船舶專業(yè)英語(課文+翻譯)

1、Chapter 1 Ship Design（船舶設(shè)計(jì)）Lesson 2 Ships Categorized（船舶分類）2.1 Introduction（介紹）The forms a ship can take are innumerable. 一艘船能采用的外形是不可勝數(shù)的A vessel might appear to be a sleek seagoing hotel carrying passengers along to some exotic destination; a floating fortress bristling with missile launchers; 。or

2、an elongated box transporting tanks of crude oil and topped with complex pipe connections. 一艘船可以看做是將乘客一直運(yùn)送到外國目的地的優(yōu)美的遠(yuǎn)航賓館。豎立有導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射架的水面堡壘及甲板上鋪蓋有復(fù)雜管系的加長罐裝原油運(yùn)輸輪None of these descriptions of external appearance, however, does justice to the ship system as a whole and integrated unit所有這些外部特點(diǎn)的描述都不能說明船舶系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)

3、總的集合體self-sufficient,seaworthy, and adequately stable in its function as a secure habitat for crew and cargo. 船員和貨物的安全性功能：自給自足，適航，足夠穩(wěn)定。This is the concept that the naval architect keeps in mind when designing the ship and that provides the basis for subsequent discussions, not only in this chapter b

4、ut throughout the entire book.這是一個(gè)造船工程師設(shè)計(jì)船舶使必須記住的、能為以后討論提供根據(jù)的觀念，不僅涉及本章也貫穿全書。In order to discuss naval architecture,it is helpful to place ships in certain categories. For purposes of this text, ships are classified according to their means of physical support and their designed purposes.將船舶分成一些特定的種類

5、來討論造船工程是有好處的。本文的目的就是根據(jù)船舶物理支撐方式和設(shè)計(jì)目的來將它們分類。2.2 Ships Typed According to Means of Physical Support（根據(jù)物理支撐方式來分類）The mode of physical support by which vessels can be categorized assumes that the vessel is operating under designed conditions- Ships are designed to operate above, on, or below the surface

6、of the sea, so the air-sea interface will be used as the reference datum. 船舶按物理支撐的分類方式假設(shè)，船舶是在設(shè)計(jì)工況的條件下航行。船舶預(yù)定在海面上，海面中或海面以下航行，因此使用空氣與水的接觸面作為基準(zhǔn)面。Because the nature of the physical environment is quite different for the three regions just mentioned, the physical characteristics of ships designed to oper

7、ate in those regions can be diverse.由于上面提到的三個(gè)區(qū)域中物理環(huán)境的本質(zhì)相差很大，所以那些區(qū)域中的船的物 理特性也不同。Aerostatic Support（空氣靜力支撐）There are two categories of vessels that are supported above the surface of the sea on a self-induced cushion of air. These relatively lightweight vehicles are capable of high speeds,since air re

8、sistance is considerably less than water resistance, and the absence of contact with small waves combined with flexible seals reduces the effects of wave impact at high speed. 有兩種靠自身誘導(dǎo)的氣墊浮于海面上的船。這些重量相對(duì)輕的船能夠高速航行，這是因?yàn)榭諝庾枇Ρ人枇π〉枚?，而且船舶高速航行時(shí)，彈性密封圈沒有與小波浪接觸，因而降低了了波浪沖擊的影響。Such vessels depend on lift fans to

9、 create a cushion of low-pressure air in an underbody chamber. 這種船依靠升力風(fēng)扇在船體水下部分產(chǎn)生了低壓氣墊。This cushion of air must be sufficient to support the weight of the vehicle above the water surface.這種空氣氣墊必須足夠支撐水面上方船的重量。The first type of vessel ha.s flexible “skirts” that entirely surround the air cushion and e

10、nable the ship to rise completely above the sea surface. 第一種船有完全圍繞在氣墊周圍并且能夠使船完全漂浮在水面以上的彈性圍裙。This is called an air cushion vehicle (ACV) ,and in a limited sense it is amphibious.它被稱為氣墊船（ACV），某種有限的程度上適用于兩棲。 The other type of air-cushion craft has rigid side walls or thin hulls that extend below the su

11、rface of the water to reduce the amount of air flow required to maintain the cushion pressure. 另一種氣墊船帶有剛性側(cè)壁，且有延伸到水下能夠減小空氣流量的瘦船體，該氣流用來維持氣墊壓力。This type is called a captured-air-bubble vehicle (CAB).這種類型船稱為束縛氣泡減阻船It requires less lift-fan power than an ACV, is more directionally stable and can be prope

12、lled by water jets or supercavitating propellers. 相對(duì)于 ACV 來說，它需要較低的升力風(fēng)扇動(dòng)力,航向穩(wěn)定性更好，并且能使用噴水推進(jìn)器和超空泡螺旋槳。It is not amphibious, however, and has not yet achieved the popularity of the ACVs, which include passenger ferries, cross-channel automobile ferries, polar-exploration craft, landing craft, and river

13、ine warfare vessels.但是，它不是兩棲用途的，也還沒有 ACVs 那么廣的適用范圍， 適用范圍包括游客渡輪，橫越海峽車客渡輪，極地考察船，登陸艦及內(nèi)河艦艇。Hydrodynam ic Support（水動(dòng)力支撐）There are also two types of vessels that depend on dynamic support generated by relatively rapid forward motion of specially designed hydrodynamic shapes either on or beneath the surfac

14、e of the water. 也有兩種類型船，它們依賴通過船的相對(duì)高速前進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)來產(chǎn)生動(dòng)力支持，這 種船型的水上和水下部分的形狀都經(jīng)過特殊設(shè)計(jì)。A principle of physics states that any moving object that can produce an unsymmetrical flow pattern generates a lift force perpendicular to the direction of motion. 一個(gè)物理定理這樣陳述：任何運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體都能造成不均勻的流態(tài)，產(chǎn)生一個(gè)垂直于運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的升力。Just as an airplane

15、 with (airfoil) produces lift when moving through the air, a hydrofoil located beneath the surface and attached by means of a surface piercing strut, can dynamically support a vessels hull above the water.正如裝有空氣翼的飛機(jī)在空氣中移動(dòng)時(shí)氣翼上能產(chǎn)生一個(gè)升力一樣，位于水面以下且其上固定有穿透水面的柱體的水翼，能夠動(dòng)態(tài)支撐水面以上的船體。Planing hulls are hull forms

16、 characterised by relatively flat bottoms and shallow V-sections (especially forward of amidships) that produce partial to nearly full dynamic support for light displacement vessels and small craft at higher speeds. 滑行船體的特征是底部相對(duì)較平，橫剖面呈淺V 形（尤其是船的前半部分）。 這種形狀特點(diǎn)能夠使船產(chǎn)生偏近滿動(dòng)力支持，適用于使小排水量船和高速小艇。Planing craft

17、 are generally restricted in size and displacement because of the required power-to-weight ratio and the structural stresses associated with traveling at high speed in waves. 一般說來，滑行船體的尺寸和排水量有限制。這是因?yàn)樾枰獫M足動(dòng)力和重量的比率要求，以及在波浪中高速航行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)力要求。Most planing craft are also restricted to operations in reasonably

18、calm water, although some “deep V” hull forms are capable of operation in rough water. 雖然有一些深V型剖面船能夠在惡劣的海況中航行，但大多數(shù)滑行船體也都限制在相當(dāng)平靜的水面上航行。Lesson 3 Principal Dimensions（主尺度）3.1 Principal Dimensions（主尺度）Before studying in detail the various technical branches of naval architecture it is important to defin

19、e various terms which will be made use of in later chapters. The purpose of this chapter is to explain these terms and to familiarise the reader with them. 在系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)船舶工程不同的技術(shù)分支之前，應(yīng)該定義一些術(shù)語以便于后面章節(jié)使用，這很重要。本章旨在于解釋這些術(shù)語，并且讓讀者熟悉它們。In the first place the dimensions by which the size of a ship is measured will

20、be considered; they are referred to as principal dimensions. The ship, like any solid body, requires three dimensions to define its size, and these are a length, a breadth and a depth. 首先，考慮用來測量船舶尺寸的尺度；它們即是“主尺度”像任何其他固體一樣，船舶需要三個(gè)尺度來定義其尺寸，它們是長度，寬度和高度。Each of these will be considered in turn.我們將依次來討論它們。

21、Length（船長）There are various ways of defining the length of a ship, but first the length between perpendiculars will be considered. 有多種定義船舶長度的方法，但是首先應(yīng)該考慮艏艉兩柱間長。The length between perpendiculars is the distance measured parallel to the base at the level of the summer load waterline from the after perp

22、endicular to the forward perpendicular. 柱間長指的是平行于基底夏季載重水線，從艉柱到艏柱間的距離。The after perpendicular is taken as the after side of the rudder post where there is such a post, and the forward perpendicular is the vertical line drawn through the intersection of the stem with the summer load waterline In ships

23、 where there is no rudder post the after perpendicular is taken as the line passing through the centre line of the rudder pintles. 艉柱指的就是船舶舵柱 的后側(cè)，而艏柱是通過船艏與夏季載重水線的交點(diǎn)的豎直線。如果船上沒有舵柱，那么艉柱就取通過舵銷中心線的直線。The length between perpendiculars (L.B.P.) is used for calculation purposes as will be seen later,but it

24、will be obvious from Figure 3.1 that this does not represent the greatest length of the ship.兩柱間長（L.B.P.）是用于后面的計(jì)算之用的，然而從圖 3.1 中可以看出兩柱間長不是船舶的最大長度。 For many purposes, such as the docking of a ship, it is necessary to know what the greatest length of the ship is.明白船舶的最大長度是必要的，很多地方都能用到最大船長，比如船舶入塢。 This

25、length is known as the length overall and is defined simply as the distance from the extreme point at the after end to a similar point at the forward end. 這個(gè)長度稱為“總長”，是以從船艉端點(diǎn)到船艏端點(diǎn)間的距離來定義的。This can be clearly seen by referring again to Figure 3.1. In most ships the length overall wilt exceed by a cons

26、iderable amount the length between perpendiculars. 大多數(shù)船的總長都比兩柱間長超出很多。The excess will include the overhang of the stem and also that of the stem where the stem is raked forward. 超出的長度包括船艉懸掛物和前傾型船艏懸掛物。In modem ships having large bulbous bows the length overall (L. O. A. ) may have to be measured to th

27、e extreme point of the bulb.現(xiàn)代大型球鼻艏船舶的總長（L.O.A.）應(yīng)該以球鼻為端點(diǎn)測量。A third length which is often used t particularly when dealing with ship resistance, is the length on the waterline(L.W.L.).第三種長度是水線長（L.W.L）常用于計(jì)算船舶阻力。 This is the distance measured on the waterline at which the ship is floating from the inte

28、rsection of the stern with the waterline to the intersection of the stem with the waterline. 水線長指的就是在船舶所漂浮的水線上從船艏與水線的交點(diǎn)到船艉與水線的交點(diǎn)間的距離This length is not a fixed quantity for a particular ship, as it will depend upon the waterline at which the ship is floating and upon the trim of the ship. 一艘特定的船上的水線長

29、不是一個(gè)固定值,它是取決于船舶所漂浮的水線的位置及船舶的縱傾程度Breadth（型寬）The mid point of the length between perpendiculars is called amidships and the ship is usually broadest at this point. 兩柱間長的中點(diǎn)稱為“船舯”且船舶在該處的寬度是最大的。The breadth is measured at this position and the breadth most commonly used is called the breadth moulded. 我們所說

30、的寬度就是在船舯位置測得的，該寬度一半稱為“型寬”。It may be defined simply as the distance from the inside of plating on one side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship.我們謹(jǐn)定義它為船舶最寬處一側(cè)船殼板的內(nèi)側(cè)到另一側(cè)船殼板內(nèi)側(cè)的距離。As is the case in the length between perpendiculars, the breadth moulded does not

31、represent the greatest breadth of the ship, so that to define this greatest breadth the breadth extreme is required.就像兩柱間長那種情況一樣，型寬不是船舶最大寬度，以至于有必要定義船舶的最大寬度為計(jì)算寬度。 In many ships the breadth extreme is the breadth moulded plus the thickness of the shell plating on each side of the ship. 對(duì)于很多船，計(jì)算寬度等于型寬交

32、上船舶兩側(cè)船體外板的厚度。In the days of riveted ships, where the strakes of shell plating were overlapped the breadth extreme was equal to the breadth moulded plus four thicknesses of shell plating, but in the case of modem welded ships the extra breadth consists of two thicknesses of shell plating only.在鉚接船的年代

33、中，由于船舶外板列板相重疊，所以計(jì)算寬度就等于型寬加上四倍的船殼板厚度，然而現(xiàn)代焊接船僅加上兩倍船殼板厚度。The breadth extreme may be much greater than this in some ships, since it is the distance from the extreme overhang on one side of the ship to a similar point on the other side.有些船的計(jì)算寬度可能比上述所說的還大，這是因?yàn)樗傅木褪谴耙幌蟼?cè) 突出物極限點(diǎn)至相對(duì)稱的另一舷側(cè)突出物極限點(diǎn)間的距離。 This dis

34、tance would include the overhang of decks,a feature which is sometimes found in passenger ships in order to provide additional deck area. 這種距離可能包括甲板突出物寬度，我們能從客船中發(fā)現(xiàn)這種特性，這是為了擴(kuò)大甲板面積。It would be measured over fenders, which are sometimes fitted to ships such as cross channel vessels which have to operat

35、e in and out of port under their own power and have fenders provided to protect the sides of the ships when coming alongside quays.我們將這些突出物稱為護(hù)舷材，護(hù)舷材只用在某些船上，例如海峽渡輪，它們依靠自身的動(dòng)力來進(jìn)出港口，并且?？扛劭跁r(shí)護(hù)舷能夠保護(hù)船體舷側(cè)免受損害。Depth（型深）The third principal dimensions is depth, which varies along the length of the ship but is u

36、sually measured at amidships.第三個(gè)主尺度是深度，它沿船長方向會(huì)發(fā)生變化但通常以船舯處的值為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 This depth is known as the depth moulded and is measured from the underside of the plating of the deck at side amidships to the base line.這種深度稱為“型深”。指的就是船舯舷側(cè)甲板板下部至基線間的距離。It Is sometimes quoted as a depth moulded to upper deck or depth m

37、oulded to second deck,etc.有時(shí)引用為“頂部甲板型深”或“次甲板型深”等等。 Where no deck is specified it can be taken the depth is measured to the uppermost continuous deck. 如果沒有指出是哪處的甲板，那么深度就以連續(xù)甲板的最高處為基準(zhǔn)。In some modem ships there is a rounded gunwale.一些現(xiàn)代船舶有修圓的舷邊。In such cases the depth moulded is measured from the inters

38、ection of the deck line continued with the breadth moulded line.這種情況下，型深就取自甲板線與型寬線的交點(diǎn)。3.2 Other Features（其他特征參數(shù)）The three principal dimensions give a general idea of the size of a ship but there are several ether features which have to be considered and which could be different in two ships having t

39、he same length,breadth and depth. 這三個(gè)主尺度能夠總體的描述船舶的尺寸，然而，也得考慮其他的幾個(gè)特征參數(shù)且同樣長、寬、高的兩艘船的這些特征參數(shù)可能是不同的。The more important of these will now be defined.現(xiàn)在來定義這些重要的特征參數(shù)。Sheer（舷?。㏒heer is the height of the deck at side above a line drawn parallel to the base and tangent to the deck line at amidships. 舷弧是甲板邊板離平行

40、于基線且相切于船舯甲板線的直線的突出高度The sheer can vary along the length of the ship and is usually greatest at the ends.舷弧沿船長方向會(huì)發(fā)生變化，而且首尾端最明顯 In modern ships the deck line at side often has a variety of shapes: it may be flat with zero sheer over some distance on either side of amidships and then rise as a straight

41、 line towards the ends; an the other hand there may be no sheer at all on the deck, which will then be parallel to the base over the entire length.現(xiàn)代船舶甲板邊線的形狀多種多樣：一方面，船舯兩側(cè)的某些長度方向可能是平的，沒有舷弧，但接著以向上的斜直線的形式向首尾兩端延伸；另一方面，甲板上面可能完全沒有舷弧，整個(gè)船長方向上甲板都平行于基底。 In older ships the deck at side line was parabolic in p

42、rofile and the sheer was quoted as its value on the forward and alter perpendiculars as shown in Figure 3.1. So called standard sheer was given by the formulae：老式船舶縱剖面上的甲板邊線呈拋物線狀，舷弧取自首尾兩柱方向上的值，如圖 3.1 所示。所謂的舷弧“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值”用公式給出：首舷?。╥n）=0.2Lft+20 尾舷?。╥n）=0.1Lft+10 這些公式用英制單位表示為： 首舷?。╟m）=1.666Lm+50.8 尾舷?。╟m）=0.

43、833Lm+25.4It will be seen that the sheer forward is twice as much as the sheer aft in these standard formulae. 通過上面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公式可以看出，首舷弧值是尾舷弧值的兩倍。It was often the case,however, that considerable variation was made from these standard values.然而，這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值也會(huì)發(fā)生相當(dāng)大的變化，這種情況時(shí)常發(fā)生。 Sometimes the sheer forward was increa

44、sed while the sheer after was reduced. 有時(shí)首舷弧會(huì)變大而尾舷弧會(huì)減小。Occasionally the lowest point of the upper deck was some distance aft of amidships and sometimes departures were made from the parabolic sheer profile. 頂部甲板的最低點(diǎn)離船舯尾部偶爾有一段距離，有時(shí)拋物線狀的縱剖線會(huì)發(fā)生分離。舷弧值。The value of sheer and particularly the sheer forwar

45、d was to increase the height of the deck above water(the height of platform as it was called) 尤其是首舷弧增加了甲板離水面的高度（稱為“平臺(tái)高度”）and this helped to prevent water being shipped when the vessel was moving through rough sea. The reason for the abolition of sheer in some modem ships is that their depths are so

46、great that additional height of the deck above water at the fore end is unnecessary from a sea keeping point of view.這有助于防止船舶在洶涌的海況中航行時(shí)甲板上浪。某些現(xiàn)代船舶廢除舷弧的原因是它們的型深如此之大，以至于首部額外的甲板高度就耐波性觀點(diǎn)而言是不必要的。Deletion of sheer also tends to make the ship easier to construct, but on the other hand it could be said that

47、 the appearance of the ship suffers in consequence.舷弧的取消也使得船舶的建造容易得多，但是就另一方面而言結(jié)果是船的外 表變得難看了。Draught and Trim（吃水和縱傾）The draught at which a ship floats is simply the distance from the bottom of the ship to the waterline. 船舶漂浮時(shí)的吃水指的就是船底離吃水線的距離。If the waterline is parallel to the keel the ship is said t

48、o be floating on an even keel, but if the waterline is not parallel then the ship is said to be trimmed. 如果水線平行于龍骨，那么就說船舶平??；但是若不平行，那么就說船舶發(fā)生了縱傾。If the draught at the after end is greater than that at the fore end the ship is trimmed by the stem and if the converse is the case it is trimmed by the bow

49、 or by the head. 如果船尾吃水比船艏大，那么就發(fā)生了艉傾；若船艏吃水比船尾大，那么就發(fā)生了艏傾。The draught can be measured in two ways, either as a moulded draught which is the distance from the base line to the waterline, or as an extreme draught which is the distance from the bottom of the ship to the waterline. 吃水可以分為兩種：型吃水，即基線離水線的距離；

50、計(jì)算吃水，即船底與水線間的距離。In the modem welded merchant ship these two draughts differ only by one thickness of plating，but in certain types of ships where, say, a bar keel is fitted the extreme draught would be measured to the underside of the keel and may exceed the moulded draught by 1523cm (69in). 對(duì)于現(xiàn)代焊接形式

51、的商船，這兩種吃水僅是相差一塊殼板厚度的區(qū)別，但是對(duì)于 有些裝有棒龍骨的船，計(jì)算吃水的測量至龍骨下表面，因此計(jì)算吃水可能比型吃水大15-23cm(6-9in)。It is important to know the draught of a ship, or how much water the ship is drawing, and so that the draught may be readily obtained,draught marks are cut in the stem and the stem.了解船舶的吃水或者說船舶“吃”水量，這很重要，因此一艘船的吃水能夠直接獲取，船

52、艏和船艉都刻有吃水標(biāo)志。These are figures giving the distance from the bottom of the ship. 吃水標(biāo)志也就是一些離船底有一定距離的一些數(shù)字。In imperial units the figures are 6in high with a space of 6in between the top of one figure and the bottom of the next one.這是數(shù)字用英制單位表示，6in 高，而且上下相鄰的兩個(gè)數(shù)字的間距也是 6in。 When the water level is up to the

53、bottom of a particular figure the draught in feet has the value of that figure.當(dāng)水位到達(dá)船底的某一個(gè)數(shù)字時(shí)，吃水就是那個(gè)數(shù)字的英尺值了。If metric units are used then the figures would probably be 10cm high with a 10cm spacing.若用十進(jìn)制單位表示，那么這些數(shù)字就可能是10cm 高，間隔10cm。In many large vessels the structure bends in the longitudinal vertic

54、al plane even in still water t with the result that the base line or the keel does not remain a straight line. 就許多大型船舶而言，即使是在平靜的海況下，它們的縱向垂直面都發(fā)生了彎曲，結(jié)果是基線或龍骨都不能保持為一條直線。The mean draught at which the vessel is floating is not then simply obtained by taking half the sum of the forward and after draughts.

55、 這就意味著船舶漂浮時(shí)吃水不能僅僅用艏艉吃水和的一半來表示。To ascertain how much the vessel is hogging or sagging a set of draught marks is placed amidships so that if da，dx and df are the draughts at the after end,amidships and the forward end respectively then為了確定船舶中拱或中垂程度，在船舯做了一套吃水標(biāo)志，因此如果船尾、船舯和船艏吃水分別為da、dx和df那么中拱或中垂=-dx+（da+

56、df）/2When use is made of amidship draughts, it is necessary to measure the draught on both sides of the ship and take the mean of the two readings in case the ship should be heeled to one side or the other.使用船舯吃水時(shí)，測量船舶兩側(cè)吃水，使用兩個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是必要的，以防船舶向一側(cè)或另一側(cè)傾斜。The difference between the forward and after draught

57、s of a ship is called the trim, so that trim T = da - df, and as previously stated the ship will be said to be trimming by the stern or the bow according as the draught aft or the draught forward is in excess. 船舶首尾吃水的不同稱為“縱傾”因而縱傾T= da-df，正如前面所說的那樣，船舶艉吃水或艏吃水過多時(shí)，將發(fā)生艏傾或艉傾。For a given total load on the

58、ship the draught will have its least value when the ship is on an even keel. 對(duì)于穩(wěn)定航行的船，在已知的總載荷作用下，船舶吃水將有一個(gè)最小值。This is an important point when a ship is navigating in restricted depth of water or when entering a dry dock. 這一點(diǎn)對(duì)于在限制水深的區(qū)域航 行的船或船舶進(jìn)入干船塢時(shí)很重要Usually a ship should be designed to float on an even keel in the fully loaded condition, and if this is not attainable a small trim by the stem is aimed at. 船舶的設(shè)計(jì)通常應(yīng)滿足在滿載荷作用下船能夠平浮的要求，如果船達(dá)不到這種狀況，那么就設(shè)計(jì)成小角度艉傾。Trim by the bow is not considered desirable and should be avoided as it reduces the height of platform forward and increases