考研英語小作文(一)

1、Liu ShenghuaContentsl一、寫作要求一、寫作要求l二、寫作技巧二、寫作技巧l三、評分原則和方法三、評分原則和方法l四、書信類應(yīng)用文四、書信類應(yīng)用文l五、備忘錄五、備忘錄/報告報告l六、摘要六、摘要 l七七 、告示類應(yīng)用文、告示類應(yīng)用文l八、八、20052011小作文考察類型小作文考察類型Liu Shenghua全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試 2013年大綱年大綱l寫作部分寫作部分l考生應(yīng)能寫不同類型的應(yīng)用文，包括私人和公務(wù)信函、備忘錄、報告等，以及一般描述性、敘述性、說明性或議論性的文章。寫作時，考生應(yīng)能：l1) 做到語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，用詞恰當(dāng)；l2

2、) 遵循文章的特定文體格式；l3) 合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)，使其內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、連貫；l4) 根據(jù)寫作目的和特定讀者，恰當(dāng)選用語域*。l*考生應(yīng)能掌握的語言技能包括聽、說、讀、寫四種能力。但是由于聽力能力和口語能力的考查在復(fù)試中進(jìn)行，因此這里只列出讀和寫兩種技能。l*指在書面和口語表達(dá)中根據(jù)不同的交際對象，所采用的話語方式，即正式、一般、非正式的話語。Liu Shenghual一、寫作要求一、寫作要求l考研考研英語小作文多是不同不同類型的應(yīng)用文類型的應(yīng)用文，包括私人和私人和公務(wù)信函公務(wù)信函(如：如：辭職信、道歉辭職信、道歉信、感謝信信、感謝信等) 、備忘錄、摘、備忘錄、摘要、報告等要、報告等.它的形式是給

3、出給出提示要點(diǎn)，要求考生根據(jù)要提示要點(diǎn)，要求考生根據(jù)要求表達(dá)清楚要點(diǎn)求表達(dá)清楚要點(diǎn)。盡管它并不需要華麗的詞藻和吸引閱卷人眼球的文采。但是，它還是需要考生在平時的復(fù)習(xí)中點(diǎn)滴積累，適當(dāng)訓(xùn)練。以言簡意賅言簡意賅的詞句的詞句及一定的邏輯性一定的邏輯性，將事情敘述清楚，表意明確。l小作文類型：小作文類型：l感謝信(thanks)，祝賀信(congratulation)，道歉信(apology)，邀請信(invitation) 倡導(dǎo)信（建議信）(suggestion); 投訴信（complaint），詢問信（inquiry）請求信（require）婉拒信(decline)，求職信（application）

4、，推薦信(recommendation)，公告（notice）備忘（memo）, Liu Shenghual短文寫作時，考生應(yīng)能：l做到語法、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確，用詞恰當(dāng)；l遵循文章的特定文體格式；l合理組織文章結(jié)構(gòu)，使其內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一、連貫；l根據(jù)寫作目的和特定讀者，恰當(dāng)使用語域。l二、寫作技巧二、寫作技巧l小作文滿分為10分，因?yàn)槠涓犹茁坊?，所以它比大作文更加容易得分。但是，得高分的前提是要在格式、語言和要點(diǎn)等方面下功夫。Liu Shenghual1、格式、格式l(1)日期的格式和位置日期的格式和位置；-Mar.19th,2012 在右上角l(2)稱呼的格式稱呼的格式：Dear Sir, Dear

5、 Madam Helen, Dear John, Dear Professor Smith,l男士：Mr. 女士：Mrs./ Ms./Miss 教授、博士：Prof./Dr.l市長，法官，議員，其他高官：Hon.(Honorable,尊敬的)l編輯：Editorl如果是不認(rèn)識的人，一般稱呼為敬詞+尊稱。例如，Dear Sir or Madam；如果是寫給關(guān)系正式的某團(tuán)體或個人，稱呼為敬詞+尊稱+名。例如，Dear Mr. xx或Dear Ms. xx；To Whom It May Concern,l對于關(guān)系較親密的人可以直呼其名。Liu Shenghual(3)正文：正文：l正文格式一般格式為

6、首段開頭空四個字母，段落之間不空行；現(xiàn)在流行的格式，每段開頭不空格，但是各段之間空一行?？忌诟袷椒矫婵梢愿鶕?jù)自己的習(xí)慣進(jìn)行選擇。只要讓閱卷人看得舒服，且完全符合應(yīng)用文要求的文體就可以。l(4) 署名署名的格式：右下角，的格式：右下角，Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours, Sincerely,Liu Shenghual2 2、語言、語言l用詞準(zhǔn)確用詞準(zhǔn)確是最基礎(chǔ)的要求之一。其次，句型句型多變多變。例如既有并列句，也有復(fù)合句，還有從句并列句，也有復(fù)合句，還有從句。注意語法運(yùn)用要正確。l再者，正式語言一般是寫給具有正式關(guān)系的團(tuán)體或機(jī)構(gòu)，注意這樣的情況不用縮略語和口語用

7、法。除了正式的文體以外，其他的文體皆為非正式文體。像寫給朋友的書信等。l小作的考查要求中會體現(xiàn)出寫該篇的目的和場合?？忌趯懽鲿r要注意針對不同場合使用不同語言，使交流得以進(jìn)行。另外，也要注意不同的應(yīng)用文有不同的用語。建議你對某些應(yīng)用文的建議你對某些應(yīng)用文的格式和習(xí)慣用語，應(yīng)該加以熟悉和背誦，以便運(yùn)格式和習(xí)慣用語，應(yīng)該加以熟悉和背誦，以便運(yùn)用自如。用自如。Liu Shenghual3 3、其他要點(diǎn)、其他要點(diǎn)l考試時注意在看到題目要求后不要忙于動筆。雖說小作文的字?jǐn)?shù)充其量在一百多個單詞，但是依舊要在腦子里理清思路。最好能夠在仔細(xì)審題以后，認(rèn)真列個提綱，這樣更有利于思路清晰。寫作時，注意表達(dá)清楚以下

8、幾個方面。首先首先交代清楚寫信目的寫信目的；其次其次為了讓閱卷者對你的文章結(jié)構(gòu)及表意結(jié)構(gòu)及表意一目了然，注意關(guān)聯(lián)詞或銜接詞關(guān)聯(lián)詞或銜接詞的運(yùn)用；接下來接下來，應(yīng)該對個人的觀點(diǎn)個人的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行闡述（在寫作有此必要的時候）。l最后最后，行文間要注意簡化描述簡化描述。用簡短的語句代替冗長的語句。在作文完成的時候，應(yīng)該檢查、修改，以免遺漏一些需要表達(dá)清楚的要點(diǎn)和細(xì)節(jié)。Liu Shenghua三、評分原則和方法三、評分原則和方法l應(yīng)用文的評分側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于信息點(diǎn)的覆蓋信息點(diǎn)的覆蓋和內(nèi)容的內(nèi)容的組織組織、語言的準(zhǔn)確性語言的準(zhǔn)確性、格式和語域格式和語域（指在書面和口語表達(dá)中根據(jù)不同的交際對象，所采用的話語方式，即

9、正式、一般、非正式的話語）的恰當(dāng)?shù)那‘?dāng)。l對語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯多樣性的要求將根據(jù)具體試題作調(diào)整。允許在作文中使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的關(guān)鍵詞，但使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的詞組或句子將被使用提示語中出現(xiàn)過的詞組或句子將被扣分扣分。Liu Shenghual1、評分時，先根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容和語言確定其所屬檔次，然后以該檔次的要求來給分。評分人員在檔內(nèi)有13分的調(diào)節(jié)分。l2、A節(jié)作文的字?jǐn)?shù)要求是100詞左右。l3、拼寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號是語言準(zhǔn)確性的一個方面。評分時，視其對交際的影響程度予以考慮。英、美拼寫及詞匯用法均可接受。l4、如書寫較差，以致影響交際，將分?jǐn)?shù)降低一個檔次。Liu Shenghua四、書信類應(yīng)用文四、書信類

10、應(yīng)用文l書信格式：書信格式：l （一）稱呼（一）稱呼l寫給機(jī)構(gòu)l不認(rèn)識負(fù)責(zé)人：l Dear Sir or Madam l Dear Sir/Madaml To whom it may concernl認(rèn)識負(fù)責(zé)人：Dear Mr./Ms. President/ Professor/ Manager/Editor, Dear President (Michael) Wang,l寫給個人l1） 關(guān)系不親密：Dear Mr./Ms. President/Professor/Manager/Editor, lDear President (Michael) Wang,l2） 關(guān)系親密：lDear Mic

11、haelLiu Shenghua（二）正文：（二）正文：3段、段、7句、句、100120 詞、詞、35關(guān)關(guān)聯(lián)詞、聯(lián)詞、35從句從句l1、第一段：、第一段：2句句l1）自我介紹l（1）I am a staff member from your company/corporation.l（2）I am a freshman/ sophomore/ junior/ senior/ undergraduate/ graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University.l2）寫作目的：I

12、am writing the letter in purpose of ordering some books/ resigning from my current post/position.l 2、第二段：、第二段：3句句l 1）改寫提綱一：1句l 2）改寫提綱二：1句l 3）改寫提綱三：1句Liu Shenghual3、第三段、第三段l1）表示感謝（私人建議信除外）lMy appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words. lWords fail me when I want to express my sincere

13、gratitude to you. lI take this opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for the kind assistance you rendered me.l2）期待回信l（1）I am looking forward to your reply/hearing from you soon. l（2）I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience. l（3）Your prompt attention to my inquiry woul

14、d be highly appreciated.l（三）落款（三）落款lYours sincerely,l Li MingLiu Shenghua實(shí)戰(zhàn)范例：實(shí)戰(zhàn)范例：l1、大綱樣題：訂購信、大綱樣題：訂購信lDirections: You are preparing for an English test and are in need of some reference books. Write a letter to the sales department of a bookstore to ask for:ldetailed information about the books yo

15、u want,lmethods of payment,ltime and way of delivery.Liu ShenghualDear Sir or Madam,lAs I am planning to take the National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (NETEM), I have decided to place an order of some NETEM books with due consideration of the good reputation of your bookstore and t

16、he high quality of your books. lFirstly, please give me particular accounts as regards names, authors, publishing houses and prices of these books. Secondly, I also need to know the terms of payment and after-sell service. Thirdly, I wonder if it is convenient for you to deliver these books by EMS t

17、o the headquarters of Beijing New Oriental School by September 1, 2007. I have arranged to pay for the service.lI would like to express my gratitude for your kind consideration of my requests. I look forward to hearing from you soon.lYours sincerely,lLi MingLiu Shenghual2、2005真題：辭職信道歉信真題：辭職信道歉信lDire

18、ctions: Two months ago, you got a job as an editor for the magazine Fashion & Design. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Liu ShenghualDear Mr.

19、 Wang,lI am writing to inform you about my decision to resign from my current position. lThe primary reasons are as follows. First, after two months, I do feel that it is not easy for me to get used to the extra work and night shift. Second, the salary has proven to be much lower than you originally

20、 promised, and I have a large family to support. Last, what I have learned in the university cannot meet the requirement of being an editor.lI feel terribly sorry for the inconvenience I have caused. I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. lYours sincerely,lLi MingLiu Shenghual3、2006真題：

21、請求信真題：請求信lDirections:lYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area, write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan. Write you

22、r letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Dont sign your own name at the end of the letter, use Li Ming instead. Dont write the address. (10 points)Liu ShenghualTo whom it may concern,lAs a student who can support myself, I am writing to request if you can help me find a

23、 potential beneficiary of Project Hope. lI wonder whether it is convenient for you if two things regarding the child are taken into account. First, the child should come from Sichuan Province because I intend to help a child from my hometown. Second, it will be better if he or she is a primary schoo

24、l student who was forced to drop school because of abject poverty.lI would like to help the recipient of my assistance annually until he graduates from college. Firstly, the money will cover his tuition fee and other expenses at school. Besides, I will correspond with him frequently so that he can s

25、eek advice whenever he needs. Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated. lYours sincerely,lLi MingLiu Shenghua4 祝賀信lA letter of Congratulationsl l Jan.10th, 2011lDear Jack,lI am so delighted to hear that you have just been admitted into the prestigious Peking University. Please

26、 accept my heartiest congratulations to you!lThis is a special moment for you and all the friends as well as relatives, and I do want to share the happiness with you. After years of hard and creative work and study, you have finally got what you really deserve. Im convinced that this will be a new b

27、eginning, a chance for you to embrace a broader future.lI wish you good luck and keep pursuing a brighter future.l Sincerely yours,l Li MingLiu Shenghua祝賀信祝賀信l祝賀信是社交中的一種禮儀性信函。通常包括以下幾個方面的內(nèi)容：說明祝賀事由，表達(dá)熱烈、誠摯的祝賀；圍繞祝賀事件表述賀喜內(nèi)容；表達(dá)美好祝福。l寫作“三步走”：說明事由并表達(dá)自己衷心的祝賀->展開評論事件、贊揚(yáng)收信人->再次表達(dá)良好祝愿l提示：在寫作主要內(nèi)容的

28、時候，可以重點(diǎn)贊揚(yáng)一下當(dāng)事人的優(yōu)秀能力和取得成就的原因、并展望他將來的美好發(fā)展前景等。Liu Shenghual1：投訴信lDear_,lI am _ (自我介紹) .I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_. lThe reason for my dissatisfaction is _(總體介紹). In the first place,_(抱怨的第一個方面). In addition, _(抱怨的第二個方面). Under these circumstances, I

29、find it _ (感覺)_(抱怨的方面給你帶來的后果).lI appreciate it very much if you could _(提出建議和請求), preferably _(進(jìn)一步的要求),and I would like to have this matter settled by _(設(shè)定解決事情最后期限).lThank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua投訴信投訴信l在人們的生活中經(jīng)常會發(fā)生一

30、些事情，比如消費(fèi)利益受損、正常生活和工作受到干擾等等令人傷腦筋的事情，有時寫封投訴信不失為一個解決的辦法。l投訴信通常包括以下幾個方面的內(nèi)容：說明投訴的原因并表示遺憾；實(shí)事求是地闡述問題發(fā)生的經(jīng)過，切記不要夸大其詞；指出問題引起的后果；提出批評及處理的意見或敦促對方采取措施或者提出所希望的賠償以及補(bǔ)救方式。l寫作“三步走”：說明投訴問題;描述具體情況;期待解決方案l提示：寫投訴信時語氣要冷靜、鄭重、克制，不必過于禮貌。但也要就事論事，不能進(jìn)行人身攻擊。同時，在描述問題時盡量采用被動句式，使描述更加客觀合理。Liu Shenghual2：詢問信lDear _,lI am _ (自我介紹). I

31、am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding_.(要詢問的內(nèi)容)lFirst of all, what are _?(第一個問題) Secondly, when will_?(第二個問題) Thirdly, is _?(第三個問題)lI would also like to inquire _(將最重要的問題單獨(dú)成段). Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-menti

32、oned aspects?lThank you for you kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua詢問信詢問信l詢問信的主要目的是尋求所需信息，通常包括以下幾個方面的內(nèi)容：首先表明寫作意圖，說明寫這封信的目的是要尋求什么樣的信息；然后就某一具體問題進(jìn)行詢問；最后表明獲取信息的急切心情，可以提供聯(lián)系方式以便收信人與你聯(lián)系，并表達(dá)你的感謝之情。l寫作“三步走”：自我介紹、說明目的;具體詢問事宜;表示感謝、

33、期盼回復(fù)l提示：詢問信的語氣通常比較正式、和緩，要充分表達(dá)感激之情。同時，相比較語氣直接的疑問句，用一些能夠起到提問作用的陳述句更佳。Liu Shenghual3：請求信lDear_,lI am writing to formally request to_(請求的內(nèi)容)lThe reason for_is that_(給出原因).I_, so I_(給出細(xì)節(jié))lI would also like to request_(提出進(jìn)一步的要求). I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused. lThank you for your attentio

34、n to these requests. If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact me at _(電話號碼).I look forward to a favorable reply.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua請求信請求信l請求信是對收信人提出請求，并希望對方滿足該要求。寫請求信的重點(diǎn)是要寫清楚為什么要請求他人做某事，請求他人做某事的原因。l寫請求信時首先要說明寫作意圖，一定要注意語氣要禮貌，用詞要規(guī)范；然后具體展開說明請求的原因；最后表示希望對方予以答復(fù)。l寫作“三步走”：介紹自

35、己、提出請求;說明原因及其它事項(xiàng);表達(dá)謝意、期盼答復(fù)l提示：在許多情況下，請求信是寫給不認(rèn)識的人或者機(jī)構(gòu)，所以在信的開頭可以做一下簡單的自我介紹。同時，由于提出的請求往往都是需要麻煩別人的事情，所以要注意語氣的禮貌程度，不要吝嗇你的感謝。Liu Shenghual4：道歉信lDear _,lI am truly sorry that_(道歉的原因).lThe reason is that_(介紹原因) Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Hope you can accept my apologies and underst

36、and my situation.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua致歉信致歉信l我們在工作或生活中，有時難免會犯一些錯誤，寫封致歉信就顯得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下內(nèi)容：表示歉意；道歉的原由；出現(xiàn)差錯的原因；提出彌補(bǔ)措施；請求原諒。寫道歉信的語言要誠摯，解釋的理由要真實(shí)，不要顯出絲毫的虛情假意。好的道歉信不僅會取得對方的諒解，還會增進(jìn)彼此的感情。l寫作“三步走”：表示歉意;說明具體原因、提出補(bǔ)救辦法;再次致歉、希望得到理解l提示：在寫作過程中，盡可能提供比較合理的理由。如果違反生活常識將導(dǎo)致扣分；在解釋完原因后，盡量提供一個合適的補(bǔ)救辦法，使行文更加

37、完滿。Liu Shenghual5：感謝信lDear_,lI am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for _ (感謝的原因). If it had not been for your assistance in _ (對方給你的具體幫助), I fear that I would have been_(沒有對方幫助時的后果).lEvery one agrees that it was you who_(給出細(xì)節(jié)).Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept

38、 my gratitude.lYours sincerelylLi MingLiu Shenghua感謝信感謝信l感謝信通常帶有濃厚的感情色彩，具有比較濃的人情味。感謝信通常分為正式感謝信和非正式感謝信，前者行文得體、語氣禮貌謙恭、用詞正式正規(guī)；后者語氣則更加親切熱情。l寫作“三步走”：表達(dá)感謝之情并說明原因->提及自己曾受到對方的幫助->再次感謝并表達(dá)回報愿望。l提示：表達(dá)的感激之情要恰到好處，不要過于夸張；建議在結(jié)尾盡量表達(dá)希望回報對方的愿望，顯得更加真誠。Liu Shenghual6：建議信lDear _,lYou have asked me for my a

39、dvice with regard to _, and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here.lIn my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions: _(建議的內(nèi)容)lI hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.lGood Luck with your_(

40、祝愿)lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua建議信建議信l建議信是對收信人就某一問題提出看法、建議或忠告。建議信不同于投訴信，所以寫信人一定要注意禮貌當(dāng)先。建議信一般包括以下內(nèi)容：首先說明寫信的目的，其次，在肯定優(yōu)點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上提出自己的建議或看法(否則別人以為你在投訴，而不是在提建議)，最后表達(dá)希望采納建議。l寫作“三步走”：自我介紹、說明目的->委婉地提出建議及改進(jìn)措施，或提出忠告->禮貌地總結(jié)或期盼回復(fù)l提示：提建議畢竟不是投訴，所以語言一定要委婉、禮貌，顧及他人感情。在提出缺點(diǎn)之前，最好先肯定其優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Liu Shenghual

41、7：求職信lDear Sir or Madam,lI write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in_(報紙名稱)of_(廣告發(fā)布時間).lNot only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I also have the right personality for a_(工作名稱). In the one hand,_(第一個原因). On the other hand, _(另一個原因).lShould you grant me a p

42、ersonal interview, I would be most grateful. If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at _(電話號碼)lThank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to meeting you.lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Shenghua求職信求職信l求職信也是申請信的一種，是寫信人就某一職位向收信人提出請求。求職信一般包括以下幾

43、個方面的內(nèi)容：首先要闡述清楚招聘信息的來源，以及所申請的職位；其次簡述個人信息；然后進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)自己的能力，表達(dá)抱負(fù)，并請求給予面試機(jī)會；最后提出自己的希望，希望得到面試的機(jī)會，并且告訴對方你的聯(lián)系方式。l求職信的語言屬于正式用語，在寫作過程中一定要注意用詞簡潔準(zhǔn)確，語氣禮貌自信，態(tài)度不卑不亢，所給信息具有一定的可信度。尤其是在強(qiáng)調(diào)自身經(jīng)歷和優(yōu)點(diǎn)的時候，更應(yīng)把握尺度。l寫作“三步走”：自我介紹，說明求職目的;展示個人能力、經(jīng)歷及求職動機(jī);希望面試機(jī)會、表示感謝l提示：由于篇幅較短，而申請者需要盡可能地向用人單位推銷自己，所以在求職信中宜籠統(tǒng)概說自己的求學(xué)和工作經(jīng)歷，突出一至兩個吸引眼球的閃光點(diǎn)即

44、可。Liu Shenghual8：邀請信lDear_,lThere will a _(內(nèi)容) at/in_ (地點(diǎn)) on_ (時間). We would be honored to have you there with us. lThe occasion will start at _(具體時間). This will be followed by a _(進(jìn)一步的安排). At around_(時間)，_(另一個安排)lI really hope you can make it. RSVP before _(通知你的最后期限)lYours sincerely lLi MingLiu Sh

45、enghua邀請信邀請信l包括宴會、舞會、晚餐、聚會、婚禮等各種邀請信件，形式上大體分為兩種：一種為正規(guī)的格式(formal correspondence)，亦稱請柬；一種是非正式格式(informal correspondence)，即一般的邀請信。邀請信是在形式上不如請柬那樣正規(guī)，但也是很考究。書寫時應(yīng)注意：l邀請信一定要將邀請的時間(年、月、日、鐘點(diǎn))、地點(diǎn)、場合寫清楚，不能使接信人存在任何疑慮。例如：Id like you and Bob to come to Luncheon next Friday. 這句話中所指的是哪個星期五并不明確，所以應(yīng)加上具體日期Id like you an

46、d Bob to come to luncheon next Friday, May the fifth.Liu Shenghua邀請信的回復(fù)邀請信的回復(fù)l邀請信的復(fù)信要求簡明扼要，在書寫時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：l1 接受邀請的復(fù)信中應(yīng)重復(fù)寫上邀請信中的某些內(nèi)容，如邀請年、月、日，星期幾、幾點(diǎn)鐘等，如Ill be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve oclock.。l2 邀請信的復(fù)信中應(yīng)明確表明接受邀請還是不接受邀請，不能含乎其詞，如不能寫Ill come if Im in town. 這類的

47、話，以使得對方無法作出安排。在接受邀請的復(fù)信中，應(yīng)對受到邀請表示高興。謝卻的復(fù)信中應(yīng)闡明不能應(yīng)邀的原由。Liu Shenghua申請信申請信l申請信有很多種，有求職申請信、有加入某組織的申請信、有報考申請信、有申請學(xué)位或留學(xué)申請信，等等。無論哪一種申請信，一般都包括這樣幾個部分：申請的原因，具備的條件，懇請申請單位考慮自己的申請，并表示謝意，期望回復(fù)。l寫作“三步走”：開宗明義說明申請?jiān)?展開原因;期盼回復(fù)、表示感謝l提示：1 語言言簡意賅，語氣誠懇禮貌；l2 要避免不符合事實(shí)的浮夸；l3 如果是留學(xué)申請和獎學(xué)金申請，要注意提供以下信息：寫明申請學(xué)校和專業(yè)，簡介個人履歷，索取對方學(xué)校相關(guān)信息

48、，附上個人經(jīng)歷等材料。Liu Shenghua五、備忘錄五、備忘錄/報告報告l忘錄書端（Header）：書端是寫在備忘錄開頭的壓縮。情況不同，書端的格式可能不同，但是通常應(yīng)采用下面這種格式。lDate: January 24， 2005lTo: F. PrefectlFrom: A. DentlSubject: My Suggested Revisions to the Local Demolition Schedule l日期：要采用正式的全部拼寫。l致和自：通常，省去諸如教授或先生這類頭銜。自：后面寫你名字的首字母大寫，然后接你的姓。l事由：要具體。l備忘錄目的（Purpose）：闡明寫作

49、原因。采用回答問題的方式，回答：who，what，when，where and why。Liu Shenghual范例：范例：lDirections: You are the president of a company. Write a memo to Percy Shelley, the vice-president on the employees training on computer, telling him the need to train the employees, detailed information, and ask him to write a plan.Liu

50、ShenghualDate：January 20, 2007lTo：Percy Shelley, Vice PresidentlFrom：Li Ming, PresidentlSubject：Computer Training of the StafflAs we discussed earlier this week, I agree with you that our firm is faced up with problem of the high rate of computer illiteracy of the staff. We need to make up a plan fo

51、r training our employees in the new field.lI would like you to design our own in-house computer-training program. We had better classify the employees and put them through the program in turn.lWrite up a brief proposal, describing what you think the program should cover. Assume the class runs four h

52、ours a week for ten weeks. Also, assume people have no prior computer knowledge or any formal course work in computer science.Liu Shenghua六、摘要六、摘要 l文章摘要是對所寫文章主要內(nèi)容的精煉概括。美國人稱摘要為“Abstract”，而英國人則喜歡稱其為“Summary”。l通常國際刊物要求所要刊登的文章字?jǐn)?shù)，包括摘要部分不超過1萬字。而對文章摘要部分的字?jǐn)?shù)要求則更少。因此寫摘要時，應(yīng)用最為簡練的語言來表達(dá)論文之精華。論文摘要的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在所研究的成果和結(jié)論上

53、。l國際會議要求的論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)不等，一般為200字-500字。而國際刊物要求所刊登的論文摘要的字?jǐn)?shù)通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，內(nèi)容上涵蓋全文，并直接點(diǎn)明全旨。語言上要求盡量簡煉。摘要通常多采用第三人稱撰寫。Liu Shenghual科學(xué)書籍、論文和學(xué)術(shù)報告一般都附有內(nèi)容摘要，這樣可以節(jié)省讀者的時間，使他們不必讀完整個文章就能夠了解它的主要內(nèi)容。書籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；論文和學(xué)術(shù)報告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要應(yīng)做到簡明扼要，切題，能獨(dú)立成文，使讀者能準(zhǔn)確地了解書籍的要義。寫摘要時，最好用第三人稱的完整的陳述句，文長一般不超過200個詞。Liu She

54、nghual英文摘要分類l摘要分陳述性的（Descriptive）和資料性的（Informational）兩類。陳述性摘要只陳述書籍或文章的主題，不介紹內(nèi)容。資料性的摘要除了介紹主題外，還應(yīng)介紹文章的要點(diǎn)和各個要點(diǎn)的主要內(nèi)容。它可以包括三個組成部分：l點(diǎn)明主題，解析文章或書籍的目的或意圖；l介紹主要內(nèi)容，使讀者迅速了解文章或書籍的概貌；l提出結(jié)論或建議，以供讀者參考。Liu Shenghual英文摘要常見句型英文摘要常見句型l1）This paper deals with.l2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc).

55、l3）This essay presents knowledge that.l4）This thesis discusses.l5）This thesis analyzes.l6）This paper provides an overview of.l7)This paper elaborates on .l8）This article gives an overview of.l9）This article compares.and summarizes key findings.l10）This paper includes discussions concerning. l11)This

56、 paper presents up to date information on.l12)This article covers the role of chemicals in.l13)This paper addresses important topics including.l14)This paper touches upon.l15)This paper strongly emphasizes.l16)This essay represents the proceedings of .l17)This article not only describes.but also sug

57、gests.l18)This paper considers.l19)This paper provides a method of .l20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.Liu Shenghual摘要題型寫作要點(diǎn)摘要題型寫作要點(diǎn)：l 動筆之前，考生一定要認(rèn)真仔細(xì)地閱讀所給原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要點(diǎn)。l 摘要的長度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考試時應(yīng)遵守規(guī)定的字?jǐn)?shù)限制。l 在做摘要時考生切忌照搬原文。改寫每段首尾句。l 摘要應(yīng)與原文的觀點(diǎn)保持一致，并且仍按原文的邏輯順序排列。l 重點(diǎn)反映主要觀點(diǎn)，刪

58、除細(xì)節(jié)。l 簡化從句，用簡短的語句代替冗長的語句。l 檢查與修改時，考生應(yīng)重點(diǎn)檢查是否遺漏了原文的要點(diǎn)或包含了細(xì)節(jié)。Liu Shenghua摘要題型寫作實(shí)例- 試題題目lDirections: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.lWe continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance

59、we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us

60、in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, an