現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時【教學目標】由一篇疫情相關的文章引出本節(jié)課主題，先復習現(xiàn)在完成時的知識，再對比過去完成時的知識進行學習【教學重難點】教學重點：現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時的結(jié)構(gòu)，常見標志詞和現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成的區(qū)分教學難點：現(xiàn)在完成時和過去完成時的區(qū)分，如何區(qū)分和具體情境中的運用詳講Recently, an epidemic named "new type of coronavirus pneumonia" has spread widely among the population. All the infected people will ha

2、ve symptoms such as fever, cough, expectoration and fatigue. If it is serious, it will cause life danger. This virus was originally transmitted from Wuhan. But why did it spread from Wuhan? This is because in the market of South China in Wuhan, it is illegal to resell the game infected with the viru

3、s. It is the greed of some people that makes the ecology of nature out of balance, and human beings suffer from this fate.In these days when the virus appears, there are such a group of people who are not afraid of infection. They rush to the front line, devote themselves to work silently, protect t

4、he health of patients silently, and even some people fall in the front line with the virus. They wear white clothes, and they heal people. These people are medical workers who are called angels in white. They never give up fighting pneumonia, even in the new year, in such a grand festival of family

5、reunion, they still fight in their jobs. Although they can't be reunited with their relatives, they don't regret it, because there are more patients waiting for them to treat them, and the doctors are kind-hearted. Isn't it "rare in the world"?現(xiàn)在完成時一、概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，

6、或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。二、現(xiàn)在完成時用法之常用詞語：能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用詞語很多，如副詞just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等，但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子：(1) since(自從)：不管用作介詞、連詞還是副詞, 句子(主句)謂語通常都用現(xiàn)在完成時：I havent seen her since last week. 自上周以來我一直未見過她?！咀ⅰ坑袝r可用其他時態(tài)的情況，但須注意： 對于某些表示狀態(tài)的動詞(如 seem 等)，或因語義等方面的原因，有時可能用一般現(xiàn)在時比較現(xiàn)在完成時更合適：It seems like ye

7、ars since we last met. 我們似乎幾年未見面了。 若不是指從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，而是指從較遠的過去持續(xù)到在一個較近的過去，則用過去完成時：Yesterday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告訴我自星期二以來他一直未吃任何東西。(指從星期二至昨天未吃東西) 表示時間長度時，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在完成時：Its ten years since he left here. 他離開這兒已10年了。(2) so far  (到目前為止)：So far there has been no ba

8、d news. 到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。(3) in for, during the past last years(在過去年中)：In the past two years Ive seen him little. 過去兩年我很少見到他?！咀ⅰ吭谝欢ǖ纳舷挛睦?，若是以過去時間為起點，也可用過去完成時。(4) up to until now(到現(xiàn)在為止)：Up to now, the work has been easy. 到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。(5) Its will be the first time that(第一次)：Its the first time Ive come he

9、re. 這是我第一次來這兒。三、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done否定形式：have/has + not +d one.一般疑問句：have或has開頭+主語+動詞的過去分詞。例：I have seen the film already. 我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。(現(xiàn)在我知道電影的內(nèi)容了。)Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了嗎? (你知道它在哪里? )四、基本用法對于初接觸現(xiàn)在完成時的人來說，往往會產(chǎn)生一種茫然，因為它似乎與一般過去時相似。那就是，這兩種時態(tài)描述的動作都始于過去。其實不然，現(xiàn)在完成時主要表示，發(fā)生在過去的動作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在剛剛完成

10、、或許還要延續(xù)；側(cè)重于這個動作對現(xiàn)在帶來的結(jié)果、產(chǎn)生的影響、積累的總和等等。而一般過去時則只不過是表示動作發(fā)生在過去的什么時候。弄清了這一區(qū)別，就很容易理解現(xiàn)在完成時了。它主要適用于下面的幾種情況：1）表示截止現(xiàn)在業(yè)已完成的動作By now, I have collected all the data that I need .到現(xiàn)在為止，我已收集到了我所需的全部資料。2）表示發(fā)生在過去而對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響、帶來結(jié)果的動作Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚飯了嗎？3）表示過去發(fā)生的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能還要延續(xù)It has been five years since he

11、joined the army .他參軍五年了。幾點注意：1)一個句子應該用什么時態(tài)只能取決于它需要表達的意思，以及它所處的語言環(huán)境。例如：He speaks English .（一般現(xiàn)在時，說明動作發(fā)生的經(jīng)常性。）He spoke English when he was in New Zealand .（一般過去時，說明動作發(fā)生的時間。）He is speaking English.（現(xiàn)在進行時，說明動作正在進行。）He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.（現(xiàn)在完成時，這里說明動作的總和。）He has b

12、een speaking English since he came to the USA. （現(xiàn)在完成進行時，強調(diào)動作的連續(xù)性。）2）在含有時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主從復合句中，如果主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時，那么從句的謂語動詞就只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來時；如果主句的謂語動詞是過去將來時，那么從句的謂語動詞就只能用一般過去時來表示過去將來時。例如：I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.3) 有些動詞表示無法持續(xù)的動作，它們一般不宜用于進行時態(tài)中。這類動詞常見的有：be , believe , consist , find , forge

13、t , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等?；A練習1.Howlonghaveyou_here?A.comeB.gotC.arrivedD.been2.Mygrandpadied_.A.attheageofmy2B.for2yearsC.whenIwas2.D.myagewas6.3.Janehas_

14、toBeijing.Shewillcomebacktomorrow.A.beenB.goneC.wentD.neverbeen4.Itistenyears_Ilastsawher.A.afterB.sinceC.forD.that5.-WhowillgotothestationtomeetLorry?-Iwill.I_herseveraltimes.A.metB.havemetC.hadmetD.willmeet6.-Whatanicedress!Howlong_you_it?-Just2weeks.A.will,buyB.did,buyC.are,havingD.have,had7.-Doy

15、ouknowLydiaverywell?-Yes,SheandI_friendssincewewereveryyoung.A.havemadeB.havebecomeC.havebeenD.haveturned8.TheSmiths_inChinafor8years.A.haslivedB.livedC.havebeenD.live9.-Hello,thisisMr.Greenspeaking.CanIspeaktoMr.Black?-Sorry.He_theBainiaoPark.A.hasbeentoB.hasgonetoC.wenttoD.willgoto10.-_youever_tot

16、heUS?-Yes,twice.A.Have,goneB.Have,beenC,Do,goD.were,going過去完成時一、概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即"過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ）"。二、常搭配的時間狀語：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.三、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：had + 動詞的過去分詞（done）. （had通用于各種人稱）否定形式：had + not + 動詞的過去分詞done.一般疑問句：had放于句首。例句：She said she had

17、never been to Paris. 她說她從未去過巴黎。四、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)1. 由時間狀語來判定一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：(1) by + 過去的時間點。I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.(2)  by the end of + 過去的時間點。We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3) before + 過去的時間點。The

18、y had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由"過去的過去"來判定。過去完成時表示"過去的過去"，是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：(1) 賓語從句中當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如：She said that she had seen the film

19、before.(2) 狀語從句中在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如：When I got to the station, the train had already left.3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.五、過去完成時的主要用法1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在&

20、quot;過去的過去"。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒來時，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動作發(fā)生在"過去的過去"）2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是"過去的過去"，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與 already ， yet ， still ， ju

21、st ， before ， never 等時間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導的短語或從句連用。如：Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，而且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.  

22、0;（ had worked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能）六、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關，其結(jié)構(gòu)為"助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞"。過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強調(diào)"過去的過去"，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。I have learned 1000 English words so far到目前為止我已經(jīng)學會了 1000 個英語單詞。I had learned 1000 English words ti

23、ll then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學會了 1000 個英語單詞?；A練習1Heaskedme_duringthesummerholidays.A.whereIhadbeenB.whereIhadgoneC.wherehadIbeenD.wherehadIgone2.What_Jane_bythetimehewassever?A.did,doB.has,doneCdid,did.D.had,done3.I_900EnglishwordsbythetimeIwasten.A.learnedB.waslearningC.hadlearnedD.learnt4.She_livedherefor_year

24、s.A.had,afewB.has,severalC.had,alotofD.has,agreatdealof5.Bythetimemyparentsreachedhomeyesterday,I_thedinneralready.AhadcookedB.cookedC.havecookedD.wascooked6.Shesaidshe_theprinciplealready.A.hasseenB.sawC.willseeD.hadseen7.Shesaidherfamily_themselves_thearmyduringthewar.A.hashidden,fromB.hadhidden,f

25、romC.hashidden,withD.hadhidden,with8.Bythetimehewastenyearsold,he_.A.hascompleteduniversityB.hascompletedtheuniversityC.hadcompletedanuniversityD.hadcompleteduniversity9.Shehadwrittenanumberofbooks_theendoflastyear.A.forB.inC.byD.at10.He_toplay_beforehewas11yearsold.Ahadlearned,pianoB.hadlearned,the

26、pianoC.haslearned,thepianoD.learns,piano.11.What_Annie_bythetimehewasten?A.did,doB.did,didC.has,doneD.haddone12.He_inthefactoryforthreeyearsbeforehejoinedtheArmy.A.hasworkedB.worksC.hadworkedD.willwork13.Bytheendoflastweek,they_thebridge.A.hascompletedB.completedC.willcompleteD.hadcompleted14. Benha

27、tesplaying_violin,buthelikesplaying_football.A.atheB.thetheC./.theD.the/15.Bythetimehewas4,he_alotofGermanwords.A.hadlearnedB.haslearnedC.learnedD.learns能力提升一、語法填空A wealthy old man lived alone in a big house. He was growing _ （weak） day by day. Since he was unable to look after _ （him）, he

28、 decided to hire （雇傭） a nurse to take care _ him.    One day, the old man interviewed two _ （nurse）Anthony and Peter. Anthony was a handsome young man while Peter looked quite ordinary. The old man asked Anthony to make tea for him. After Anthony left, the old man turned to

29、Peter and said, "Anthony has _ （give） me a very bad account of you. He said you are rude and untrustworthy. Is this correct?"    Peter thought for a minute and said, "_ Anthony has a bad opinion of me, there must be something wrong with me. I should take some

30、time to change these things."    The old man was very impressed by Peter's words. At the same time, Anthony came back with _ cup of tea for the old man.    The old man sent Peter to make breakfast for him. He then returned to Anthony and told him. "Pe

31、ter spoke very poorly of you while you were gone. _ do you think about this?" After hearing this, Anthony shouted _ （angry）.    In the end, Peter _ （choose）. Peter looked quite common, but he had impressive inner beauty.二、完形填空Have you ever seen the advertisement: L

32、earn a foreign language in six weeks,   1  give your money back? Of course, it   2  happens quite like that. The only language   3  to learn is the mother language. And think   4  practice is needed for that. Before the Second World War people usually learned

33、a foreign language 5 the literature(文學) of the country. Now most people want to   6  a foreign language. Every year millions of people start learning 7 . How do they do it? Some people try at home 8 books and tapes, others go to evening classes or watch TV programs. 9 they use the language

34、 only 2 or 3 times a week, learning it will   10  a long time, like language learning at school. A few people try to learn a language fast by studying for 6 or   11  hours a day. It's much easier to learn the language in the country where it  12  . But most people a

35、re   13   to do this, and many people don't have to do so. Machines and good books will be very   14  , but they can not do the students' work.   15  the language is learned quickly or slowly, it is hard work. 1. A. soB. orC. andD. but2. A. cant  

36、      B. impossible  C. never    D. often3. A. easily        B. difficult      C. able          D. easy4. A. how much   

37、B. how long  C. how fast D. how many5. A. studied   B. to study  C. studying  D. study6. A. talk    B. tell     C. speak    D. say7. A. them     B. this &#

38、160;C. that D. it8. A. without    B. with           C. in            D. by9. A. If            B. When 

39、60;       C. Since         D. Until10. A. spend         B. use           C. take        &#

40、160; D. cost11. A. some          B. more        C. other         D. less12. A. speaks        B. is speaking  C. spoke  &

41、#160;      D. is spoken13. A. able          B. possible      C. unable        D. not possible14. A. careful       B. forgetful 

42、60;  C. wonderful     D. helpful15. A. either        B. whether      C. what       D. how名師點評本文主要想告訴讀者，學英語是一個長期而艱苦的勞動，沒有任何捷徑可走。無論你用什么方法學習用書、機器或在學校，不多實踐就無法達到預期的目的。答案簡析1. B

43、。這里的or是“否則”的意思。2. C。根據(jù)作者的觀點，這種事絕對不可能發(fā)生。impossible是一個形容詞，不符語法，cant后不可能跟happens，often意思與作者的意圖相反。3. D。唯一容易學的語言是母語。這里需要一個形容詞充當后置定語。4. A。用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞，只有用how much，全句意為“母語好學，還需要那么多的練習?！焙螞r外語呢？。5. B。動詞不定式充當目的狀語。意為“學習外語來研究文學”。6. C。說某種語言用speak，speak English，speak Chinese。7. D。用it代指上文所說的a foreign language。8. B。這里的

44、with是“用”的意思。9. A。作者在這里提出一種假設。如果他們一星期只有一兩次使用外語。10. C。固定短語，意為“做某事花費某人多長時間”。11. B。后面省略了than 6 hours。意為6個小時或更多的時間。12. D。it 代指上文所指的foreign language，故用被動被態(tài)。13. C。許多人不可能做到這一點。這里不可以用not possible，因為它的主語不可以用人。14. D。機器和書對于學習英語來說是很有幫助的。15. B。whether or固定短語。三、閱讀理解Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly

45、 and rationally about what to believe or what to do. According to a report on the World Economic Forum (2016), critical thinking, creativity, and their practical application are widely accepted as the top three skills that young people need to possess in their future career. A good critical thinker

46、usually takes the following steps before he decides what to do. Whenever he needs to do something, he would, first of all, reason. He checks why he needs to do it and whether he really needs to do it. Then, analyze. He tries to find out what it really is and the best way to do it. After that, evalua

47、te. He makes sure whether he is able to do it and how to do it well. Finally, he makes the decision and takes action. Take the “Double 11” (a popular online shopping day in China) as an example. A few days before it, he checks carefully what he needs and whether he really needs them, and makes a sho

48、pping list. He goes to the online shops to compare the quality and the prices of the things that he is going to buy. He compares the shops that sell these things. Then he checks whether he can afford them and in which shops he is going to buy them. Although it takes him some time to make the decisio

49、ns, he would not regret after the shopping. Then what would happen if he didn't think critically before he made the decisions? After the crazy “Double 11”, there were usually a lot of complaints on the Internet. There were regrets about buying more things than they needed. There were complaints

50、about the poor quality and the prices of the things they bought. There were also complaints because they received wrong things or simply received nothing. There were all kinds of regrets and complaints. Why so? They had not thought critically before they made the decisions. Critical thinking helps y

51、ou make wiser decisions. It helps you avoid wasting time, money and so on. Therefore, do look before you leap.1. According to the passage, which of the following is not the top three skills that young people need to possess in their future career? A. critical thinking B. wide thinking C. creativity D. practical application2. According to the pas