《新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程》教案 重要

1、河池學(xué)院課時計劃（教案）學(xué) 院（系）專 業(yè)外語年級（班級） 05級A班課程名稱基礎(chǔ)語言學(xué)任課教師及職稱盧貞媛講師時間2007年3月15日（第1周星期1,2,3）第 節(jié)使用教材書名編（著）者版別及出版年月新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程戴煒棟、何兆熊02年7月第1版課 題（章節(jié)）Chapter 1課時安排5節(jié)教 學(xué)目 的let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.教學(xué)重點難點I. design features of language ; II. some important distinctions in l

2、inguistics: Speech and writing Descriptive and prescriptive Synchronic and diachronic Langue and parole Competence and performance Traditional grammar and modern linguistics教學(xué)方法Communicative Methods教學(xué)內(nèi)容及過程 作業(yè)或思考題Homework: exercises 3. 5. 6.教學(xué)后記Chapter 1 IntroductionDate: March 12, 2007Teaching aims:

3、 let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguisticsTeaching procedures1. What is linguistics?1.1 DefinitionLinguistics is a scientific study of language. It is a major branch of social

4、science.Linguistics studies not just one language of any society, but the language of all human society, language in general.A scientific study is one which is based on the systematic investigation of data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. observation-generaliza

5、tion-hypothesis-tested by further observation-theory1.2 Main branches (scope) of linguistics General linguisticsthe study of language as a whole.1) main branchesphonetics 語音學(xué) the study of sounds used in linguistic communicationphonology 音系學(xué)（音位學(xué)）- the study of how sounds are put together and used to

6、convey meaning in communication.morphology詞法學(xué)the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined to form wordssyntax 句法學(xué) the study of the rules which govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.semantics 語義學(xué)the study of meaning.pragmatic

7、s 語用學(xué)the study of meaning in the context of language use 2) interdisciplinary (跨學(xué)科的)branches of linguistic study sociolinguistics the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society. E.g. language used and social background(the difference between the educated and uneducated peo

8、ple); language used and certain occasion( formal and informal settings); language change and social change (new words) psycholinguistics it aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language, how we as infants acquire our mother tongue, how wee memorize, and how we proces

9、s the information we receive in the course of communication. Applied linguistics findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics. In a narrow sen

10、se it refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 1.3 Important distinctions in linguisticsa. Descriptive vs. prescriptive “描寫式”和 “規(guī)定式”They represent two different types of linguistic study. If a lingu

11、istic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be pres

12、criptive.Grammar prescriptive Modern linguistics descriptiveb. Synchronic vs. diachronic “共時”和 “歷時”The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study is a historical st

13、udy; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.Synchronic (modern linguistics) diachronic (historical study)c. speech and writing first learned and taughtd. langue & parole “語言” 和 “言語”The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century.

14、 Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. (conventions and rules abstract not spoken by anyone stable)parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. (realizations of language concretea naturally occurring event changeable)langue: 1) th

15、e abstract system 2) it is social, a set of conventions 3) relatively stable and systematicparole: 1) the actualization of language 2) it is personal, it is the concrete use of conventions 3) it is more variable and may alterWhat linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i. e. to discov

16、er the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.e. Competence and performance 語言能力和語言運用The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.Competence-the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.Perf

17、ormance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.f. Traditional grammar and modern linguisticsModern linguistics started with the publication of F. de Saussure s book “Course in General Linguistics” in the early 20th century. So Saussure is often described as “father of m

18、odern linguistics”. The general approach traditionally formed to the study of language before that is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.” They differ in several basic ways:Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. A linguist is interested in what is sai

19、d, not in what he thinks ought to be said. He describes language in all its aspects, but does not prescribe rules of “correctness”.Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tend to emphasize, may be over-emphasiz

20、e, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. To modern linguists ,it is unthinkable to judge one language by standards of another. They are tryi

21、ng to set up a universal framework, but that would be based on the features shared by most of the languages used by mankind.2. Language2.1 Why study language?A tool for communicationAn integral part of our life and humanityIf we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we wil

22、l be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.2.2 What is language?2.2.1 different senses of language what a person says( concrete act of speech)a persons consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract system2.2.2 definit

23、ionsLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener).A system-elements in it are arranged according to certain rules. They cannot be arra

24、nged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. (×) bkli (×)Arbitrary-there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.Symbols-words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by convention.Vocal-the primary medium for all languages is sound

25、, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms. People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.Human -language is human-specific. Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity. “Langu

26、age Acquisition Device”(LAD)1.3 Design features of language 語言的結(jié)構(gòu)特征Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.a. arbitrariness-the form of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. The link bet

27、ween them is a matter of convention. E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese) Mansion (French) 房子(Chinese) “dog” gou (Chinese) chien (French)conventionality-It means that in any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning. Those words are customarily used by all sp

28、eakers with the same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way.There are two different schools of belief concerning arbitrariness. Most people, especially structural linguists believe that language is arbitrary by nature. Other people, however, hold that language is iconic(圖標(biāo)的

29、), that is, there is a direct relation or correspondence between sound and meaning, such as onomatopoeia.(cuckoo; crash)For the majority of animal signals, there does appear to be a clear connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to convey it, And for them, the sets of signals used

30、 in communication is finite.b. Productivity/Creativity-language is resourceful. It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(novel utterances are continually being created.) non-human signals ,on the other hand, appears to have little flexibility. e.g. an experi

31、ment of bee communication:The worker bee, normally able to communicate the location of a nectar source, will fail to do so if the location is really new. In one experiment, a hive of bees was placed at the foot of a radio tower and a food source at the top. Ten bees were taken to the top, shown the

32、food source, and sent off to tell the rest of the hive about their find. The message was conveyed via a bee dance and the whole gang buzzed off to get the free food. They flow around in all directions, but couldnt locate the food. The problem may be that bee communication regarding location has a fi

33、xed set of signals, all of which related to horizontal distance. The bee cannot create a new message indicating vertical distance.c. duality-language is simultaneously organized at two levels or layers, namely, the level of sounds and that of meaning. the higher level -words which are meaningfulthe

34、lower or the basic level-sounds which are meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped into words.Dog: woof (but not “w-oo-f ” ) This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very

35、large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning.The principle of economyd. Displacement-human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. Bee communication: When a worker bee finds a source

36、 of nectar and returns to thehive, it can perform a complex dance routine to communicate tothe other bees the location of this nectar. Depending on the typeof dance (round dance for nearby and tail-wagging dance, withvariable tempo, for further away and how far), The other bees canwork put where thi

37、s newly discovered feast can be found. Beecommunication has displacement in an extremely limited form.However, it must be the most recent food source.e. Cultural transmission-genetic transmission You acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.The process whereby

38、language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission.Homework: exercises 3. 5. 6.河池學(xué)院課時計劃（教案）學(xué) 院（系）專 業(yè)外語年級（班級） 05級A班課程名稱基礎(chǔ)語言學(xué)任課教師及職稱盧貞媛講師時間2007年3月19日（第1- 2周星期3）第 節(jié)使用教材書名編（著）者版別及出版年月新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程戴煒棟、何兆熊02年7月第1版課 題（章節(jié)）Chapter 2課時安排5節(jié)教 學(xué)目 的let the students have the

39、general idea about phonetics and phonology.教學(xué)重點難點Focal points: description of consonants and vowels; basic knowledge about phonologyTeaching difficulties: phoneme; allophone; minimal pair; complementary distribution 教學(xué)方法Communicative Methods教學(xué)內(nèi)容及過程 作業(yè)或思考題Exercises in the textbook教學(xué)后記Chapter 2 Phonol

40、ogyTeaching aims: let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.Focal points: description of consonants and vowels; basic knowledge about phonologyTeaching difficulties: phoneme; allophone; minimal pair; complementary distribution Teaching procedure 1. the phonic medium of lan

41、guageLanguage is a “system of vocal symbols”. Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented, and even today, in some parts of the world, there are still languages that have no writing systems. Therefore, the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.As we know, there are two

42、 branches in linguistics, which deal with speech sounds. They are phonetics (the study of sounds) and phonology (the study sound patterns). In this chapter, we will discuss these two branches.2. Phonetics 2.1 What is phonetics? Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned

43、 with all the sounds that occur in the worlds language.3 sub-branches of phonetics:Articulatory phonetics-the study of the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics-the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechAuditory phonetics-the study of the perception of speech sound

44、s2.2 Speech organs (vocal organs)refers to the parts of the human body involved in the production of speech.The three cavities of the vocal tract: the pharynx (pharyngeal cavity)咽腔, the mouth (oral cavity), and the nose (nasal cavity). The air- stream coming from the lungs is modified in various way

45、s in these cavities, resulting in the production of various sounds. The pharyngeal cavityLarynx: at the top of the trachea氣管, the front of which is the Adams apple. This is the first place where sound modification might occur. vocal folds (vocal cords)聲帶: Vocal cords are two membranes, the positions

46、 of which gives different sounds.When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. e.g. p, s, t When they are close together, the airstreams causes them to vibrate and produces voiced sounds. e.g. b, z, dWhen they are totally closed, no a

47、ir can pass between them, then produce the glottal stop ?The oral cavityThe oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification.Tongue: the most flexible Uvula小舌, the teeth and the lipsHard palate, soft palate (velum)Alveolar ridge: the rough, bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth Vario

48、us obstructions created within the oral cavity lead to the production of various sounder p b; s z; k gThe nasal cavityThe nasal cavity is connected to the oral cavity at the back of the mouth .The soft part of the roof of the mouth, the velum (soft palate) can be draw back to close the passage so th

49、at the air can only go through the mouth and produce vowels and most consonants. The passage can also be left open to allow air to exit through the nose and produce nasal consonants m n g2.3 phonetic transcription 標(biāo)音法 a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way.2.3.1 IP

50、A (International phonetic Alphabet)國際音標(biāo)IPA: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet, which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at the time. It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcr

51、iption.The Danish grammarian Jespersen first proposed the idea in 1886.The first version of IPA was published in August 1888.The latest version was devised in 1993 and corrected in 1996.The basic principle: using a separate letter selected from major European languages for each distinctive sound and

52、 the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.2.3.2 Two ways to transcribe speech sounds Broad transcription: transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.Narrow transcription: transcriptio

53、n with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.Diacritics: A set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the mark. Leaf

54、 li:f feel f i: health helW p pit ph it spit spit2.4 English speech sounds 2.4.1 Classification Consonants: sounds produced by constricting and obstructing the vocal tract at some place.Vowels: sounds produced with no obstruction.pure vowels (monophthong)vowels where the quality remains constant thr

55、oughout the articulation.vowel glides-vowels where there is an audible change of qualitySemi-vowels ( semi-consonants) : the sounds produced with little obstruction.(also called glides or transition sounds) e.g. yet wet hot2.4.2 DescriptionConsonants (P18-20)Three parameters to identify a consonant: manners of articulation: ways in which articulation can be ac