三大從句之賓語(yǔ)從句

1、賓語(yǔ)從句：在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句。通俗的說(shuō)就是一個(gè)句子做另一個(gè)句子的賓語(yǔ). 主要跟在及物動(dòng)詞和介詞之后。一般由“引導(dǎo)詞主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)其它”構(gòu)成，其語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序。如何判斷：1可以從整個(gè)句式看,賓語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后。 2從引導(dǎo)詞看。if充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，相當(dāng)于whether，詞義為“是否”，when充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞時(shí)，意為“什么時(shí)候”。3從時(shí)態(tài)看。if和when作連接詞時(shí)，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句要注意：從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)根據(jù)主句的時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化。所以賓語(yǔ)從句的三大要素：時(shí)態(tài) 語(yǔ)序 引導(dǎo)詞前世今生：I know you . you are right.I know yo

2、u are right. /I know that you are right.n 引導(dǎo)詞² that (后面是陳述句) I believe that you are an honest boy.² what which who I dont know what they are going to do. what are they going to do？whose whom Tell me whose PSP it is.（whose PSP is it？）where when Can you tell me where he lives? where does he

3、live?Why how I know why he was late. (why was he late？)（特殊疑問(wèn)句） ² if / whether（一般疑問(wèn)句/是否） I want to know if Miss Gao is back. Is Miss Gao back？² 另外，含how的詞組也可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。主要有how old，how many，how much， how long，how often，how far等。如：Do you know how old he is？n 語(yǔ)序：賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞后要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。（主謂語(yǔ)句，即引導(dǎo)詞后面直接跟主語(yǔ)）Who

4、 can tell us over there?Awhat they talk aboutBwhat do they talk aboutCwhat are they talking aboutDwhat they are talking about注意：what was the matter這個(gè)比較特殊，特殊疑問(wèn)詞在句中做主語(yǔ)時(shí)從句不改變語(yǔ)序。 n 時(shí)態(tài)² 主過(guò)從過(guò)：主句是過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)，從句要變成相應(yīng)的過(guò)去的時(shí)態(tài)。從句動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)；一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)² 主現(xiàn)從隨便：主句是一般現(xiàn)在的時(shí)態(tài)，從句根據(jù)句子選擇。Sh

5、e says that she is a policewoman. She said that she a policewoman. She says that she will fly to Japan. She said that she fly to Japan.² 真理規(guī)律永一現(xiàn)：真理、自然規(guī)律永遠(yuǎn)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun. 賓語(yǔ)從句注意事項(xiàng) n 主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是say，think，tell， know，hear，see，feel，mean，hope，wish，

6、remember，forget等時(shí)，或主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是由形容詞afraid，glad，sure，sorry等作表語(yǔ)的系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，后面常接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：He says that he wants to speak to the headmaster他說(shuō)他想和校長(zhǎng)說(shuō)話。I think that we need to buy some meat for the party我認(rèn)為我們需要為聚會(huì)買些肉。I'm sorry（that）he isn't here right now對(duì)不起，此刻他不在。n 從句的引導(dǎo)詞that能省略嗎？that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)陳述事實(shí)，tha

7、t本身無(wú)詞義，在從句中不作任何成分，在口語(yǔ)中常常省略。I guess （that）somebody else has borrowed it我猜是別的人把它借走了。I'm afraid（that） you'll have to wait恐怕你得等一下。注意：u 從句前面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞 that不能省略；u 如果有兩個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句，第二個(gè)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that也不能省略。She may tell you，for example，that she is interested in Chinese例如，她可能會(huì)告訴你，她對(duì)漢語(yǔ)感興趣。Mr Read said（that）he ta

8、ught English in a middle schoolin Beijing and that he came from Australia里德先生說(shuō)他在北京的一所中學(xué)教英語(yǔ)，他來(lái)自澳大利亞。n 連接代詞和連接副詞起引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的作用，不再重復(fù)使用連接詞，造成錯(cuò)誤。I can't see that what is over there（×）此句中應(yīng)去掉that。n 可用連接代詞或連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有 see，say，tell，ask，answer，know，decide，find out，show，remember， choose等。如：We can

9、't decide who should go to Beijing first我們不能決定誰(shuí)應(yīng)該先去北京。Read the story below and find out who Father Christmas is讀下面的故事，弄清楚圣誕老人是誰(shuí)。n 否定前移；及完成反意問(wèn)句； 主句是I We think suppose guess believe  imagine / expect等，動(dòng)詞后跟賓語(yǔ)從句否定式時(shí)，應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上去，完成反意問(wèn)句時(shí)，應(yīng)與從句主/謂保持一致。 （注: 否定前移的條件是，主句主語(yǔ)是第一人稱I&

10、#160;.We）   I don't think he is right ,is he?  我認(rèn)為他是不對(duì)的,是嗎？I don't believe they have finished their work yet, have they ?  我相信/認(rèn)為他們還沒(méi)有完成那項(xiàng)工作 例如：我認(rèn)為雞不會(huì)游泳。誤：I think

11、 chickens can not swim正：I don't think chickens can swim注意：上述情況變成反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，附加問(wèn)句要看從句，如果主句的主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱，則附加問(wèn)句要看主句。試比較：I think he is wrong，isn't he？ He thinks he is right，doesn't he？n 特殊疑問(wèn)句變賓語(yǔ)從句五注意一、在引導(dǎo)詞上，要將疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞變?yōu)檫B接代詞或連接副詞，引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如：Whose bike is this？Does anybody know？ Does anybody know whose

12、bike this is？二、賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與主句的時(shí)態(tài)保持一致。如：When the train will arrive？He asked me He asked me when the train would arrive三、在語(yǔ)序上，要將疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序。如：Which one do you like best？She askedmeShe asked me which one I liked best【注意】疑問(wèn)句中主語(yǔ)之前的助動(dòng)詞若是 dodoes did，變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，要先將其去掉，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞再根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的變化。四、特殊疑問(wèn)詞在句中作主語(yǔ)，變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句時(shí)語(yǔ)序不變（時(shí)態(tài)

13、應(yīng)作相應(yīng)變化）。如：Who can answer the question？The teacher askedThe teacher asked who could answer the question五、特殊疑問(wèn)句變?yōu)橘e語(yǔ)從句后，用問(wèn)號(hào)還是用句號(hào)完全取決于主句的句式：如主句為陳述句、祈使句，句末就用句號(hào)；如主句是疑問(wèn)句，句末就用問(wèn)號(hào)。如：I don't know when we shall start tomorrow Do you know when we shall start tomorrow？n 賓主從句的簡(jiǎn)化1 當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是hope ， agree，wis

14、h，choose，decide，promise等，后面帶賓語(yǔ)從句，且主從句主語(yǔ)相同時(shí)，可以簡(jiǎn)化成不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語(yǔ)。We hope that we shall see you soonWe hope to see you soonShe agreed that she would help me with my EnglishShe agreed to help mewith my English2 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是know，learn， forget，remember等詞時(shí)，后面帶的賓語(yǔ)從句可簡(jiǎn)化成“疑問(wèn)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，此時(shí)，主從句主語(yǔ)也須一致。I really don't know

15、what I should do nextI really don't know what to do nextShe didn't know whether she should go or notShe didn't know whether to go or notI have forgotten how I can open the doorI have forgotten how to open the door3 當(dāng)主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是ask，tell， show，teach等，后帶雙賓語(yǔ)，且從句主語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化成“疑問(wèn)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。Coul

16、d you tellme how Ican getto the postoffice？Could you tell me how to get to the post office？Please tell me where I can find himPlease tell me where to find him但是，如果間接賓語(yǔ)和從句的主語(yǔ)不一致，一般不要把賓語(yǔ)從句簡(jiǎn)化，否則會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義。He didn't tell me where he wouldgoHe didn't tell me where to go簡(jiǎn)化的句子涵義可能有以下兩種：“他沒(méi)有告訴我他將去什么地方?！被?/p>

17、“他沒(méi)有告訴我將去什么地方?！? 當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是order（命令），require（需要）等時(shí)，如果主句和從句的主語(yǔ)不一致，賓語(yǔ)從句可轉(zhuǎn)化成“名詞（代詞）不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。The headmaster ordered that we should start at onceThe headmaster ordered us to start at once5 除了以上用不定式簡(jiǎn)化賓語(yǔ)從句之外，也可以采用另外一些結(jié)構(gòu)。He insisted that he should go withusHe insisted on going with usWe found that the box was

18、very heavyWe found the box very heavyn 賓語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句的分辯。    當(dāng)if解釋為“是否”時(shí)，其引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句。遵循賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)則。  He doesnt know if she  will come tomorrow. 當(dāng)if解釋為“如果”時(shí)，其引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語(yǔ)從句。遵循的是“主將從現(xiàn)”的時(shí)態(tài)規(guī)則。 She will come if she

19、0;has time tomorrow. n if和whether的區(qū)別一、if或whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，作“是否”講，常放在動(dòng)詞ask 、see 、say 、know和find out等后面。一般情況下，兩者?？蓳Q用，在口語(yǔ)中多用if。 Nobody knows whether (if) it will rain tomorrow. 沒(méi)有人知道明天是否下雨。 Lucy asked whether (if) they had a cotton sweater .露西問(wèn)他們是否有棉制的羊毛衣。 二、if和whether的區(qū)別： 1 在動(dòng)詞不定式之前只能用whe

20、ther 。2 當(dāng)whether與or not在一句中時(shí)，只能用whether。3 在介詞后，只能用whether。 4 賓語(yǔ)從句放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，只能用whether 。 5 在及物運(yùn)動(dòng)discuss后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，只能用whether。 6 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能用whether。 7 引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能用whether。 8 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只能用whether。 例：I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。例： I don't know whether or not they will come for our help. 我不知道

21、他們是否要來(lái)求我們支援。例： I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。例： His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父親擔(dān)心是否會(huì)失去工作。 例： Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他們是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作還是個(gè)問(wèn)題。例：Were discussing whether well go on a picnic. 我們?cè)谟懻撌欠褚ヒ安屠篒t is

22、unknown whether he will come. 他是否來(lái)還不知道。 例：Whether the news is true remains a question. 這個(gè)消息是否真實(shí)仍然是個(gè)問(wèn)題。 例：What we want to know is whether he will come to speak to us tomorrow. 我們想知道的是他明天是否來(lái)給我們講話。 例：The question is whether they can take our advice.問(wèn)題是他們是否能接受我們的意見(jiàn)。 9 If可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)一個(gè)否定的賓語(yǔ)從句，whether不能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)否定的賓

23、語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)樗硎菊磧煞矫娴倪x擇意義比較強(qiáng)。例如： 例：Tell me if it is not going to rain, please. 請(qǐng)告訴我明天是否不會(huì)下雨。 例：He considered if he shouldn't tell her the secret. 他考慮他是否不該告訴她這個(gè)秘密。10 if除引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句外，還可以引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，作“是否”解。在容易引起混淆產(chǎn)生歧義的情況下，就不可用if，而用whether。例如： Please let me know if you intend to come.這個(gè)句子有兩種解釋： A：“請(qǐng)讓我知道你是否想來(lái)?！卑裪f

24、引導(dǎo)的從句看作賓語(yǔ)從句，把動(dòng)詞know視為及物動(dòng)詞(vt)；B：“如果你打算來(lái)，請(qǐng)讓我們知道。”把if引導(dǎo)的從句當(dāng)作條件狀語(yǔ)從句，把動(dòng)詞know看作不及物動(dòng)詞(vi)。 在口語(yǔ)中，我們可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)調(diào)來(lái)表示兩者的區(qū)別；但是，在書面語(yǔ)中，無(wú)上下文(如一張便條上寫著這句話)，那就含混不清了。如果我們想表達(dá)的第一種含義，就得用whether來(lái)改寫第一句。 know whether you . 又如： Let me know whether he has left for Shanghai. 告訴我他是否已經(jīng)去上海了。 Let me know if he has left for Shanghai. 如果他去上海，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲。 練習(xí)：1Lucy told me she began to learn swimming. (what, when)2I don't know he will come tomorrow.(that, if)3I want to know he has been back.(how soon多久以后 ，how long多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間)4I was really surprised at I saw. (when, what)1I don