They (t

36、he poor) are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.對于以往幾代人來說, 舊式的體力勞動是一種用以擺脫貧困的手段, 而技術(shù)的進(jìn)步則摧毀了窮人賴以為生的體力勞動, 因此首先體驗(yàn)到技術(shù)進(jìn)步之害的是窮人。長長句句課后練習(xí)And he knew how ashamed he woul

37、d have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.他有這樣一位母親，他生在這樣一個地方和這樣一群人中間，要是這些都讓她知道，他明白該有多丟人。被被動動句句課后練習(xí)。長長句翻句翻譯譯課后練習(xí) Transplant surgeons work miracles. They take organs from one body and integrate them into another, g

38、ranting the lucky recipient a longer, better life. Sadly, every year thousands of other people are less fortunate, dying while they wait for suitable organs to be found. The terrible constraint on organ transplantation is that every life extended depends on the death of someone young enough and heal

39、thy enough to have organs worth transplanting.Such donors are few. The waiting lists are long, and getting longer.長長句翻句翻譯譯課后練習(xí)Freedom from this constraint is the dream of every transplant surgeon. So far attempts to make artificial organs have been disappointing: nature is hard to mimic. Hence the r

40、enewed interest in trying to use organs from animals.長長句翻句翻譯譯課后練習(xí)Doctors in India have just announced that they have successfully transplanted a heart from a pig into a person. Pressure to increase the number of such xenotransplants seems to be growing. In Europe and America, herds of pigs are being

41、 specially bred and genetically engineered for organ donation. During 1996 at least two big reports on the subject - one in Europe and one in America - were published. They agreed that xenotransplants were permissible on ethical grounds and cautiously recommended that they be allowed. Americas Food

42、and Drug Administration has already published draft guidelines for xenotransplantation.長長句翻句翻譯譯課后練習(xí)The ethics of xenotransplantation are relatively unworrying. People already kill pigs both for food and for sport; killing them to save a human life seems, if anything, easier to justify.However, the science of xenotransplantation is much less straightforward.長長句翻句翻譯譯課后練習(xí) 外科醫(yī)生通過器官移植創(chuàng)造奇跡。他們將器官從一個人身體里取出，放進(jìn)另一個人的體內(nèi)，這名幸運(yùn)的器官