高粱基因組完成測(cè)序復(fù)旦大學(xué)課程

1、Nature：高粱基因組完成測(cè)序2009年1月29日本期Nature發(fā)表了高粱（Sorghum bicolour）的基因組序列。高粱基因組-美國(guó)科學(xué)家完成測(cè)序美國(guó)能源部聯(lián)合基因組研究所等機(jī)構(gòu)的科學(xué)家日前完成了高粱的全基因組測(cè)序和分析，相關(guān)研究成果已刊登在日出版的自然雜志上。   科學(xué)家利用全基因組鳥槍測(cè)序法完成了對(duì)高粱基因組的測(cè)序。結(jié)果顯示，高粱基因組大約有萬個(gè)基因，有億個(gè)核苷酸，比大米約多?？茖W(xué)家以及工業(yè)界人士認(rèn)為，高粱基因組測(cè)序的完成將促進(jìn)該作物的改良，并有助于完成其他相關(guān)植物的測(cè)序工作。 美國(guó)能源部生物和環(huán)境研究中心副主任安娜·帕爾米薩諾說，這項(xiàng)研

2、究是發(fā)展低成本、非糧食生物燃料的重要一步。美國(guó)孟德爾生物技術(shù)公司總裁尼爾·格特森則認(rèn)為，這項(xiàng)成果將對(duì)生物燃料和可再生能源產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)生重要影響。 由于耐寒且生產(chǎn)生物燃料的效率高，高粱目前是美國(guó)僅次于玉米的第二大生物燃料作物。此外，隨著利用植物纖維生產(chǎn)乙醇的技術(shù)日趨成熟，高粱生長(zhǎng)迅速的特點(diǎn)更讓其成為理想的生物燃料來源。高粱是一種谷物，作為糧食、飼料、纖維和燃料作物廣泛種植。它耐熱、耐旱，是西非薩赫勒地區(qū)很多人口的一種主食作物。將該基因組與玉米和水稻的基因組所做的對(duì)比，為了解草本及C4植物光合作用（這種光合作用在高溫時(shí)尤其能夠高效吸收碳）的演化提供了線索。另外，可能對(duì)高粱的抗旱性能有貢獻(xiàn)的蛋白

3、編碼基因及miRNAs也可能被找到。高粱產(chǎn)量的提高一直落后于其他作物，其基因組序列的獲得有可能為該作物的改良產(chǎn)生非常重要的促進(jìn)作用。(生物谷B)高粱是全球第五大禾谷類作物,在干旱、半干旱地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中占有極其重要的位置.高粱基因組相對(duì)較小(750Mbp),遺傳多樣性豐富,被認(rèn)為是禾谷類作物比較基因組學(xué)研究的模式基因組之一.近年來,綜合運(yùn)用AFLP等分子標(biāo)記、BAC文庫(kù)、EST及cDNA作圖和FISH技術(shù),加速了高粱高分辨率基因組圖譜的構(gòu)建.高粱基因測(cè)序、基因功能鑒定和克隆,以及遺傳轉(zhuǎn)化,亦取得了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展.高粱特有的多種適應(yīng)逆境脅迫等優(yōu)異基因資源的發(fā)掘及其在作物改良中的應(yīng)用前景廣闊。高粱基因組

4、-序列的獲得     高粱基因組高粱是一種谷物，作為糧食、飼料、纖維和燃料作物廣泛種植。它耐熱、耐旱，是西非薩赫勒地區(qū)很多人口的一種主食作物。將該基因組與玉米和水稻的基因組所做的對(duì)比，為了解草本及C4植物光合作用（這種光合作用在高溫時(shí)尤其能夠高效吸收碳）的演化提供了線索。另外，可能對(duì)高粱的抗旱性能有貢獻(xiàn)的蛋白編碼基因及miRNAs也可能被找到。高粱產(chǎn)量的提高一直落后于其他作物，其基因組序列的獲得有可能為該作物的改良產(chǎn)生非常重要的促進(jìn)作用。生物谷推薦原始出處：Nature 457, 551-556 (29 January 2009) | doi:10.10

5、38/nature07723; The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grassesAndrew H. Paterson1, John E. Bowers1, Rémy Bruggmann2, Inna Dubchak3, Jane Grimwood4, Heidrun Gundlach5, Georg Haberer5, Uffe Hellsten3, Therese Mitros6, Alexander Poliakov3, Jeremy Schmutz4, Manuel Spannagl5, Haibao T

6、ang1, Xiyin Wang1,7, Thomas Wicker8, Arvind K. Bharti2, Jarrod Chapman3, F. Alex Feltus1,9, Udo Gowik10, Igor V. Grigoriev3, Eric Lyons11, Christopher A. Maher12, Mihaela Martis5, Apurva Narechania12, Robert P. Otillar3, Bryan W. Penning13, Asaf A. Salamov3, Yu Wang5, Lifang Zhang12, Nicholas C. Car

7、pita14, Michael Freeling11, Alan R. Gingle1, C. Thomas Hash15, Beat Keller8, Patricia Klein16, Stephen Kresovich17, Maureen C. McCann13, Ray Ming18, Daniel G. Peterson1,19, Mehboob-ur-Rahman1,20, Doreen Ware12,21, Peter Westhoff10, Klaus F. X. Mayer5, Joachim Messing2 & Daniel S. Rokhsar3,41 Pla

8、nt Genome Mapping Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA 2 Waksman Institute for Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA 3 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA 4 Stanford Human Genome Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto

9、, California 94304, USA 5 MIPS/IBIS, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Inglostaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany 6 Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 7 College of Sciences, Hebei Polytechnic University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China

10、8 Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland 9 Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, USA 10 Institut fur Entwicklungs und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Universitat

11、sstrasse 1, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany 11 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 12 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA 13 Department of Biological Sciences,14 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology,

12、Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA 15 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru 502 324, India 16 Department of Horticulture and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA

13、 17 Institute for Genomic Diversity, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA 18 Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA 19 Mississippi Genome Exploration Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762, USA

14、20 National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan 21 USDA NAA Robert Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA Sorghum, an African grass related to sugar cane and maize, is grown for food, feed, fibre and fuel. We present an i

15、nitial analysis of the 730-megabase Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench genome, placing 98% of genes in their chromosomal context using whole-genome shotgun sequence validated by genetic, physical and syntenic information. Genetic recombination is largely confined to about one-third of the sorghum genome wi

16、th gene order and density similar to those of rice. Retrotransposon accumulation in recombinationally recalcitrant heterochromatin explains the 75% larger genome size of sorghum compared with rice. Although gene and repetitive DNA distributions have been preserved since palaeopolyploidization 70 million years ago, most duplicated gene sets lost one member before the sorghumrice divergence. Co