第一節(jié)南美洲人文地理特征

1、 一、區(qū)域特征 1、名稱 南亞美利加洲南亞美利加洲，簡稱南美洲南美洲(South America)。2、位置 位于西半球的南部，東瀕大西洋，西臨太平洋，北濱加勒比海，南隔德雷克海峽與南極洲相望。一般以巴拿馬運(yùn)河為界同北美洲相分。 3、范圍 大陸東至布朗庫角（西經(jīng)3446，南緯709），南至弗羅厄德角（西經(jīng)7118，南緯5354），西至帕里尼亞斯角（西經(jīng)8120，南緯441），北至加伊納斯角（西經(jīng)7140，北緯1228）。 3、面積 約1 797萬平方千米（包括附近島嶼），約占世界陸地總面積的12。 地理區(qū)域：從地理區(qū)域上劃分為：南美北部諸國，包括圭亞那、蘇里南、法屬圭亞那、委內(nèi)瑞拉和哥倫比亞。

2、安第斯山地中段諸國，包括厄瓜多爾、秘魯、玻利維亞。南美南部諸國，包括智利、阿根廷、烏拉圭、巴拉圭。南美東部國家巴西，面積約占大陸總面積的一半。 4、居民居民人口 32 500萬，約占世界總?cè)丝诘?.6。人口分布不平衡，西北部和東部沿海一帶人口稠密，廣大的亞馬孫平原是世界人口密度最小的地區(qū)之一，每平方千米不到一人。人口分布的另一特點(diǎn)是人口高度集中在少數(shù)大城市。 The population accounts for 375 million. By 2030, it would reach 484. The growth rate (1,2%) is decreasing. Only four n

3、ations exceed 30 million (Brazil: 174, Colombia: 43, Argentina 39). People concentrate in towns: In 2000, 77.2 % lived in urban areas. Sao Paulo (17.9 million), Buenos Aires (12 million), Rio de Janeiro (10.6 million) are the main towns. Outside the cities, the population density is very low, with l

4、arge spaces uninhabited. 5、民族 南美洲民族成分比較復(fù)雜，有印第安人、白人、黑人及各種不同的混血型，以印歐混血型最多。在近3億人口中，白人最多，其次是印歐混血型和印第安人，黑人最少。 6、語言 印第安人用印第安語，巴西的官方語言為葡萄牙語，法屬圭亞那官方語言為法語，圭亞那官方語言為英語，蘇里南官方語言為荷蘭語，其它國家均以西班牙語為官方語言。 7、宗教 居民絕大多數(shù)信天主教，少數(shù)信基督教。 二、社會不平等 1-Racial inequalitiesAccording to this marxist speech, many people in Europe belie

5、ve that South America is inhabited by a large majority of poor indians and black dominated by some white landlords. In fact, Indians and blacks only form a small minority compared to the white and mestizo. Categories- Million- %Europeans descent (White)-195- 55%Mestizo- 125- 35%Native indians- 21-6%

6、Blacks-15-4%Total- 353- 100% All the southern cone of South America (Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Southern Brazil) has primarily European populations (95%). Most of the mestizo live notably in Brazil and Colombia. Native indians only represent a majority in two countries (Bolivia and Peru). Blacks are

7、 scattered in the North of the continent (Mainly North Brazil: About ten million). In countries with ethnic diversity such as Brazil, it is quite difficult to distinguish a mestizo from a white (Same habits and dressing, same religion, same behaviors). A common identity relies on religion and langua

8、ge. It means that there is no ground for race inequalities. On the other hand, natives indians keep a strong identity. This fact calls for a balanced judgment. In French Guyana ( a French department just like Normandy) there are yet some tribes living in the rain forest. Why? Because through contact

9、 with Europeans, these indians could catch some virus harmless for us but lethal for them since they have not developed immune protections. As you can see, the problem is more complicated than the scholars say. For indians, to live apart can be a vital issue. Its not only a matter of discrimination

10、and inequalities. For example, the fast disappearing of indians in Brazil (Only 700,000 on a population of 174 million) mainly results of diseases due to their contacts with the seringueros. 2-Social inequalities Poverty and inequalities are a common motto in any description of the economy of South

11、America. It is commonly said that a third of its population is living in shanty towns and that inequalities are the most extreme in the world. These asserts call for a balanced judgment. Firstly, in visiting favallas (shanty towns) I observed that people have often TV set, radio appliances, refriger

12、ators and so on. Moreover, people live constantly outside and their housing is adapted to the climate condition. Secondly, a large part of their is devoted to dressing, sports articles, disks musics and so on. Thirdly, They enjoy a high degree of conviviality that does not exist any more in Europe.

13、They look more happy than our middle class. In short, I mean that you cannot judge poverty by comparison with our conditions (climate, habits, tastes) in Europe. As for the inequalities, they usually rise with the economic development: Lets us suppose two persons: A earning 100 and B 1000: Their dif

14、ference is 900. Now apply a growth rate of 10%: A earns 110 and B 1100. As a result the difference is now 990! Moreover, inequalities allow savings and investments. So all these speeches about poverty and inequalities must be relativized. 3-Land inequalitiesThousands scholars have written tons of su

15、rveys and books about this topic in Europe and America. It is well known that there are huge inequalities in the distribution of land. For example in Argentina, 2.5 % of the total ranches (Estancias) cover two thirds of the cultivable land. Marxists repeat at large these figures opposing the land lo

16、rds to the poor peasants. In fact, with the economic progress the value of the land sharply diminishes and the decline of the agricultural economy is constant: Today, only 20% of the population is rural, and 10% of the national product comes from agriculture. It means that most of the former poor fa

17、rmers have already moved to get jobs in towns. Of course, it is a progress since its better to get a good salary in industry rather than to exploit a small agricultural plot in the pampas! However, an agrarian(有關(guān)土地的) issue only exists in the Andean countries. In this region the weight of the rural s

18、ector is above the South American average (Bolivia:44%, Ecuador: 29% and Peru: 33%). This situation is connected to the presence of native indians who cannot move towards the towns for the reasons exposed above. In fact, these countries have already abolished the large estates and distributed the la

19、nd among the peasants. Of course, as in other countries where land reforms have been established, this policy did not improve the output because this small peasant agriculture cannot be profitable. It means that all these speeches about land inequalities are just out dated stories. Presently, the So

20、uth American agriculture relies on large agri business replacing former latifundia and exploiting the potential of these big spaces: biogenetic diversity ( pharmaceutical industries), as well as livestock, oil, and mining resources. 三、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展格局 南美洲各國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力相差懸殊。巴西和阿根廷為經(jīng)濟(jì)最為發(fā)達(dá)的國家，加之委內(nèi)瑞拉、哥倫比亞、智利和秘魯，六國

21、國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值占全洲的以上。各國現(xiàn)代代經(jīng)濟(jì)都高度集中在少數(shù)大城市或沿海地區(qū)，山區(qū)和邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)落后。 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，南美洲經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展很快，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生顯著變化。但各國經(jīng)濟(jì)水平和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力相距甚遠(yuǎn)。巴西、阿根廷已建立了比較完備的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)體系，兩國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值約占全洲23。委內(nèi)瑞拉、哥倫比亞、智利、秘魯經(jīng)濟(jì)也較發(fā)達(dá)。 In 1990, the global GDP of the 12 countries accounted for 778 $Billion. It increased to 1,235 Billion in 1999 (GNI). It was quite a success sto

22、ry. Then, it fell and only attained 1,089 Billion in 2004! Of course erratic moves of currencies partly explain this situation but the region ( And notably Argentina) really endured a depression. The next drawing shows the evolution of the main economies over the five last years ( In yearly growth r

23、ate ):Years- - 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004 Brazil -4%-1%-2%-1%-5%Argentina -1%-4%-11%- 9%-9%Venezuela -4%- 3%-9%- -8%-1%Colombia- 3%- 1%- 2%- 4%-4%Chile- 4%- 3%- 2%- 3%-6%Peru-3%- 0%-5%- 4%-5% In Argentina, according to official government statistics, about 5.2 million people belonging to the middl

24、e class sank below the poverty line between October 2001 and May 2002. A growth recovery happened in 2004 but did not compensate the heavy losses of the previous years. In accordance with these figures, and taking in account the present political uncertainties (Chavez) , we may only forecast a yearl

25、y growth rate of 2.5% on average over 26 years. As a result, the Global GNI would reach 2,071 $Billion in 2030. (Brazil: About 1,190 in 2030). 四、產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展格局 1、工礦業(yè) 工業(yè)以采礦業(yè)和制造業(yè)最為重要。采礦業(yè)是南美各國的基礎(chǔ)部門，大部分礦產(chǎn)供出口，委內(nèi)瑞拉、阿根廷、厄瓜多爾、秘魯?shù)葒氖停话臀?、委?nèi)瑞拉、智利的鐵；玻利維亞的錫、銻；智利、秘魯?shù)你~；圭亞那、蘇里南的鋁土；秘魯?shù)你U、鋅、銀、鉍；智利的硝石、鉬；巴西的鈮的產(chǎn)量或出口量在世界占據(jù)重要地位。輕

26、工業(yè)為南美多數(shù)國家制造業(yè)的主體，肉類加工、制糖、飲料、皮革、紡織、服裝等部門較發(fā)達(dá)。鋼鐵、汽車、化工、橡膠、電器、機(jī)械等重工業(yè)集中在巴西、阿根廷、委內(nèi)瑞拉、智利、秘魯、哥倫比亞等國家。 2、農(nóng)業(yè) 農(nóng)業(yè)在南美各國經(jīng)濟(jì)中具有重要意義。種植業(yè)中經(jīng)濟(jì)作物占據(jù)絕對優(yōu)勢。南美洲是可可、向日葵、菠蘿、馬鈴薯、木薯、巴西橡膠樹、煙草、金雞納樹、玉米、番茄、巴拉圭茶、辣椒等栽培植物的原產(chǎn)地。甘蔗、香蕉、咖啡分別占世界總產(chǎn)量的20-25，其中巴西的咖啡和香蕉產(chǎn)量均居世界第一位；可可、柑橘均占世界總產(chǎn)量的25左右，其中巴西的可可產(chǎn)量居世界第三位；劍麻產(chǎn)量居各洲第二位，主要產(chǎn)在巴西；巴西木薯產(chǎn)量居世界第一位。南美洲向

27、世界提供所需咖啡、香蕉、蔗糖的絕大部分及大量的棉花、可可、劍麻等。東南部阿根廷等國則大量出口肉類和糧食。牛、羊的總頭數(shù)在世界上占重要地位。沿海盛產(chǎn)鳀魚、沙丁魚、鰻魚、鱸魚、金槍魚等，秘魯和智利為世界著名漁業(yè)國。南美洲大部分國家中多數(shù)人從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，但糧食生產(chǎn)仍不足自給，大多數(shù)國家需進(jìn)口糧食。 3、交通交通交通運(yùn)輸以鐵路、公路為主。阿根廷和巴西交通較發(fā)達(dá)。圭亞那、蘇里南、委內(nèi)瑞拉、烏拉圭、智利等國擁有較稠密的公路網(wǎng)。南美洲公路總長約2 000 000千米，鐵路總長約85 000千米，內(nèi)河通航里程約100 000千米。拉美模式功過評述 拉美國家在不同的歷史時期和不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段實(shí)行了多種經(jīng)濟(jì)模式。近年來，巴西等一些拉美國家的反對新自由主義經(jīng)濟(jì)政策和全球化的左翼力量代表人物相繼在大選中獲勝。這在不同程度上反映出拉美人民要求尋求經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的新路子和新模式。 在世紀(jì)末和世紀(jì)初，拉美主要國家在實(shí)施初級產(chǎn)品出口型經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式過程中，依靠引進(jìn)的大量外資，建設(shè)港口、鐵路和公路等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。外國直接投資在推動和促進(jìn)拉美經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會的發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了十分重要的作用，使拉美國家融入了世界經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。 但是，在經(jīng)歷了世紀(jì)年代世界經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的嚴(yán)重沖擊后，拉美國家逐步改變以初級產(chǎn)品出口為主的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式，轉(zhuǎn)而實(shí)行以強(qiáng)化國家對經(jīng)濟(jì)的