開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)3II電子教案

1、開(kāi)放英語(yǔ) II (1) 教案 葉萌 2011.10 開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)（1）課程說(shuō)明課程名稱：開(kāi)放英語(yǔ)3 主編：劉黛琳輔導(dǎo)班級(jí)：12秋會(huì)計(jì)本科班，12秋行管本科班，12秋法學(xué)本科班本課程是專門(mén)為具有初級(jí)英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)的成人自學(xué)英語(yǔ)而設(shè)計(jì)的，以600詞為起點(diǎn)，通過(guò)18個(gè)單元的學(xué)習(xí)，使學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)達(dá)到中級(jí)水平，認(rèn)知詞匯4000左右。本課程在學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯、語(yǔ)言功能等語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)及掌握聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)語(yǔ)言技能的同時(shí)，了解英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的文化習(xí)俗，提高用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的能力。側(cè)重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的閱讀能力，為學(xué)生的進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)和運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)打好基礎(chǔ)。本學(xué)期該課程的面授輔導(dǎo)時(shí)間為三天。因此第一天主要是學(xué)習(xí)第一至第八單元的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)與詞匯，第二

2、天主要是學(xué)習(xí)第九至第十六單元，最后一天上午學(xué)習(xí)剩下的兩個(gè)單元，講解形成性考核冊(cè)，下午練習(xí)兩套期末模擬試題，并要求學(xué)生背熟幾篇英語(yǔ)作文范文。 第一天的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容為：（第一至第九單元） Unit 1 、四種基本句型的構(gòu)成和用法 （一）主系表（“系”指系動(dòng)詞)比如： Be（am/is/are “是 “) 其搭配為：I am/You are/He is,/ she is / We are / They are 肯定式：如：I'm a teacher。 She is a teacher. You are a student. He is an engineer.否定式：You are not (a

3、ren't)a student. 疑問(wèn)式：Are you a student?（二）主謂賓（實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，有完全的詞義，并能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） 肯定式:： 如： 1、I study English. 2、He plays the piano every day.否定式：主語(yǔ)+do(does)+not+原形動(dòng)詞+其它成份 如： 1、Mary does not(doesn't) learn Chinese. 2、I do not(don't) play football. 疑問(wèn)式： Do(does)+主語(yǔ)+原形動(dòng)詞+其它成分？ 如： 1、Do you study English?

4、 2、Does he study English every morning? 三）主謂狀： 肯定式： 1、Tom gets up early every day. 2、I go to work by bus every day. 否定式： 1、Tom doesn't get up early every day. 2、I don't go to work by bus every day. 疑問(wèn)式： 1、Does Tom get up early every day? 2、Do you go to work by bus every day（四）There+be+主語(yǔ)+狀語(yǔ)

5、肯定式： 1、There is(There's) a picture on the wall. 謂語(yǔ) 主語(yǔ) 狀語(yǔ) 2、There are(There're)150 students in our class. 否定式： 1、There isn't any picture on the wall. 2、There aren't any books on the table. 疑問(wèn)式：1、Is there any picture on the wall? 2、Are there any books on the table?、四種時(shí)態(tài)的用法 一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（一）、概

6、念和用法： 1、現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作： 1）I work in a factory. (指我的職業(yè)) 2) He gets up at 7 every day. (指每天如此) 2、現(xiàn)在存在的情況 1)She is a nurse. 2)There is a map on the wall. 3、客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理 1）He sun rises in the east. 2）Two and four is/makes six.（二）、行為動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式和疑問(wèn)式： 1.否定式：主語(yǔ)+do(does)+not+原形動(dòng)詞+（其它成分） I do not go to class on Su

7、ndays. 星期日我不去上課。He does not study English. 他不學(xué)英語(yǔ)。 注意： 1）do (does) 是助動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有詞義，只起構(gòu)成否定的作用。第三人稱單數(shù)用 does，其它人稱都用 do。 2）do（does）后面的動(dòng)詞是原形動(dòng)詞，沒(méi)有人稱、數(shù)的變化。如上例的 go 和 study。3）用作助動(dòng)詞的 do （does）沒(méi)有詞義。用作行為動(dòng)詞的 do（does）有詞義，意為“做”，如：I do not do morning exercises on Sundays. 星期天我不做早操。（第一個(gè)do是助動(dòng)詞，第二個(gè)do是行為動(dòng)詞） 2.疑問(wèn)式：1）Do (Does)+

8、主語(yǔ)+原形動(dòng)詞+（其它成分） ? Do you get up early? 你起床早嗎？ Does he study English every morning? 他每天早晨學(xué)英語(yǔ)嗎？現(xiàn)以read為例將行為動(dòng)詞的否定、疑問(wèn)及其回答形式，列表如下：肯定式 I/You/We/They read . 否定式I /You/We/They do not read. 疑問(wèn)式Do I /You/They read ？Yes, you/They do. No, you/They do not.肯定式 He/ She reads 。 否定式He/She dose not read. 疑問(wèn)式Does he / s

9、he read? Yes,He /She does. No,He /She doesnt.注：do not的簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)是 dont；does not的簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)是doesnt在口語(yǔ)中一般用簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)形式，如I dont read. He doesnt read. 2）帶有what,where,who等疑問(wèn)詞的特殊疑問(wèn)句 疑問(wèn)詞（ what,where,who ）+do(does)+主語(yǔ)+原形動(dòng)詞+（其它成分）？ 例如： -What do you study? -I study English. -Where does he work? -He works in Peking. 但： Who helps you?

10、（問(wèn)主語(yǔ)時(shí)不要助動(dòng)詞）二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):（一）、概念:表示此時(shí)此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。 （二）、構(gòu)成: am /are /is + 現(xiàn)在分詞（V-ing V=verb 動(dòng)詞）: e.g. play playing have having begin beginning swim swimming lie lying die dying （三）、用法舉例1.Peter is telling a story. 2.You are playing football. 3.I am eating my lunch. 否定式 如：Mary is not writing to her parents

11、now. 疑問(wèn)式:Is Mary writing to her parents?Notes:有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):want, forget, believe, know, love, like, hate, remember, realize, think (認(rèn)為), be (是), have (有)（四）、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要是表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常存在的情況或狀態(tài)；而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示此刻或當(dāng)前這一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，由“be（隨人稱而變）+現(xiàn)在分詞（即由動(dòng)詞原形+ing）”構(gòu)成。試比較：He does morning exerci

12、ses every day. 他每天做早操。 He is doing morning exercises now. 他現(xiàn)在正在做早操。 She often reviews her English lessons. 她經(jīng)常復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)課。 She is reviewing her English lessons at the moment. 她目前正在復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)課三、一般過(guò)去時(shí)（一）、概念：表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，常與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如： Yesterday, last year, three days ago, in 1990, before liberation（二）、構(gòu)成：由動(dòng)詞

13、的過(guò)去式來(lái)表示。 1.規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 ).在動(dòng)詞后加-ed或-d 如：worked stayed wanted lived).“輔音字母y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞先將y變?yōu)閕，再加-ed。如: studied, tried).重讀閉音節(jié)或r音節(jié)結(jié)尾而末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，先雙寫(xiě)輔音字母再-ed（以x結(jié)尾的詞除外），如：stopstopped planned, permitted（但opened), preferred, omitted 2.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式：1)改變動(dòng)詞中的元音 如beginbegan drinkdrank comecame eatate growgrew runran know

14、knew saysaid winwon speakspoke taketook writewrote getgot 2)變?cè)~尾的-d為-t 如：buildbuilt lendlent sendsent spendspent 3).與動(dòng)詞原形一樣：cutcut putput costcost hurthurt shutshut 4).變-ay 為-aid （少數(shù)動(dòng)詞） 如saysaid paypaid laylaid 5).采用不同詞根：comecame bewas (I, he, she, it ) be weresellsold teachtaught buybo（三）、用法舉例： 肯定式：

15、主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式+其他成分如：1.He worked in Shanghai ten years ago. 2.Xiao Wang came here yesterday. 否定式： 主語(yǔ)didnot動(dòng)詞原形其他成分（didnotdidnt） （而was/werenotwasnt/werent） 如： 1.He didnt do morning exercises yesterday. 2.He wasnt an English teacher ten years ago. 疑問(wèn)式：Did主語(yǔ)原形動(dòng)詞其他成分？ 如： 1.Did you study English in 1990? Yes,

16、I did. No, I didnt. 2.Was he an engineer five years ago? Yes,he was. No, he wasnt. 3. Who did the experiment yesterday?（特殊疑問(wèn)句） Who taught you English in 1990?（特殊疑問(wèn)句） 四、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 一、概念：表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 二、構(gòu)成：was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞 三、用法舉例：1、I was watching TV at seven yesterday evening.2、What were you doing

17、 at 7 yesterday evening? 、“used to” 的用法 “used to+原形動(dòng)詞”表示過(guò)去的行動(dòng)或狀況，且暗含“現(xiàn)在不復(fù)存在”之意。例如： 1.I used to play football. (我過(guò)去經(jīng)常踢球。暗含現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不踢了。)2.I used to have a car. (我過(guò)去有一輛汽車(chē)。暗含現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒(méi)有了。)3.We didnt use to have much money. 或We used not to have much money. (我們不曾有很多錢(qián)。) 4.Did he use to be a teacher? (他曾經(jīng)是位老師嗎？ No,h

18、e didnt./No,he didnt use to不，他不曾是老師。) Yes,he did./Yes,he used to. 是的，他曾經(jīng)是老師。 Unit 2、被 動(dòng) 語(yǔ) 態(tài) 一、概念：當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)； 當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者（動(dòng)作的對(duì)象）時(shí)，用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：The workers in this factory make different kinds of machines. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：Different kinds of machines are made by the workers in this factory.二、構(gòu)成：be + 過(guò)去

19、分詞 三、用法舉例： （一）當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者（動(dòng)作的對(duì)象）時(shí)； （二）當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不易說(shuō)出、不宜說(shuō)出或不必說(shuō)出時(shí)； 1、These books are written for children. 2、This machine was made in 1990.(這臺(tái)機(jī)器是1990年制造的） 3、The question is being discussed. 4、A hospital will be built here next year. (is going to be built) 5、Lu Xuns works have been translated into many lang

20、uages. (魯迅的著作已譯成多種語(yǔ)言) 6、Football is played all over the world . (全世界到處都踢足球) 7、Many students are reading this book.（主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） This book is being read by many students.（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 8 、否定式：The cars are not made in Japan. 9、疑問(wèn)式：Are the cars made in Japan? 10、帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：（can , may , must , should/ought to）+ be +動(dòng)詞

21、過(guò)去分詞 如：（1）These exercises can (may , must) be done by him . 這些練習(xí)能（可以，必須）由他來(lái)做。 （2）This should/ought to/be done at once. 、used to 和would Would和used to 都用來(lái)談?wù)撨^(guò)去的習(xí)慣，但would只用來(lái)談?wù)撔袆?dòng)，并且不與現(xiàn)在的情況相了解；used to 不僅可以談?wù)撔袆?dòng)，還可用來(lái)談?wù)摖顟B(tài)和情景，并且暗含“現(xiàn)在已不復(fù)存在”之意。例如：1. When we were children,we used to/ would go swimming every summ

22、er. （小的時(shí)候，我們每年夏天都去游泳。） 2.Mary used to be slim when she was a student. (瑪麗是學(xué)生時(shí)身材是苗條的。） 、“keep+V-ing”形式強(qiáng)調(diào)行為的重復(fù)性。例如：1.He keeps looking at himself in the mirror. (他老是照鏡子。） 2.She keeps writing long letters to me. (她一直給我寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)信。） Unit 3 語(yǔ)法：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 一、 概念；1、表示從過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀況。 2、表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。 3、表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)或經(jīng)歷。 二、構(gòu)成：

23、have / has + 過(guò)去分詞 英語(yǔ)中的動(dòng)詞（verb）有以下五種形式；即動(dòng)詞原形、單數(shù)第三人稱形式、過(guò)去式、現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞。如：1、live, lives, lived, living, lived 2、make, makes, made, making, made 三、用法舉例：1、Xiao Wangs parents have lived in Beijing for 30 years. 2、He has been in the army for three years. 3、I have lost my key. (I cant open the door；I cant ent

24、er my room.) 4、Have you had your lunch ? (Are you hungry now ?) Yes, I have (had my lunch). No,I havent. 5、She has not /never been to Tibet. Note:（注意） (一)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)的范疇，不是屬于過(guò)去時(shí)的范疇。因此不能與表示一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（yesterday, three days ago, in 1998）連用。 (二)有些動(dòng)詞屬于“瞬間動(dòng)詞”(或稱“點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞”)，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(die, join) 如：1、Xiao Wangs fathe

25、r has died for ten years .（X） 2、Xiao Li has joined the army for ten years. （X） Unit 4 、一般過(guò)去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 一、一般過(guò)去時(shí) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)用來(lái)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。通常要與表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。但有時(shí)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)可以省去不用，比如在下例例句中可以從上下文明確地看出動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間時(shí)，就可以省略時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：When he was 65, he decided that he didn't want to stop.Then one day he saw an advertisemen

26、t in the newspaper and he bought a little crockery factory. he next week he told his family. 二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用來(lái)談?wù)摪l(fā)生在過(guò)去但對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響的動(dòng)作或事件。因此不能用具體表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。例如： Morgan Rees has always been a good businessman. He hasnt been bored since he bought the factory. He has opened a new design office and employed three

27、 young designers. They have been all over the world to get new ideas.定語(yǔ)從句一、概念：用一個(gè)句子做定語(yǔ)，稱其為定語(yǔ)從句。二、結(jié)構(gòu)和用法（一）關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句： 1）Who(代表人，在從句中做主語(yǔ))： We need comrades who have professional knowledge. 我們需要具有專業(yè)知識(shí)的同志。 2）Whom(代表人，在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，可以省略)： The man (whom) you saw yesterday was a doctor from our factory.昨天你看到的那個(gè)

28、人是我們廠里的醫(yī)生。 3）Whose(代表人或物，在從句中做定語(yǔ))： This is a story about a Communist fighter whose name was Liu Hu-Lan. 這是一個(gè)關(guān)于名叫劉胡蘭的共產(chǎn)主義戰(zhàn)士的故事。 He lives in a room whose window opens to the south. 他住在一間窗戶朝南的房間里。 4）Which (代表物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略)： Here is a book which will give you a lot of useful knowledge (n.知識(shí)). 這是

29、一本會(huì)給你許多有用的知識(shí)的書(shū)。 The sport (which) we like best is swimming. 我們最喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是游泳。 5）That (代表人或物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略)： Who is the man that is speaking at the meeting? 在會(huì)上講話的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)？ The machines (that) we use are made in your plant. 我們用的機(jī)器是你們廠制造的。 （二）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句： 1) When（表示時(shí)間，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)）： Ill never forget the day.

30、 I saw Chairman Mao on that day. Ill never forget the day when I saw Chairman Mao.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我見(jiàn)到毛主席的那一天。 2) Where (表示地點(diǎn)，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)): This is the room. Comrade Li lives in this room. This is the room where comrade Li lives.這是李同志住的房間。 3）Why (表示原因，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)) Do you know the reason? For this reason he was late.

31、Do you know the reason why he was late? 你知道他遲到的原因嗎？（三）限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句1）限制性定語(yǔ)從句：這種從句與所修飾的名詞關(guān)系密切，不能去掉，如果去掉意思就不清楚。引入從句的關(guān)系代詞，如果在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)主句和從句不用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，往往把從句放在所修飾的名詞前。例如：We need comrades who know computer very well. 我們需要懂計(jì)算機(jī)的同志。 They have got the instrument (which,that) we need. 他們買(mǎi)到了我們需要的儀器。

32、This is the best book (that) I have ever read. 這是我讀過(guò)的最好的書(shū)。 2）非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：這種從句與所修飾的名句關(guān)系松弛，只提供有關(guān)該名詞的補(bǔ)充情況或附加說(shuō)明。即使去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。這種從句不能用關(guān)系代詞THAT引導(dǎo)。關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)也不能省略。書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)往往用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)是否移到它所修飾的名詞前面，要看具體情況。 例如：We went to the industrial exhibition, where we saw two man-made satellites. 我們?nèi)タ垂I(yè)展覽了，在那里看到兩顆人造衛(wèi)星。 Co

33、mrade Wang, whom Lao Li knows well, is our group leader. 王同志是我們的組長(zhǎng)，老李跟他很熟悉。 Unit 5 .過(guò)去完成時(shí)： 一.概念：用來(lái)描述在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前就已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或狀況，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。 二.構(gòu)成：had + 過(guò)去分詞三.用法舉例：1、Before 1988,I had never heard of George Bush. 1988年以前，我從未聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)布什2、After he had done his homework, he watched TV. 他做完家庭作業(yè)后才看電視。3、Had the children

34、 left home before their parents went to work? 那些孩子們?cè)谒麄兊母改干习嘀半x開(kāi)家了嗎？4、The teacher told us that he had decided to give us an exam. 老師說(shuō)已決定要我們考試一次。 .“to be going to + 原型動(dòng)詞” 表示將來(lái)，意為“打算、準(zhǔn)備”做什么事情。 例如： 1、I am going to get married next year. 我打算明年結(jié)婚。2、we are going to have a meeting tomorrow morning. 我們計(jì)劃準(zhǔn)備明天

35、上午開(kāi)一個(gè)會(huì)。 Unit 7 . to need + v-ing和to need + to do to need + v-ing 意思是“某物（事）需要”表示被動(dòng)意義。 例如：The roof needs repairing. 房屋需要修補(bǔ)了。 My hair needs cutting. 我該理發(fā)了。 to need + to do 意思是“某人（主語(yǔ)）需要做某事”。 例如：They need to repair the roof. 他們需要修補(bǔ)房屋。 We need to study English. 我們需要學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。 to need由兩種否定和疑問(wèn)形式。 例如：He doesn'

36、;t need to study English. He neednt study English. (用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) Does he need to study English? Need he study English?(用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞). to have something done “to have + 賓語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞”這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)表示動(dòng)作并非主語(yǔ)所為，而是使人或安排人做某事，有時(shí)可指安排專門(mén)的人來(lái)做。列如：We havent had the broken windowpanes replaced yet. 我們還沒(méi)更換那些破了的窗戶玻璃。The agent had the windo

37、ws painted two years ago. 房東代理兩年前油漆過(guò)窗戶。Have they had the broken windowpanes replaced yet? 他們把那些破了的窗戶玻璃換了嗎？When did the agent have the windows painted? 房東代理什么時(shí)候油漆的窗戶？ 在口語(yǔ)中，也常用“to get + 賓語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞” 表達(dá)同樣的意思。 例如： He got the gutter replaced. Have you got the gate mended yet? Unit 8 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一.概念：表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間

38、開(kāi)始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并還在繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。二.構(gòu)成： have/has + been +現(xiàn)在分詞三.舉例：1、It has been raining for three hours. 2、I have been reading Lu Xuns works this week. 3、We have been looking for you anywhere. Where have you been? 否定式：I have not been reading .疑問(wèn)式：Have you been reading?.與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別： 二者均可以表示剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作，但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在不久前持續(xù)進(jìn)行

39、的情景；而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果。Now we have cleaned the room, and we can move the things in .(強(qiáng)調(diào)掃完了的結(jié)果) You look tired.What have you been doing?你干什么來(lái)著？ I have been playing football. John has painted the door .(已漆完，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果) John has been painting the door. (還在漆) Ive written a letter .(已寫(xiě)完) Ive been writing a lett

40、er .(還在寫(xiě))Note:在與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)，兩種時(shí)態(tài)可以互換使用，但在口語(yǔ)中傾向于用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)： Ive been singing all afternoon. (Ive sung.)第2天的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：Unit 9、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 (見(jiàn) Unit 2) 、動(dòng)名詞 （一）動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。在本單元里，我們學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)名詞是名詞性的，也就是說(shuō)，同時(shí)具有動(dòng)詞特征和名詞特征，在邏輯上表達(dá)的是一個(gè)動(dòng)作（或狀態(tài)），在語(yǔ)法上體現(xiàn)的是名詞特征。 （二）動(dòng)名詞的名詞特征體現(xiàn)在可以用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。例如：1.Preparing for the Olympic games i

41、s a huge undertaking.(preparing做句子的主語(yǔ)) 2.He is in retested in playing football. (playing作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)) 3.Do you like watching football games? (watching作動(dòng)詞like的賓語(yǔ)) （三）動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)詞特征體現(xiàn)在可以有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。 例如：1.Hosting the games has a major effect on the economy. (hosting作句子的主語(yǔ)，同時(shí)帶有賓語(yǔ)the games) 2.After winning the bid, Bei

42、jing began major construction projects. (winning作介詞after的賓語(yǔ)the games) 3.Before going to college, he hadnt acted or sung. (going作介詞before的賓語(yǔ)，同時(shí)帶有狀語(yǔ)to college) 4.要求動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有： mind, enjoy, like, avoid, finish, practise,suggest,forgive,mention ，keep (on) ,imagine, risk, excuse, understand等等。 、條件狀語(yǔ)從句（用在

43、真實(shí)條件句中） 條件句表示“如果 那么真實(shí)條件句的構(gòu)成形式為：If +從句主語(yǔ) +一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句主語(yǔ) + will/wont + 動(dòng)詞原形例如：If we bid for the games, we will promote the country. If they sell tickets on the black market, it wont be fair for ordinary people.If引導(dǎo)的從句在主句前時(shí)，需要逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi)，如在主句之后，則一般不用逗號(hào)。例如：If we win the bid, it will encourage huge economic gro

44、wth. It will encourage huge economic growth if we win the bid. .虛擬語(yǔ)氣：表示所說(shuō)的不是事實(shí),或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而只是一種愿望、假設(shè)或猜測(cè)。 一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的用法：（a）表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)： 如: If I were you, I should (would) try again. 如果我是你的話，我要再試一試。 If I found the book, I should (would) bring it to you. 如果我找到這本書(shū)，我會(huì)帶給你。 If there were no air, there would

45、be no living things. 如果沒(méi)有空氣，就沒(méi)有生物。 (b)表示和過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)： If you had been there last week, you would have seen the film. 如果上星期你在那里，你就看上這部電影了。 If you had come here yesterday, you would have seen him. 如果昨天你在這兒，你就看見(jiàn)他了。If there had been no air, there would have been no living things.如果（當(dāng)初）沒(méi)有空氣，就沒(méi)有生物了。(c)表示將來(lái)不

46、可能發(fā)生的情況（或可能發(fā)生，但可能性不大）：If he should be there tomorrow, he would help you.萬(wàn)一明天他在那兒，他會(huì)幫助你的。If he should come this afternoon, he would call you up.萬(wàn)一今天下午他到這來(lái)，他會(huì)打電話給您的。If there should be no air, there would be no living things.萬(wàn)一沒(méi)有空氣，就不會(huì)有生物。三、虛擬條件從句的其它表現(xiàn)形式： 1. 如果 if 從句中有助動(dòng)詞 had, should 或關(guān)聯(lián)動(dòng)詞were, if 可省略，

47、 把had, should 或 were 放在句首，例如： Without gravity, there would be lots of things we couldn't do.沒(méi)有地心引力，有很多事我們就不能做。In the absence (n. 缺乏) of water, plants would not grow well. 沒(méi)有水，植物就長(zhǎng)不好。But for the leadership of our party, we should not have succeeded (vi.成功)。要是沒(méi)有黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，我們就不會(huì)成功了。（but for=without）It wo

48、uld be only partly right to answer in this way. 這樣回答僅僅對(duì)一部分。Unit 10 虛擬語(yǔ)氣 (見(jiàn) Unit 9) Unit 11 、進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) (見(jiàn) Unit 2)、間接引語(yǔ) 直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)要注意下列各種變化: 直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句： （一）時(shí)態(tài)的變化：主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，變成間接引語(yǔ)須作下列變化： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)（但直接引語(yǔ)如果是一般真理，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)則不變）； 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)- 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)- 過(guò)去完成時(shí)； 一般過(guò)去時(shí)- 過(guò)去完成時(shí)； 過(guò)去完成時(shí)- 過(guò)去完成時(shí)； 一般將來(lái)時(shí)- 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) （二）人稱的變化

49、：要根據(jù)句子意思改變?nèi)朔Q . （三）指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的變化： This- that; these- those; now - -then; Today- that day yesterday-the day before; tomorrow -the next day here- therenext week (month, year)- the next week (month , year); ago before; (四) 某些動(dòng)詞也要變化: 如：said to told用法舉例：1、 He said：“I am busy.” -He said that he was bus

50、y.2、Mary said：“I have read up to page 25.”- Mary said that she had read up to page 25.3、 She said :“Weall help in the kitchen tomorrow.She said that they would help in the kitchen the next day.4、The teacher said to the pupils: “The earth goes around the sun.”The teacher told the pupils that the eart

51、h goes around the sun .Unit 13、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 must 的用法 must表示“必須” 1.You must do it now. (現(xiàn)在你必須作這件事) 2.You mustn't use your mobile phones in class. (你千萬(wàn)不能上課時(shí)打手機(jī))3.must 一詞在使用時(shí)受到了時(shí)態(tài)的限制，因此所以可以用 have /has to+動(dòng)詞原型 來(lái)代替。例如：1)He had to leave early yesterday. (昨天他不得早些離開(kāi))2)She will have to do it tomorrow. (明天她必須干這件事

52、)4.must 與 have to 的異同在表示義務(wù)和責(zé)任時(shí)，must和have to 意義相近，二者可以互換使用。例如：State schools must follow the national curriculum.State schools have to follow the national curriculum.但二者有下列幾點(diǎn)不同：1) must多表示主觀意志，是從說(shuō)話者的角度出發(fā)談必須做某事，而have to 則強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要如:I must finish my homework.強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀意志，即 I want to do it(我想這樣做), 而I have to do my