安全工程專業(yè)英語Unit1-9翻譯

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上安全工程專業(yè)英語Unit11. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that m

2、ight help individuals succeed in it.由于這些工作和職業(yè)的飛速變更，其變化之快使得學生們很難了解未來有什么樣的工作機會，更不知道為未來的具體職業(yè)生涯做出怎樣的準備，也就是說學生們很難知道掌握何種知識、具備何種能力才能成功適應未來的社會。2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and

3、rewarding field.這篇文章將提供較為深入的安全專業(yè)方面的具體信息，它應該能夠為安全專業(yè)的學生們在這個充滿挑戰(zhàn)也蘊含著發(fā)展機遇的職業(yè)中獲得良好的發(fā)展而提供幫助。3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War .盡管這些專業(yè)手段在20世紀已經(jīng)發(fā)展的較為成熟，也具有一定的廣泛適應性，但在美國，這些

4、都是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后才取得的突破性進展。4. This legislation was important because it stressed the control of workplace hazards. This, in turn, defined a clear area of practice for the previously loosely organized safety profession. Other legislation passed during the next twenty years has increased the scope of safety

5、 practice into areas of environmental protection, product safety, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways, process plants and buildings.這部法律很重要，因為它強調(diào)工作場所的危險控制，同時這部法律也為以前不成體系的安全業(yè)務劃定了工作范圍。此后20年中通過的一些立法，將安全業(yè)務的范圍擴大到了環(huán)境保護、產(chǎn)品安全、危險物料管理以及機動車輛、高速公路、加工廠和房屋的安全設計等方面。5. As a r

6、esult, the safety profession has respect from other established professions such as engineering, medicine and law(all of which had traditionally been involved in hazard control, but had no special training in it).因此安全專業(yè)受到了其他發(fā)展已經(jīng)較為成熟的工醫(yī)藥及法律這樣的專業(yè)的仰慕，這些專業(yè)的人們過去經(jīng)常涉及危險控制問題，但是很缺乏專業(yè)化的訓練。6. Safety profession

7、als apply principles drawn from such disciplines as engineering, education, psychology, physiology, enforcement, hygiene, health, physics, and management. They use appropriate methods and techniques of loss prevention and loss control. “Safety science” is a twenty-first century term for everything t

8、hat goes into the prevention of accidents, illnesses, fires, explosions and other events which harm people, property and the environment.安全專業(yè)人員綜合運用工程學、教育學、心理學、生理學、法律法規(guī)、衛(wèi)生、健康、物理、以及管理學等學科的基本原理，選擇適當?shù)姆椒ê图夹g進行損失預防和控制。作為21世紀術語，“安全科學”泛指對事故、疾病、火災、爆炸以及一切危及人們生命、財產(chǎn)和環(huán)境的事件的預防。7. Illness caused by exposing people

9、to harmful biological, physical and chemical agents produce great losses each year and accurate estimates of their impact are hard to make.暴露于有害生物、物理的或化學起因物所造成的疾病，其產(chǎn)生的損失則更是驚人，其負面影響已無法精確估算。8. Ergonomics helps people understand the performance limits of humans and helps them design tasks, machines, wo

10、rk stations and facilities which improve performance and safety.人機工程學有助于人們理解人類自身的局限性，從而致力設計能夠有效提高安全性和績效的作業(yè)任務、設備、設施、以及工作站。9. From the careful design and operation of nuclear power generating stations to the elimination of lead-based paints in homes, the efforts to reduce threats to public safety go o

11、n nonstop.從核電站的精心設計到家居無鉛材料，人們致力于降低對公眾威脅的努力從未停止。10. The application of safety science principles occurs in many places: in the workplace, in all modes of transportation, in laboratories, schools, and hospitals, at construction sites, on oil drilling rigs at sea, in underground mines, in the busiest c

12、ities, in the space program, on farms, and anywhere else where people may be exposed to hazards.安全科學原理在人們可能暴露危險的工作場所、交通場所、實驗室、學校、醫(yī)院、建筑工地、海上石油鉆井、地下開采、都市、太空探索、農(nóng)場等得到了廣泛的應用。11. To be called professionals, they must acquire the essential knowledge of safety science through education and experience so tha

13、t others can rely on their judgments and recommendations.之所以稱為專業(yè)人士，是因為他們必須通過教育和經(jīng)驗掌握基本的安全科學知識以使其他人可以信賴他們的判斷和建議。12. Regardless of the industry, safety professionals help to achieve safety in the workplace by identifying and analyzing hazards which potentially create injury and illness problems, develo

14、ping and applying hazard controls, communicating safety and health information, measuring the effectiveness of controls, and performing follow-up evaluations to measure continuing improvement in progress.在各行各業(yè)，安全專業(yè)人員通過識別和分析可能導致傷害和疾病的危險、提出并實施危險控制方案、交流安全健康信息、測量控制方案實施有效性、評估持續(xù)改進項目等一系列工作以保障工作場所的安全。13. Em

15、ergency Response: organizing, training and coordinating skilled employees with regard to auditory and visual communications pertaining to emergencies such as fires, accidents or other disasters.應急響應：組織、培訓和協(xié)調(diào)受訓員工應對火災、事故或其他災害等突發(fā)事件的聽覺和視覺交流。14. Management Safety Programs: planning, organizing, budgeting

16、, and tracking completion and effectiveness of activities intended to achieve safety objectives in an organization or to implement administrative or technical controls that will eliminate or reduce hazards.安全管理方案：規(guī)劃、組織、預算、跟蹤項目的完成情況與有效性，以實現(xiàn)組織的安全目標或通過管理或技術手段消除或減少危險。15. The satisfaction of knowing that

17、 people have been protected because harmful accidents and other incidents have been prevented is just one of the many rewards associated with “what safety professionals do”.當認識到人們因為已經(jīng)預防了事故或事件而使他們得到保護時，這種滿足是所謂的“安全專業(yè)人士”得到的諸多獎勵之一。Unit21. Safety and health professionals who work in industrial settings c

18、oncentrate primarily on ensuring compliance with, at the very least, the minimum safety and health standard promulgated under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as enforced by Occupational Safety and Health Administration(OSHA).在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，安全和健康專業(yè)人士主要工作集中于在確保生產(chǎn)至少符合基于1970職業(yè)安全與健康法案發(fā)布的各項安全與健康標準

19、，這些標準由職業(yè)安全及健康管理局強制執(zhí)行。2. Although numerous areas are addressed and a minimum level of worker protection is ensured by implementation of these many standards, it is important to note that the major driving factor for worker safety is contained not in the Code of Federal Regulations but in Section 5 of

20、 the Occupational Safety and Health Act itself.雖然眾多的領域都強調(diào)并且通過執(zhí)行這些標準以確保保護工人最低的安全水平，但值得注意的是：真正推動工人安全的主要驅(qū)動因素在于職業(yè)安全與健康法案的第五部分而不是在于聯(lián)邦法規(guī)條例中所包含的內(nèi)容。3. This factor, better known as the General Duty Clause, Section 5(a) (1), simply states that: Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment a

21、nd a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees, and shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this act.這一因素，即職業(yè)安全與健康法案第5(a) (1)部分一般責任條款，簡明地闡述如下：每個雇主必須為其雇員提供安全健康

22、的就業(yè)和工作環(huán)境，使他們免于那些導致或可能造成員工死亡或嚴重身體傷害的可辨識的危險，并必須遵守基于本法案頒布的職業(yè)安全和健康標準。4. In fact, the General Duty Clause has been the precursor for many of the regulations that have followed since 1970 and continues to ensure worker safety in the absence of a specific standard for a specific occupational situation.事實上，

23、一般責任條款已經(jīng)被1970年以來許多法規(guī)采納而成為母法，它同樣在因缺少特定標準的特定職業(yè)情況下確保工人的安全。5. Less clear, but equally important to worker safety, is that the methods and techniques associated with the system safety effort are an excellent means of assuring that the intent of the General Duty Clause is met at the earliest possible time

24、 in the project or program development process.對于工人安全同樣重要，但表達不太清楚的地方在于有關系統(tǒng)安全的方法和技術是項目早期階段或研發(fā)過程方案中確保符合一般責任條款的極好的手段。6. However, as noted earlier, most standard and regulations reflect minimum requirements for safe operations and do not place any additional responsibilities on employers to be safer tha

25、n what is required by these standards.然而，如前所述，大多數(shù)標準和法規(guī)反映了安全操作的最低要求，他們并沒有提出比這些標準的要求更能確保安全的有關雇主責任的內(nèi)容。7. It is well known within the occupational safety arena that, in order to ensure continued safety in a given situation, it is often necessary to exceed the minimum requirements established by law.在職業(yè)安

26、全領域，眾所周知的是：為了確保在給定的條件下持續(xù)保持安全的狀況，超過法律規(guī)定的最低要求通常是必要的。8. Even though a majority of industrial accidents or incidents have historically been attributed to the unsafe acts or the unsafe conduct of workers, the importance of unsafe physical conditions and equipment can should not be minimized in any discus

27、sion concerning accident risk potential.雖然大多數(shù)工業(yè)事故或事件在歷史上被歸因于工人的不安全行為或不安全地執(zhí)行，但是不應該在所關于事故潛在風險的討論中將物的不安全狀態(tài)最小化。9. Injuries and/or property damage caused by mechanical hazards generally have a high potential severity, since they often result in a permanent total disability (e.g., loss of motion or use of

28、 a body member, amputations, loss of sight, damages to hearing) and/or loss to essential equipment or facilities.機械性危險造成的傷害和/或財產(chǎn)損失一般具有較高的潛在嚴重性，因為他們往往會導致永久性的部分或全部失能（例如，喪失運動或身體某部位失能，截肢，失明，聽力損害）和/或基礎設備或設施的巨大破壞或損壞。10. Furthermore, many of the so-called unsafe acts that cause such injuries or damage may

29、not result in an accident if the potential for risk is properly assessed well in advanced and safer physical conditions are implemented to control the hazards associated with the level of ascertained risk.此外，如果能夠事先對潛在風險進行恰當?shù)脑u價，并且控制與該風險水平相關的危險以提供一個較為安全的物理條件，那么，所謂的導致傷害的或損害的不安全行動就不會導致事故。11. Therefore ,

30、accurate evaluation of applicable occupational and environmental standards and regulations, as well as an analysis of specific worker tasks, are absolutely essential in determining appropriate levels of protection.因此，如果能夠事先對潛在風險進行恰當?shù)脑u價，并且控制與風險水平相關的危險以提供一個較為安全的物理條件，那么，所謂的導致傷害或損害的不安全行動就不會導致事故。12. Sinc

31、e the goals and objectives of both the industrial safety and system safety disciplines tend to serve each others best interests, it would not be prudent management practice to ignore the integration of the system safety program with the industrial safety effort.因為行為安全和系統(tǒng)安全兩者的目標都旨在為對方提供最大利益，所以忽視系統(tǒng)安全方

32、案和工業(yè)安全方面的整合都是不嚴謹?shù)墓芾碜龇ā?3. Therefore, in order to fully comprehend the relationship between system safety and industrial safety, one must also understand how system safety can be successfully utilized in the analysis of the human factors element of task performance.因此，為了充分理解系統(tǒng)安全和行業(yè)安全的關系，還必須了解系統(tǒng)的安全是如何

33、成功的運用于任務績效中的人因分析14. If this basic concept of human-system interface is not properly considered in the design phase, then all the safety incentives and motivational programs that money can buy will not encourage an individual to operate poorly designed equipment at a designated level of effectiveness

34、.如果在設計階段沒有正確的考慮人與系統(tǒng)交互的基本概念，則所有的安全動機以及金錢可以購買的激勵方案都不能鼓勵個體員工在指定有效性要求下操作一臺設計糟糕的設備。15. Also, if personnel are trained to operate inadequately designed equipment under normal operating conditions, they will typically revert to very ineffective operations under emergency or other stress-include conditions.

35、此外，如果員工平時在正常操作下操作設計不當?shù)脑O備，那么在緊急情況或其他應激性條件下，他們所表現(xiàn)的就是進行非常無效的操作。Unit31. The hazard analysis will also assist the engineer in further assessing which hazards are important and which are not and therefore do not need further study.危險分析也將有助于工程師進一步評估哪些危險是重要的，哪些危險不重要從而不必要進一步研究。2. With this information, the a

36、ssociated risks are then ranked and engineering management is better able to determine which risks are worth controlling and which risks require less attention.依據(jù)這個信息對相關的風險分級，在工程管理上能夠更好的確定哪些風險是值得控制的，哪些風險是可以較少地關注。3. Some example engineering controls include: adding a relief value to a 2000-psi oxygen

37、 system; building a berm around an oil storage tank; using only hermetically sealed switches in an explosive environment; or putting in hard stops in rotating machinery to prevent overtorquing.工程控制包括這樣一個例子：給2000-psi的氧氣系統(tǒng)增加一個安全閥、在儲油槽周圍建一個護堤、在爆炸性環(huán)境只采用密封開關或在旋轉(zhuǎn)機械設置強行停止開關以防止扭矩過大。4. Developing and impleme

38、nting a plant safety plan is a good method of applying management controls to hazards.制定和實施工廠安全計劃是應用風險管理控制的一種方法。5. Once controls are in place , a method needs to be used to verify that the controls actually control the hazards or mitigate the risks to an acceptable level.一旦控制到位，需要使用方法驗證那些控制真正的控制了危險或

39、將風險減小到可以接受的水平。6. After the system has been studied and hazards identified , then analyzed and evaluated with controls in place , management must make the formal decisions of which risks they are willing to take and which ones they will not take.經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)研究和危險識別，然后對已采用的控制措施進行了分析和評價，管理者必須做出正式的決定 ，哪些風險他們能夠接

40、受，哪些風險 他們不可以接受。7. This means that the engineering and management organizations periodically review the safety program , engineering processes , management organizations, and product field use.這意味著，工程管理機構定期審查安全方案，工程流程，管理組織和產(chǎn)品的現(xiàn)場使用情況。8. The American automobile industry has lost billions of dollars in

41、automobile recalls due to safety problems , some of which possibly could have been avoided by periodic review of product use.美國汽車業(yè)由于安全問題在汽車召回中已經(jīng)花費了數(shù)十億美元，其中一些問題可以通過定期審查產(chǎn)品的使用情況來避免。Unit41） Note that all methods are abstractions-they simplify the thin being modeled by abstracting away what are assumed t

42、o be irrelevant details and focusing on the feature of the phenomenon that are assumed to be the most relevant需要指出的是所有模型都是抽象的，他們是通過抽調(diào)假定不相關的細節(jié)，關注假定最相關現(xiàn)象的特征從而簡化了被建的模型2） That selection process in most cases is arbitrary and depend entirely on the choice of modeler ,but it is critical in determining the

43、 usefulness and accuracy of the model in predicting future events 因為選擇過程大多數(shù)情況下是任意的，完全取決與建模者的抉擇，但他在確定該模型預測未來事件的有效性和準確性方面是至關重要的。3） Because the accident model influence what cause(s) is ascribed to an accident, the countermeasures taken to prevent future accidents ,and the evaluation of the risk in ope

44、rating a system ,the power and features of the model will greatly affect our ability to identify and control hazards and thus prevent accidents 因為事故模型影響著導致事故的原因、預防未來事故所采取的措施以及操作系統(tǒng)中的風險評價，所以，該模型的威力和特點建大大大影響我們辨識和控制危險，從而阻止事故發(fā)生的能力。4. At the same time that the development of new technology has sprinted fo

45、rward ,the time to market for new products has significantly decreased and strong pressure exist to decrease this time even further.與此同時，隨著新技術的迅猛發(fā)展，新產(chǎn)品的上市時間已大大縮短，但強大的壓力還要求將這一時間再進一步縮短。5. Many of the approaches to prevent accidents that worked on electromechanical component failuresuch as replication

46、of components to protect against individual component failureare ineffective in controlling accidents that arise from the use of digital systems and software.許多針對機電源件防止事故發(fā)生的方法，如果用備用元件以防止個別部件失效，在控制由數(shù)字系統(tǒng)和軟件而引發(fā)的事故時是無效的。6. Overconfidence in redundancy and misunderstanding of the “failure” modes of softw

47、areimplemented functions has played an important role in recent aerospace accidents, such as the loss of the Arianne 5 on its first flight.對冗余的過度自信和對軟件工具功能失效模式的誤解在近年的航空事故中占據(jù)重要作用，例如阿麗那5首發(fā)的失敗7. The most common accident models are based on an underlying assumption that accidents are the result of an un

48、controlled and undesired release of energy or interference in the normal flow of energy.最常見的事故模型是基于一個基本假設，即事故是能量失控和意外釋放或能量在正常流通渠道受到干涉的結果。8. Software is an important factor here-it has allowed us to implement more integrated, multi-loop control in systems containing large numbers of dynamically inter

49、acting components where tight coupling allows disruptions or dysfunctional interacting in one part of the system to have far-ranging ripping effects.對于含有大量動態(tài)交互組件的系統(tǒng)，其組建的機密耦合度使得系統(tǒng)中某部分的瓦解或作用功能紊亂波及到系統(tǒng)范圍而產(chǎn)生影響，軟件在這里是一個重要因素，他是我們能夠?qū)ο到y(tǒng)實施更加綜合、多回路的控制。9. Our new scientific and technological discoveries have no

50、t only created new or increased hazards (such as radiation exposure and chemical pollution) but have provided the means to harm increasing numbers of people as the scale of our systems increases and to impact future generations through environmental pollution and genetic damage.我們新的科學技術發(fā)現(xiàn)，不僅新增了危險（如暴

51、露在輻射和化學污染中），而且提供了隨著系統(tǒng)規(guī)模的增大而使更多人受到傷害、因環(huán)境污染或基因毀壞而對未來后代有所影響的機會。10. Individuals no longer have the ability to control the risks around them and are demanding that government assume greater responsibility for controlling behavior through laws and various forms of oversight and regulation.個人不在有控制他們周圍風險的能力

52、，他們要求政府通過法律和各種形式的監(jiān)督、規(guī)章來承擔更多控制行為的責任。11. The alternative is individuals and groups turning to the courts for protection, which could have much worse potential effects, such as unnecessary stifling innovation through fear of law suits.個人和群體轉(zhuǎn)向法院獲取保護是個替代的辦法，但這可能會帶來更加嚴重的潛在影響，如因害怕向法院提出訴訟而形成的不必要的、令人窒息的變革。Un

53、it51.In such a case，it is beneficial if the person responsible for the organizing the safety activities knows how to utilize external services provided ,for example, by example ,by the insurance companies or safety authorities.鑒于這種情況，如果負責組織安全活動得的人員知道如何利用保險公司活安全機構等外部服務機構是有益的。2） By monitoring the acti

54、vities and performance, top management can follow how the predetermined criteria have been realized, and set the new goals.通過檢測安全活動和績效，高層管理跟蹤既定的標準時如何得以實現(xiàn)的并設定新的目標3） For motivating the supervisor to continuously work for better safety results, the line manager should build an incentive system.為了激勵班組長能

55、維持在工作中保持良好的安全績效，生產(chǎn)線管理者應該建立激勵制度4） Leadership is a characteristic that is usually seem as essential in a supervisors work 領導力是班組長在工作中常見的必須品質(zhì)5） The three major factors that influence any design process are time constraints ,technical feasibility considerations ,and financial and considerations 制約設計流程的只

56、要因素在于時間的限制、技術可行性的考慮以及財政經(jīng)濟因素的考慮6） An alternate concurrent engineering approach lets the designer conduct safety and reliability analyses as parallel activities, and they can accompany the design throughout the design progression.有一種可選擇的同步方法就是讓設計者同時執(zhí)行安全和可靠分析，這中并行的方法應該貫穿整個設計過程。7） The idea of participat

57、ory design is based on earlier, mainly Japanese, production development methods like production cells ,teamwork ,just-in-time ,Kanab ,and quality-circles 鼓勵參與設計的想法基于日本早期的產(chǎn)品研發(fā)理念，如在生產(chǎn)單元，團隊協(xié)作、及時化生產(chǎn)、看板管理以及品質(zhì)圈活動等。8） In Finland, the OSH personnel work includes the identification and evaluation of work-rel

58、ated health hazard using methods like observations ,interviews ,and industrial hygiene measurements 在芬蘭，職業(yè)健康安全工作人員的工作包括利用觀察、訪談以及工業(yè)衛(wèi)生測定的方法辨識和評價與工作相關的健康危險源。Unit 61. Surveillance of the rates and risks of occupational injures are largely dependent on case records derived from workers compensation and insurance claims and national OHS incident report collections.對職業(yè)傷害率及其風險的監(jiān)督很大程度上依靠工人賠償和保險索賠的案例記錄以及所收集的國家職業(yè)健康安全事故報告。2. The fitting of defective components, unauthorized modifications of structures, and other readily identifiable structural/design