考研英語一歷年真題與答案解析(1980-2015)

1、2015年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語一試題Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a stu

2、dy published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .Whil

3、e 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in fr

4、iends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friend

5、s 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The fi

6、ndings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also

7、controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.Section II Reading Comprehension1. A when B why C how D what2. 2. A defended B concluded C withdrawn D advised3. 3. A for B with C on D by4. A compared B sought C separated D connected5. A tests B objects Csamples D examples6. A insignificant B unexp

8、ected unbelievable D incredible7. A visit B miss C seek D know8. A resemble B influence C favor D surpass9. A again B also C instead D thus10. A Meanwhile B Furthermore C Likewise D Perhaps11. A about B to Cfrom Dlike12. A drive B observe C confuse Dlimit13. A according to B rather than C regardless

9、 of D along with14. A chances Bresponses Cmissions Dbenefits15. A later Bslower C faster D earlier16. Aforecast Bremember understand Dexpress17. A unpredictable Bcontributory C controllable D disruptive18. A endeavor Bdecision Carrangement D tendency19. A political B religious C ethnic D economic20.

10、 A see B show C prove D tellPart ARead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)原標(biāo)題：2015年考研英語一真題答案(完整版)TEXT 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarr

11、assing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificen

12、t uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent trans

13、cendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, mo

14、st royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave toda

15、y-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic

16、 states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly di

17、fficult to maintain the right image.While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heele

18、d) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charle

19、s ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.21. According to the first two graphs, King Juan Carlos of SpainAeased his relationship with his rivals.Bused to enjoy high public support.Cwas unpopular among European royals.Dended his

20、reign in embarrassment.22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostlyAto give voters more public figures to look up to.Bto achieve a balance between tradition and reality.Cowing to their undoubted and respectable status.Ddue to their everlasting political embodiment.23. Which of the followi

21、ng is shown to be odd, according to graph 4?A The role of the nobility in modern democracies.B Aristocrats excessive reliance on inherited wealth.C The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.D The nobilitys adherence to their privileges.24. The British royals have most to fear because Charles

22、Atakes a tough line on political issues.Bfails to change his lifestyle as advised.Ctakes republicans as his potential allies.Dfails to adapt himself to his future role.25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?ACarlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedBCharles, Anxious to Succeed to the Thr

23、oneCCharles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsDCarlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs21. Dended his reign in embarrassment.22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.25. D Carlos, a lesson

24、for all MonarchiesTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain fr

25、om a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be reckless

26、ly modest if it followed Californias advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding Californias lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone

27、- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspects purse .The court has ruled that police dont violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring ones smartphone is more like entering his or

28、her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestees reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of cloud computing. meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow Californias argument

29、 whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitutions protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20t

30、h: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate toA search for suspects mobile phones with

31、out a warrant.B check suspects phone contents without being authorized.C prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The authors attitude toward Californias argument is one ofA tolerance.B indifference.C disapproval.D cautiousness.28. Th

32、e author believes that exploring ones phone content is comble toA getting into ones residence.B handing ones historical records.C scanning ones correspondences.D going through ones wallet.29. In graph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern thatA principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B the court

33、 is giving police less room for action.C phones are used to store sensitive information.D citizens privacy is not effective protected.30.Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

34、(C)Californias argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.26. Bcheck suspects phone contents without being authorized.27.Cdisapproval28 .A getting into ones residence29 . D citizens privacy is not effectively protected30 .B new technolo

35、gy requires reinterpretation of the constitutionText 3 The journal Science is adding an extra source at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today.The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the

36、Published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manut will be flagged up for additional sc

37、rutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatistics boardwas motivated by concerns

38、broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani , a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a mr of the SBoRE group, says he expects th

39、e board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of

40、 publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step forwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review , and this damages the quality of what they publish. I

41、 think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical

42、review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published researchi, according to David Vaux , a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, engagi

43、ng reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sciences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some me ritbut a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyin the first place.31. It can

44、 be learned from graph I thatA Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase flagged up (.2)is the closest in meaning

45、 toAfound.Brevised.CmarkedDstored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE mayApose a threat to all its peersBmeet with strong oppositionCincrease Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researche

46、rs worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis

47、Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science1.8 B journals are strengthening their statistical checks1.9 B marked33. D set an example for other journals34. C has room for further improvement35. A science joins Push to screen statistics in papersText4Two years ago. Ru

48、pert Murdochs daughter, spoke at the unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the mechanismin society should be profit and the market we the people who create the society we want, not profit.Driving her point home, she contin

49、uedIts increasingly absence of purpose , of a moral language with in government, could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom. This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies, such as International, she thought, making it more likely that it would fore had with w

50、idespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes-finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding the predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge-the wide dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are k

51、nown to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth

52、 of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the s

53、tories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In todays world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine

54、 has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, pro

55、portionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how

56、her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions-nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. Accordign to the first two graphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A) the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B) companies financial loss due to immoral practices(C) gov

57、ernmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D) the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from graph 3 that(A) Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B) more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C) Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.

58、(D) phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes that Rebekah Brookss defence(A) revealed a cunning personality.(B) centered on trivial issues.(C) was hardly convincing.(D) was part of a conspiracy.39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A) generally distorted values.