自考英語二閱讀理解輔導_7

1、更多優(yōu)質(zhì)自考資料盡在百度貼吧自考樂園俱樂部()歡迎？加入 歡迎？交流 止不住的驚喜等著你 自考英語(二)閱讀理解輔導(7)Jet Lag: Preven ti on and CureThe problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveller comes across at some time. But do you have to suffer? Un dersta nd what it is, and how a careful diet can mini mize its worst effects, and your fligh

2、ts will be less stressful.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due to cha nges in the bodys physiological regulatory mecha ni sms, specifically the ho

3、rm onal systems, in a differe nt environment.Con fused? So was Joh n Foster Dulles, the America n Secretary of State, whe n he flew to Egypt to con duct n egotiati ons on the Aswa n Dam.He later blamed his poor judgeme nt on Jet Lag.The effects can be used to adva ntage, too. Preside nt Joh nson onc

4、e con ducted an importa nt meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged.Esse ntially, they had bee n in sta ntan eously tran sported to America.Now that we understand w

5、hat Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it. A great nu mber of the bodys events are scheduled to occur at a certa in time of day. Naturally these have to be regulated, and there are two regulatory systems which in teract.One timi ng system comes from the evide nce of our sen ses and stomach

6、s, and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone. The other belongs in our internal clocks (the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus) which, left alone, would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes, 25 - rhythm. Nor

7、mally the two timers are in step, and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.If, however, you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours differe nt, the two clocks will be out of step, like two alarm clocks which are no rmally set t

8、ogether, but which have bee n reset a few hours apart. Whereas the two clocks would n ormally sound their alarms together, now they ring at different times. Similarly, the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.In time the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time. O

9、ne easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating. A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat. Blood pressure, which is also rhythmical, takes four days to readjust.One reas on for this discrepa ncy is that differe nt bodily events are con trolled by d

10、iffere nt factors. The hormone cortisol, which controls salt and water excretion, is made in the morning, wherever the body is. But the growth horm one is released duri ng sleep, when ever in the day that sleep occurs. Normally these two horm ones are separated by seve n or eight hours, but if the b

11、ody arrives at a desti nati on in the early morning (local) and goes to sleep as soon as possible, the two horm ones will be released simulta neously.What can we do about it? It is not feasible to wait four days un til the body is used to the new time zone. Fortunately there is a short cut. It relie

12、s on two things - the power of the stomach to regulate the tim ing of other even ts, and the pharmacological actions of coffee.The basic assumpti ons are:Coffee delays the body clock in the morning, and advances it at night. Coffee at mid-after noon is n eutral.Protein in meals stimulates wakefu In

13、ess, while carbohydrates promote sleep.Putt ing food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock.時差綜合癥的預防和治療高速飛行時因時差而引起的生理節(jié)奏的推敲是每一個跨國旅行者有時會遇到的問題。但你必須得忍受嗎？如果你了解它是怎么回事，并且知道如何注意飲食才可以將其最壞影響減到最小程度，你的飛行 就不會那么緊張了?？焖俾眯袑ι眢w的影響實際上比我們所 意識到的更加令人不安。調(diào)整的習行因時差而引 起的生理節(jié)奏的 破壞不是必須重新調(diào)整去適合 不同時區(qū)的心理影響。它是由人體內(nèi)的生理調(diào)

14、節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是荷爾蒙系統(tǒng) 在不同環(huán)境的變化引起的。感到困惑了嗎？美國國務卿約翰 福 斯特杜勒斯 飛往埃及進 行關(guān)于阿斯旺大壩 的談判時也是這樣。后來，他把他的不理想的判 斷歸咎于時差反應的不良影響。時差的影響也可以加以利用。約翰遜總統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)在關(guān)島召開重要會議，其所有活動都按華 盛頓時間進行。白宮工作 人員個個精神煥發(fā)，而在這種情況下，當?shù)厝藚s受時差反應之苦。 實際上，好像他們剛剛被飛機送到美國一樣。既然我們懂得了什么是高速飛行時差 綜合癥。很自然，這些活動不得不加以調(diào)節(jié)，人體 現(xiàn)人有兩套相互影響的調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng)。一個定時系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)在我們的感覺和胃以及居住在一個 特定時區(qū)時，我們所經(jīng)歷的周期。 另一個定時

15、系統(tǒng)在我們的人體時鐘內(nèi)，這些人體時鐘在不受干擾時，會使人體有一個25小 時，是的25小時的生理節(jié)奏。一 般情況下，這兩種定時器是步調(diào)一致的。外部信號常常 調(diào) 節(jié)人體時鐘命使之達 到更為便利的24小時周期。然而，如果你將整個身體轉(zhuǎn)移到相差四個小時的時區(qū)，這兩個小時鐘就不協(xié)調(diào)了。就像 兩個鬧鐘通常一起設(shè)置，但被重新設(shè)置時相差了好幾個小時。雖然這兩個時鐘通常會一起鬧 時，但現(xiàn)在它們在不同時刻響起。類似的，當太陽升起時身體可能被設(shè)定為 晚上。經(jīng)過一段時間以后，生理系統(tǒng)將會重新調(diào)整過來。但這的確需要時間。一個容易監(jiān)測 的 節(jié)律是手掌出汗的節(jié)律。血壓也是有節(jié)律的，需要四天時間才能得到重新調(diào)整。形成這種差異

16、的百不同的身體活動由不同因素的支配。不管身在何處，控制鹽和水分排 泄的皮質(zhì)醇激素是早上產(chǎn)生的。但不論何時睡眠，生長激素是在睡眠中釋放 的。通常這兩種 激素相隔七、八個小時釋放，但如果人體在一大早到達目的地，并且盡快入睡，這兩種激素 將同時釋放。關(guān)于這點我們能做些什么呢？等待幾天直到身體適應新 的時區(qū)是不可取的。幸好，有一 條捷徑。它依靠兩點一一胃調(diào)節(jié)其他活動定時的能力和咖啡的藥物作用?；镜牡览硎牵嚎Х仍谠缟峡梢匝舆t人體時鐘，在晚間可以提早人體時鐘。咖啡在下午三點左右 是中性 的。食物中的蛋白質(zhì)使人不眠，而碳水化合物卻使人易于入睡?？崭钩允澄飵椭梭w時鐘準 時。Con trolli ng Yo

17、ur Concen trati onCONCENTRATION IS CENTERING YOUR ATTENTIONPsychologically defi ned, concen tratio n is the process of cen teri ng on es atte nti on over aperiod of time. In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the defi niti on may imply. For th

18、is reas on, it is helpful to keep the follow ing points in mind.Your atte nti on spa n variesEve n with the greatest effort, our spa n of atte nti on fluctuates.You can dem on strate for yourself this fluctuatio n of atte nti on. In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard.L

19、iste n carefully and no tice how the tick ing in creases in appare nt inten sity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and the n in creases aga in. This phe nomenon reveals how our spa n of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.You pay attention to one thi

20、ng at a timeEvidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time.It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once. But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of sho

21、rt duration and relatively infrequent.An illustration of periods of high, moderate, and low attention High attention has long periods of atte nding and short distract ion periods. In low atte nti on the periods of atte nding are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate attention there is

22、a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly un likely that the stude nt who has most of his atte nti on cen tered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.Lack of concen trati on is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty.When a stude nt

23、says I cant concen trate, what he is really say ing is, I cant atte nd to the task at hand because my distractors are too stron g.DISTRACTORS ARE OF TWO SORTS - PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICALA distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situati on distr

24、actors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in n ature. Both types of distractors must be un derstood before the stude nt can attempt to remedy his lack of concen trati on.Emoti ons are the most powerful distractors .The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it

25、 difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters. In the students life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the frien dli ness of a frien ds b

26、ehaviour and the pressures of limited finances - these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.Emoti onal react ion varies greatly from pers on to pers on. Some pers ons gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them. Others fall apart unde

27、r pressure, while a few people do well despite the pressure.Physical distractors are always prese nt and rarely un derstood.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on men tal tasks. One resea

28、rch report has show n that comprehe nsion and rete ntio n of readi ng were decreased whe n stude nts liste ned to lively music. However, rate of readi ng was not affected, so that many stude nts were not aware that they were affected by the backgro und distractor. Ano ther study found that the abili

29、ty to recall accurately was affected by distract ing con diti ons. Most of the evide nee in dicates that no ise affects adversely higher men tal task output. Still, the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by stude nts.ROUTING AND REASONING TASKS ARE AFFECTED DIFFERENTLY BYDISTRACT0RSTy

30、pically whe n stude nts are faced with the evide nee on distractors the argume nt is give n that their cousin, friend, or classmate can study in Grand Central Station. And he makes all As too! There is evidenee, of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distract

31、ors and that there are con siderable differe nces in in dividual spa ns of atte nti on. Either of these factors could acco unt for some in dividuals being able to do well using in efficie nt methods. The fact that some excepti onal people do well un der adverse con diti ons scarcely justifies your a

32、ssuming that you are exceptional in the same manner. Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hin der the typeical stude nt.控制你的注意力聚精會神就是集中你的注意力按心理學定義，專心是一段時間內(nèi)集中注意力的過程。然而，在實際應用中，成功地對 待專心這個問題并不 像定義中所說的那么簡單。正因為這樣，把以下幾點記在心里是有幫助 的。你的注意力范圍是變化的即使付出最大努力，我們注意力的范圍還是波動的。你可以自 己證明這種注意力的變化。在一個 安靜的房間里，把一塊表放在剛剛能聽到它聲音的地方， 仔細聽，注意到嘀嗒聲是如何明顯地提高強度，繼而，衰弱到聽不到，然后又提高了。這種 現(xiàn)象揭示了我們注意力范圍是如何波動的，因為嘀噠聲的強度實際上并無變化。你在同一時刻注意一件事情至今為止的資料表明，在同一時刻你只能注意到一個 念頭。 你的注意 力可能轉(zhuǎn)移得很快，似乎能立刻注意到幾個概念。但顯然這只是一個錯覺。在注意 力集中時，注意力的焦點轉(zhuǎn)移是在很短時間內(nèi)，而且比較而言是很少發(fā)生的。高度、適度