化學(xué)工程與工藝專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課后習(xí)題參考答案

1、Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.the Industrial Ranic chemicals9.3.the contact process104.the Haber process115.synthetic ermediates137.artificial fertilizers14Unit 1 Chemical IndustriesKey to Exercisepesticides (crop protection chemicals)synthetic fiber

2、spharmaceuticalresearch and developmentpetrochemicalcomputers(automatic control equipment) capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeFoodartificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary productsHealthantibiotics, p -blockersClothingsynthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides), synthetic d

3、yesSheltersynthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde, polyurethanes),plasticsLeisureplastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)Transportadditives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity index improvements), polymers, plasticsUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D12.technical support2.ideas and cess i

4、cess and products14.effluent treatment4.fundamental15.pharmaceutical5.applied16.sufficiently duct development17.Reaction7.existing product18.unreacted material8.pilot fitbility20.the product specification10.environmental impact21.Product storage11.ener

5、gy cost1.Mechanical14.cooling water2.electrical15.an economical3.civil16.to improve4.scale-up17.P&I Dmercial-size18.Equipment Specification Sheets6.reactors19.Construction7.distillation columns20.capacity and performance8.pumps21.bottlenecks9.control and instrumentation22.Technical S

6、ales10.mathematics23.new or improved11.industry24.engineering methods12.academia25.configurations13.steamUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals11.raw material2.derive from (originate from)12.separation and purification3.petrochemical processes13.food industry4.Metallic ores14.to be wetted5

7、.extraction process15.Key to success6.non-renewable resource16.Crushing and grinding7.renewable sources17.Sieving8.energy source18.Stirring and bubbling9.fermentation process19.Surface active agents10.selective20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals1. Ethylene2. acetic acid4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsi

8、on paint3. PolymerizationHigh-volume sectorLow-volume sectorProduction scaletens to hundreds of thousands tons per yeartens to a few thousands tons per yearProducts / a plantsingle productmulti-productsOperation mannercontinuousbatchPrice or profitfairly cheapvery profitableUsageintermediatesend-pro

9、ductsChallengesreduced demand, environment pollutionProducts in the sectorsulphuric acid, phosphorus-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, chlor-alkali, petrochemicals, commodity polymersagrochemicals, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, speciality polymersUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Proc

10、esses1.Ammonia5.NH4Cl2.ammonia absorber6.Rotary drier3.NaCl & NH4OH7.Light Na 2CO34.Carbon dioxide8.WaterProductRaw materialMajor steps orPrincipal reactionsUsesSoda-ashbrine, limestoneammoniating, carbonating, precipitating, filtering, drying, calciningraw material for glassmaking, sodium silic

11、ate; as an alkaliChlorinebrine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O 一 NaOH +Cl 2+H2as water purification, bleaching ofwood pulp;production of vinyl chloride, solvents, inorganic chlorine-containingproductsCaustic sodabrine2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H 2O 一 NaOH +Cl 2+H2for paper-making, manufacture of inorganic chemicals, synthese

12、s of organic chemicals, production of alumina and soapSulfuric acidelemental sulphurS+O2 - SO2SO2 + O2 - SO2SO3 +H 2O - H 2SO4feedstock for fertilizers; production of ethanol, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum sulphatesUnit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea..kinetically inert9.energysome iron

13、compounds10.steam reformingexothermic11.carbon monoxideconversion12.secondary reformera reasonable speed13.the shift reactionlower pressures14.methanehigher temperatures15.3:1capital1787C. Bertholletdiscovers the composition of ammonia1903Fritz Habersynthesizes ammonia1909Fritz Haberdrives the optim

14、um reaction conditions1909-1914C. Bosch, A. Mittaschscale-up the process1913in BASFbuild a pilot plant1919Fritz Haberreceives the Noble price1920sin Britain and AmericaIntroduce the Haber process1931C. Boschreceives the Noble priceUnit 8 Petroleum Panic chemicals7.consumption of hydrog

15、en2.H:C ratios8.the pilot stage3.high temperature carbonization9.surface and underground4.crude tar10.fluidized bed5.pyrolysis11.Biotechnology6.poor selectivity12.sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersAbbreviationName of polymerLDPELow density polyethylene低密度聚乙烯HDPEHigh density polyethylene高密度聚乙烯LLDPELinear

16、low density polyethylene線性低密度聚乙烯PET or PBTPoly ethylene terephthalate (PET) Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚對(duì)苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PVCPoly vinyl chloride聚氯乙烯PSPolystyrene聚苯乙烯POMPolyoxymethylene聚甲醛PPPolypropylene聚丙烯PCPolycarbonate聚碳酸酯PPOPolyphenylene oxide聚苯醛PTFEpolytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯PFphenol-form

17、aldehyde resins酚醛樹脂PMMApoly (methyl methacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯UFurea-formaldehyde resins月尿醛樹脂Name of polymerCompany or InventorYear introducedPhenol-formaldehyde resinBaekland1909Urea-formaldehyde resin1929Alkyd resinlate 1920sPoly(styrene-butadiene)GermanyPoly (acrylonitrile-butadiene)GermanyPoly (vinyl

18、 chloride)GermanyPolystyreneGermanypolyethyleneICI1938NylonDu pont1941PolyacrylonitrileDu pont1948TeryleneICI1949Epoxy resinsDu pont1955polypropyleneMontecatini1956LLDPElate 1970sUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (< 10-3m)Atomic and molecular studies of catalystsChemical processing i

19、n the manufacture of integrated circuitsStudies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3 102m)Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipmentDesign of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers made from polymersDesigning feedback control systems for

20、bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemical plantMathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions of combustion-generated air pollutantsManipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recovery through remote sensing of proce

21、ss data, development and use ofdynamic models of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicals to improve efficiency of recoveryCourseCourse contentScience and Math.Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics, Computer InstructionChemical EngineeringThermodynamics, Ki

22、netics, Catalysis,Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / EconomicsOther EngineeringElectrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering DrawingHumanities and Social ScienceUnderstand the origins of one' s own culture as well as that of

23、othersUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density8.velocity fluctuations2.viscosity9.solid surface3.tube diameter10.ideal fluids4.Reynolds11.viscosity5.eddies12.Prandtl6.laminarflow13.fluid dynamics7.turbulent flowUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering1.physical8.filtration2.un

24、it operations9.material balance3.identical10.equilibrium stage model4.A. D. Little11.Hydrocyclones5.fluid flow12.Filtration6.membrane separation13.Gravity7.crystallization14.VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations1.relative volatilities9.rectifying section2.contacting trays10.energy-input requirement3

25、.reboiler11.overall thermodynamic efficiency4.an overhead condenser12.tray efficiencies5.reflux13.Batch position7.packing15.a rectifying batch8.stripping sectionSieve plateBubble-cap platesValve platesCostlowhighmiddleCapacityhighlowmiddleOperating rangelowhighmiddleEfficiency

26、samesameSamePressure droplowhighmiddle1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption1.a liquid solvent14.H+ or OH2.cess flow rates4.distillation17.deterioration of performance5.extract18.closely similar6.raffinate19.stationary phase7.count

27、ercurrent20.mobile phase8.a fluid21.distribution coefficients9.adsorbed phase22.selective membranes10.400,00023.synthetic11.original condition24.ambient temperature12.total pressure25.ultrafiltration13.equivalent numbers26.reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying1.concent

28、rate solutions10.condensers2.solids11.supersaturation3.circulation12.circulation pump4.viscosity13.heat exchanger5.heat sensitivity14.swirl breaker6.heat transfer surfaces15.circulating pipe7.the long tube16.Product8.multiple-effect evaporators17.non-condensable gas9.vacuum18.barometric condenserDry

29、er typeGeneral featuresApplicationTray dryersBatch operation, Close control of drying conditions and product inventoryDrying valuable productsConveyor dryersContinuous circulation, High drying rates, Good product-quality, High thermal efficiencies, High initial and maintenance costDrying materials t

30、hat form a bed with an open structureRotary dryerContinuous operation, High throughput, High thermal efficiency, Low capital cost and labor costs Non-uniform residence time, Dust generation, High noise levelsDrying free-flow granular materialsFluidized bed dryersContinuous or batch operation, Rapid

31、and uniform heat transfer, Short drying times, Good control of the drying conditions, Low floor area requirements; High power requirementsDrying granular and crystalline materialsPneumatic dryersShort contact times, Low thermal efficiencyDrying fine and heat sensitive materialsSpray dryersShort cont

32、act times, Good control of the product particle size, bulk density and form, High heat requirementsDrying liquid and dilute slurry feeds as well as heat sensitive materialsRotary drum dryersAn alternative choice to spray dryersDrying liquid and dilute slurry feedsUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineerin

33、g1.design11.more valuable products2.optimization12.harmless products3.control13.serves the needs4.unit operations (UO)14.the chemical reactors5.many disciplines15.flowchart6.kinetics16.necessarily7.thermodynamics,17.tail8.fluid mechanics18.each reaction9.microscopic19.temperature and concentrations1

34、0.chemical reactions20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization10.feeding strategies2.mathematical equations11.training and education3.time12.definition of problem4.experiments13.mathematical model5.greater understanding14.numerical methods6.empirical approach15.tabulated or graphic

35、al7.experimental design16.experimental data8.differing process rmation9. control systems1.the preliminary economics8.optimize2.technological changes9.plant operations3.pilot-plant cess alternatives11.bottlenecking5.trade-offs12.yield and throughput6.Off-design13.Rev

36、amping7.Feedstocks14.new catalystProblemUnexpected resultsPossible causeWater as impurityKill a catalyst, or modify the performances of catalystSteam leakDetermination of explosive limitsExplosionsNarrower limits in small-scale equipmentStorage of unstable materialsExplosions and firesLower heat rem

37、oval rate in commercial unitsUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1.a flowsheet7.health2.control cess manuals9.a fit10.tradeoffs5.sustainable industrial activities11.optimizations6.waste12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species6.drying agent2.nutrient duct3.fermentation step8.water4.biomass9.biological purification5.biomass separationMaterials areasResearch activitiesPolymerProbe the microscale dyna