鋼結(jié)構(gòu)方向的畢設(shè)外文翻譯正文(學(xué)士學(xué)位

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文葡萄牙的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展帕特里克道林的影響安東尼雷薩諾·加西亞萊曼摘要：本文基于大學(xué)教研和葡萄牙協(xié)會(huì)對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的創(chuàng)造，主要講述了帕特里克道林教授對(duì)作者職業(yè)生涯和葡萄牙鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的影響。關(guān)鍵詞：葡萄牙；鋼；結(jié)構(gòu)；研究1.導(dǎo)言截至鋼筋混凝土的出現(xiàn)和第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的到來(lái)，在鋼鐵的應(yīng)用方面葡萄牙緊隨歐洲大多數(shù)國(guó)家的腳步。此后，鑄造廠雖然存在，但是為了保護(hù)葡萄牙和其殖民地的正在發(fā)展中的水泥業(yè)，葡萄牙在進(jìn)口結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)品方面收取很高的稅收。第一鋼鐵廠坐落在賽沙爾，建于1961年，橫跨了起源與里斯本的河流并從安哥拉獲取鐵礦石和煤炭，但是這項(xiàng)大的投資并沒(méi)

2、有制止結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的使用下降，然而由于這家工廠主要生產(chǎn)工業(yè)建筑用鋼以及軋制小型材，結(jié)構(gòu)鋼的使用下降幾乎限制了建筑行業(yè)的發(fā)展。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范反映了這一衰退，而且直至的19世紀(jì)80年代葡萄牙一直使用著過(guò)時(shí)的規(guī)范。確切的說(shuō)，大學(xué)中對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)研究和教學(xué)的缺失是導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)鋼使用量下降的原因之一，而結(jié)構(gòu)鋼使用量下降加劇了這一惡性循環(huán)。在混凝土行業(yè)情況大為不同，在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域，葡萄牙的土木工程國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室(LNEC)是世界領(lǐng)先機(jī)構(gòu)，而且葡萄牙市行政首長(zhǎng)協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)和編寫(xiě)混凝土規(guī)范的積極參與者。葡萄牙地處地震風(fēng)險(xiǎn)區(qū)，國(guó)家實(shí)驗(yàn)室在混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)抗震性方面做的研究和先進(jìn)規(guī)范的適用性都給予混凝土行業(yè)以信心和優(yōu)勢(shì)。因此所有土木工程課程都把重點(diǎn)放在

3、了混凝土的教學(xué)上，而忽略了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的教學(xué)。在1974年民主革命的幾年前，土木工程行業(yè)發(fā)生了一次深刻的教育系統(tǒng)的變革。一個(gè)培養(yǎng)新型研究人員的大型機(jī)構(gòu)成立了，這一機(jī)構(gòu)專(zhuān)門(mén)培養(yǎng)沒(méi)有被各大學(xué)和公共實(shí)驗(yàn)室涵蓋的研究人員并提供出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的資金。里斯本技術(shù)大學(xué)工程學(xué)院是一高級(jí)技術(shù)研究所（IST），它是最早受益于這一大型機(jī)構(gòu)的機(jī)構(gòu)之一，并且鋼結(jié)構(gòu)被明智地確定為土木工程學(xué)院新型職工培訓(xùn)的主要要求。由于正在進(jìn)行的殖民戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，我在剛剛服完長(zhǎng)期的兵役之后，獲得了一筆助學(xué)金是我可以在皇家學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)課程。我在大學(xué)期間接受的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)方面的培訓(xùn)是很充分的，但是正是由于幾何非線性和材料非線性與混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)系不大，大學(xué)的

4、教學(xué)在這兩方面是不足的。鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性深深吸引著我，我希望可以在倫敦進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的的學(xué)習(xí)取得更高的學(xué)位，但是祖國(guó)大學(xué)的變革需要我回國(guó)。我回去了，還錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)為我有能力在里斯本建立博士點(diǎn)。然而，對(duì)于葡萄牙年輕的一代來(lái)說(shuō)，1975年是振奮人心的一年并不適合啟動(dòng)一項(xiàng)研究項(xiàng)目，1976年初，我申請(qǐng)回到皇家學(xué)院并繼續(xù)享受被中斷了的助學(xué)金。那是我確定我想在帕特里克道林的監(jiān)督下學(xué)習(xí)，他是我在碩士課程學(xué)習(xí)中給我印象最深刻的講師。在處理鋼結(jié)構(gòu)最新問(wèn)題方面，他非常積極主動(dòng)，而且他是一位天生的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，他吸引了許多來(lái)自不同國(guó)家的年輕研究者組成小組，我也非常想加入。隨著新的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則的發(fā)展和集中控制系統(tǒng)的刺激，結(jié)構(gòu)鋼研究中心

5、網(wǎng)絡(luò)為基礎(chǔ)，這是歐洲鋼結(jié)構(gòu)研究的黃金時(shí)期，帕特里克隊(duì)的表現(xiàn)很突出。加筋板和箱梁的非線性是當(dāng)時(shí)的研究主題，在他的監(jiān)督下研究人員利用幾個(gè)大型模型進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)分析。他不僅收我做他研究方面的學(xué)生，而且一直通過(guò)給我提供這些項(xiàng)目方面的工作而支持著我繼續(xù)留在皇家大學(xué)直到我的助學(xué)金繼續(xù)發(fā)放為止。因此我的論文題目很自然地被確定下來(lái)，在接下來(lái)的三年中，我研究了剪力滯后對(duì)寬翼緣箱梁屈曲的影響。我們的學(xué)生上司關(guān)系逐漸發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)變成持久的友誼關(guān)系，我與他探討論文，也與他討論會(huì)葡萄牙后的項(xiàng)目問(wèn)題。在做有些項(xiàng)目時(shí)，我會(huì)尋求他的幫助和建議，他也因此影響了葡萄牙鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展。帕特里克道林對(duì)新課題和挑戰(zhàn)有超越常人的興趣，而且他對(duì)從行業(yè)中

6、發(fā)現(xiàn)需要研究和建議的新問(wèn)題非常有耐心，這兩點(diǎn)一直影響著我在職業(yè)生涯中的做事方式。為了保持聯(lián)系，他發(fā)出的加入由他創(chuàng)建的日刊的編委會(huì)并以成員身份參加由他主持的歐洲規(guī)范編寫(xiě)小組的邀請(qǐng)是很有意義的。后來(lái)，他又指導(dǎo)過(guò)杰奧本托。杰奧本托是他的一個(gè)密切合作者，在發(fā)表了一篇復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)碩士論文后，杰和帕特里克道林一起進(jìn)入皇家學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)。杰奧本托在專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室工作，這也加強(qiáng)了帕特里克道林與高級(jí)技術(shù)研究所（IST）的聯(lián)系。2.教學(xué)與研究1979年我剛剛回到高級(jí)技術(shù)研究所（IST）的時(shí)候，在本科教學(xué)中教授鋼結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)我沒(méi)有馬上意識(shí)到的目標(biāo)：安排鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)課程直到1989年才被推出。起初是作為選修課，到1996年以

7、后才成為結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)生的必修課程。然而，建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的碩士課程由高級(jí)技術(shù)研究所（IST）創(chuàng)建于1981年，是教育和培養(yǎng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程師的一個(gè)途徑。像結(jié)構(gòu)的非線性、穩(wěn)定性、鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的性能和工藝以及復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)（遵循集中控制手冊(cè)）等這些先進(jìn)的課題是包含在學(xué)校課程內(nèi)的。同時(shí)為更新設(shè)計(jì)人員的研究生課程也成功引進(jìn)了。但是因?yàn)殇摰氖褂迷谄咸蜒兰磳U(kuò)大，深入在鋼結(jié)構(gòu)抗震性能和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)方面的研究是非常有必要的，論述這些問(wèn)題的碩士論文和博士論文都受到了重視。在地震研究方面與米蘭理工大學(xué)的合作成立了。漸漸地，“鋼鐵共同體”在葡萄牙及其國(guó)外發(fā)展成長(zhǎng)起來(lái)。3.cmm鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的葡萄牙協(xié)會(huì)首次嘗試建立一個(gè)屬于歐洲鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會(huì)的葡萄牙協(xié)

8、會(huì)可以追溯到1981年，帕特里克道林提出了建議并給予了幫助。他來(lái)到里斯本做演講，他談到新的碩士課程以及成為歐洲鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會(huì)成員的優(yōu)勢(shì)，并且只有這樣才能跟上當(dāng)前新規(guī)范的發(fā)展。更多的相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)想加入這個(gè)協(xié)會(huì)但是都失敗了，竟然是由于國(guó)家鋼鐵公司提出的寶留意見(jiàn)。另一次不成功的嘗試是在1992年，直到1997年我們才成功創(chuàng)立了名為cmm的機(jī)構(gòu)。計(jì)劃把它在這一項(xiàng)目的國(guó)家會(huì)議的閉幕式上推出，這次會(huì)議是在這個(gè)年輕的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)教授的幫助下在波爾圖舉辦的。我曾有幸邀請(qǐng)到帕特里克道林做演講嘉賓并見(jiàn)證了我早期項(xiàng)目之一的完成。在2005年4月之前，我一直主持該協(xié)會(huì)。在這些年里，cmm已經(jīng)發(fā)展到240個(gè)成員 ， 包括主要的制造商

9、、施工員、設(shè)計(jì)員和對(duì)推廣鋼結(jié)構(gòu)感興趣的研究人員。正如以往所期盼的，它是歐洲鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會(huì)的成員并且每?jī)赡昱e辦一次該領(lǐng)域內(nèi)最重要的國(guó)家級(jí)會(huì)議。2002年在科英布拉舉行的第三屆歐洲鋼鐵會(huì)議也是由cmm主辦的。cmm的另一個(gè)目標(biāo)是在葡萄牙的主要土木工程機(jī)構(gòu)建立鋼鐵研究集團(tuán)。這個(gè)目標(biāo)已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)，并且在里斯本州大學(xué)、科英布拉大學(xué)、阿威羅大學(xué)、貝拉內(nèi)政部大學(xué)、布拉干薩大學(xué)和波爾圖大學(xué)都在本科和碩士的課程中加入了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)課程，該協(xié)會(huì)還資助最好的學(xué)生鋼結(jié)構(gòu)項(xiàng)目。cmm的新主席路易斯蒙斯羅席爾瓦是科英布拉土木工程系教授，他是歐洲最杰出的年輕鋼鐵專(zhuān)家之一，而且是畢業(yè)于英國(guó)皇家理工學(xué)院的博士。在他的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下尤其是在大學(xué)教育的

10、支持下，我相信cmm將會(huì)進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的上升階段。事實(shí)上，在cmm的支持下，我們共同提出了一個(gè)新的碩士學(xué)位的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的課程。它從2005年由高級(jí)技術(shù)研究所（IST）和科英布拉聯(lián)合舉辦。它旨在很快成為一門(mén)歐洲重要的課程。早在19世紀(jì)80年代葡萄牙的鋼材僅用于不重要的建筑中，發(fā)展到今天，它被用于一些高層建筑和橋梁（鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)）中。我自豪地認(rèn)為，cmm及其對(duì)新設(shè)計(jì)人員的培養(yǎng)極大的促進(jìn)了這一增長(zhǎng)，但是其他歐洲國(guó)家的原材料價(jià)格調(diào)整及公眾對(duì)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)質(zhì)量的意見(jiàn)與此也是很相關(guān)的。事實(shí)上，在過(guò)去的10年中發(fā)生了一些需要用鋼結(jié)構(gòu)方案解決問(wèn)題的大事件，例如里斯本國(guó)際展覽（EXPO98）和2004年的歐洲運(yùn)動(dòng)

11、會(huì)，其中，里斯本國(guó)際展覽（EXPO98）的休息亭和特殊結(jié)構(gòu)體現(xiàn)了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的美感，2004年的歐洲運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)有10個(gè)大型足球館使用了有趣的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)屋蓋來(lái)建造或改造。因此葡萄牙公眾看到了鋼結(jié)構(gòu)成功的例子并且變得很喜歡這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式。4. 未來(lái)的發(fā)展碩士學(xué)位的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)課程是受到cmm在科英布拉和高級(jí)技術(shù)研究所（IST）支持的，這些課程的增設(shè)反映了大學(xué)教育系統(tǒng)在這些方面的鞏固加強(qiáng)，使鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)處于相同的地位。它構(gòu)成了由我和帕特里克道林在皇家學(xué)院共同發(fā)起的最后的途徑。按照設(shè)想，它很快將成為歐洲的頭號(hào)事件。交流設(shè)計(jì)方案信息和教材方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)會(huì)非常有益于鋼材創(chuàng)新和使用方面的發(fā)展，cmm將會(huì)盡其最大努力使

12、這在葡萄牙和其它有該項(xiàng)目的歐洲國(guó)家中成為行業(yè)、設(shè)計(jì)單位及高校間合作的新機(jī)會(huì)：發(fā)揮鋼結(jié)構(gòu)協(xié)會(huì)的新作用。通過(guò)參考可以被所有設(shè)計(jì)者尤其是那些歐洲規(guī)范時(shí)代以前訓(xùn)練有素的設(shè)計(jì)者可以理解的復(fù)雜的新規(guī)范，設(shè)計(jì)方法和教材方面的著作要求有所創(chuàng)新，而帕特里克道林和ESDEP項(xiàng)目是先鋒者。cmm給予了這一活動(dòng)以最大的關(guān)注，我被邀請(qǐng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)它的新編輯隊(duì)伍，我也期待著這一挑戰(zhàn)，作為一名在有土木工程和建筑學(xué)學(xué)位授予權(quán)的學(xué)院工作的教授，我已經(jīng)可以遵循著年輕的建筑師在大跨度結(jié)構(gòu)及計(jì)算機(jī)圖形方面的興趣，這些計(jì)算機(jī)圖形并不能轉(zhuǎn)變成傳統(tǒng)的平面圖和立面圖，也不能使工程師一眼就看明白。鋼、鑄鐵或計(jì)算機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)和制造的圖形也應(yīng)探討遵循這些趨勢(shì)。

13、盡管這帶來(lái)的困難遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不只用規(guī)范設(shè)計(jì)線性構(gòu)件，但是未來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)依然由比爾邦效應(yīng)引領(lǐng)。另一方面，如果最近的鋼材價(jià)格上漲并不代表一個(gè)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的挫折，那么葡萄牙鋼結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展的可持續(xù)性需要在傳統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域做持續(xù)不斷的研究：穩(wěn)定性、連接、防火性尤其是抗震性設(shè)計(jì)，在這一領(lǐng)域相關(guān)工作也正在進(jìn)行并得到了國(guó)際性的廣泛關(guān)注。致謝：因?yàn)橛信撂乩锟说懒纸淌诘膸椭?，研討?huì)給予了我這次機(jī)會(huì)，使我得以及時(shí)回國(guó)并成為我學(xué)術(shù)生涯的開(kāi)端，也促進(jìn)了葡萄牙鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展在這其中他有決定性的影響。僅以此文表達(dá)我對(duì)這位教授的敬意。參考文獻(xiàn)：1 安東尼雷薩諾加西亞萊曼.剪切滯后對(duì)寬翼緣梁屈曲的影響，【學(xué)位論文】.倫敦大學(xué).19792 杰奧本托.鋼結(jié)構(gòu)只

14、能CAD：認(rèn)知法，【學(xué)士論文】.倫敦大學(xué).1992附件2：外文原文The development of steel structures in Portugal the influence of Patrick DowlingAntónio Ressano Garcia Lamas AbstractThe paper describes the influence of Professor Patrick Dowling in the authors career and in the development of steel structures in Portugal

15、based on university research and teaching and the creation of the Portuguese Association for Steel and Composite Construction.Keywords: Portugal; Steel; Structures; Research1.IntroductionUp to the advent of reinforced concrete and the First World War, Portugal followed the majority of European count

16、ries in the use of iron and steel. After that, foundries existed but the structural products were imported with high taxation to protect a developing cement industry in Portugal and the Colonies.The first steel mill was built in 1961 in Seixal, across the river from Lisbon, fed by iron ores and coal

17、 from Angola. However, this big investment did not halt the decline in the use of structural steel which became almost limited to industrial buildings since the main production of this plant was reinforcing bars and only small profiles were rolled.The state of the norms for steel structures reflecte

18、d this decline and Portugal lived with an outdated code until the 1980s. More precisely, a vicious circle of reasons contributed towards a reduction in the use of structural steel, amongst which was the lack of research and teaching on the subject at universities.The situation was very different in

19、the field of concrete, where the National Laboratory for Civil Engineering (LNEC) was one of the worlds leading institutions and Portugal was an active participant in the CEB and in the writing of the concrete Model Codes. Portugal being located in an earthquake risk zone, the research developed at

20、LNEC on the seismic behaviour of concrete structures and the availability of advanced regulations gave confidence and dominance to concrete. As a consequence all Civil Engineering courses involved extensive teaching of concrete subjects and none in steel or composite structures.A few years before th

21、e 1974 democratic revolution a profound reform of the higher education system took place, namely in Civil Engineering. A large programme of training new researchers in fields not sufficiently covered by universities or public laboratories was set up, offering grants to study abroad. Instituto Superi

22、or Técnico (IST)the Faculty of Engineering of the Technical University of Lisbonwas one of the first institutions to profit from this programme, and steel structures were wisely chosen at the Department of Civil Engineering as a topic requiring the training of new lecturers.Having just finished

23、 a long compulsory military service, due to the ongoing colonial war, I was awarded a grant to follow the M.Sc. course in Steel Structures at Imperial College. My university structural training had been thorough but insufficient in geometric and material non-linearities, precisely because they were

24、less relevant for concrete structures. I remember how these complexities of steel appealed to me and I became interested in pursuing a further degree in London, but the changes at the university required my return. I went back wrongly believing that I would be able to start a Ph.D. in Lisbon. Howeve

25、r, 1975 was a time as exciting for the young Portuguese generation as unsuitable for starting a research project and, at the beginning of 1976, I applied to return to Imperial College and to take advantage of the interrupted grant.By then I was sure that I wanted to study under the supervision of Pa

26、trick Dowling, the lecturer who had most impressed me during the M.Sc. course. He was dynamic, concerned with tackling the more recent structural problems in steel and a natural leader who had attracted a team of young researchers from different countries which I wanted to join.Following the develop

27、ment of new design rules, stimulated by the ECCS and based on a network of structural steel research centres, these were golden times for steel research in Europe and Patricks team was prominent. Non-linear behaviours of stiffened plates and box-girders were the topics of the day and several large-s

28、cale models were being experimentally analysed under his supervision. He not only accepted me as a research student but, until the renewal of my Portuguese grant, supported my stay at Imperial College by offering me work in some of these projects. The subject of my thesis was thus naturally determin

29、ed, and I studied the effects of shear lag on the buckling of wide flange box-girders for the next three years.Our studentsupervisor relation evolved into a lasting friendship and I discussed with him not only aspects of my thesis but also projects for my return to Portugal. In several of those proj

30、ects I have requested his help and advice and he has thus influenced the development of steel structures in Portugal.I will try to describe how, underlining first that the rare interest of Patrick Dowling in new topics and challenges, and the attention with which he looked for new problems from indu

31、stry requiring research and design recommendations, have always influenced me in the way I conducted my career.To maintain contacts, his invitation to join the editorial board of the Journal he founded and to participate as a corresponding member in the group for the Eurocodes he chaired were useful

32、. Later, he supervised João Bento,a close collaborator who, after an M.Sc. thesis in composite construction came to study at Imperial College with Patrick Dowling. Although João Bento worked at the Expert Systems Laboratory, a new interest of Patrick Dowling, this has strengthened his cont

33、acts with IST.2.Teaching and researchOnce back at IST in 1979, teaching steel structures at the undergraduate level was a goal that I could not immediately realise: a semester on Steel and Composite Structures was only introduced in 1989. First an optional subject, after 1996 it became compulsory fo

34、r all the students choosing the Structures profile. However, the M.Sc. course in Structures, created at IST in 1981, was the vehicle for the education and training of civil engineers in steel construction. Advanced topics such as non-linear behaviour of structures, stability, steel properties and te

35、chnology, together with composite structures (following the ECCS Manual) were included in the syllabus. At the same time, short post-graduate courses for the updating of designers were also successfully introduced. But for the use of steel to expand in Portugal it was necessary to develop research i

36、nto the seismic behaviour of steel structures and in composite construction. M.Sc. and Ph.D. theses on these topics were promoted. For the seismic aspects cooperation with the Politecnico di Milano was established. Gradually a “steel community” developed, trained in Portugal and abroad.3.cmm Portugu

37、ese association for steel and composite constructionThe first attempt to create a Portuguese association that could be a member of ECCS dates from 1981. The advice and help of Patrick Dowling was requested and given. He came to Lisbon to lecture in the new M.Sc. course and on the advantages of being

38、 a member of ECCS, and thus accompany the current development of new design rules. The more relevant institutions were contacted to join the association but the attempt failed, surprisingly due to the reservations voiced by the Siderurgia Nacional. Another unsuccessful attempt was made in 1992, and

39、only in 1997 did we manage to create an organisation named cmm Associação Portuguesa de Construção Metálica e Mista. It was planned to occur at the closing of the first National Meeting on the subject, organised in Oporto with the help of the new young professors of Steel St

40、ructures. I had the pleasure of inviting Patrick Dowling to be a guest speaker and witness the fulfilment of one of my early objectives.I presided over this association until April 2005. During these years cmm has grown to over 240 members including the main manufacturers, constructors, designers an

41、d researchers interested in the promotion of steel. It is a member of ECCS, as was always intended, and every two years organises national congresses , which are the most important events in the field. The 3rd Eurosteel, held in Coimbra in 2002, was also organised by cmm. Another objective of c

42、mm has been the establishment of research and steel groups at the main departments of Civil Engineering in Portugal. This is now a reality and steel subjects are taught in the undergraduate and master degree courses, not only at the state universities of Lisbon (IST and Nova) but also at the Univers

43、ities of Coimbra, Aveiro, Beira Interior, Bragança and Oporto. The association also supports awards to the best student projects in steel.The new president of cmm, Luís Simões da Silva, is Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering in Coimbra. He is one of the most distinguished

44、 of the younger steel specialists in Europe and also has a Ph.D. from Imperial College. I expect that under his leadership cmm will enter a new dynamic phase, especially in the support of university training. In fact, with the support of cmm we have together proposed a new M.Sc. course in Steel and

45、Composite Construction. It is organised in collaboration between IST and Coimbra and started in 2005. It is designed to soon become a European Masters course.The use of steel in Portugal developed from insignificant constructions in the early 1980s to several present high-rise buildings and bridges

46、(steel and composite). I am proud to consider that cmm and the training of new designers is largely responsible for that growth, but the alignment of prices of this material with those of other European countries, and the public perception of the qualities of steel structures were also relevant. In

47、fact, some special events requiring steel solutions have taken place during the last 10 years, such as the Lisbon international exhibition (EXPO98), where pavilions and special structures exemplified the aesthetic capacities of steel, and the EURO-2004, for which interesting steel roofs were used in

48、 the construction or renovation of 10 large football stadiums. The Portuguese public was thus presented with good examples of steel structures and has adhered to them.4.Future developmentsThe M.Sc. course in Steel and Composite Construction, which cmm supports in Coimbra and IST, reflects the consol

49、idation of the teaching of these topics in our university system, placing steel on a par with concrete. It constitutes the closing of the path I initiated with Patrick Dowling at Imperial College. As envisaged, it will soon become a European Masters. The development of innovation and use of steel ca

50、n greatly benefit from the exchange of experience, of information on design solutions and of teaching materials. cmm will do its best to make this a new opportunity for cooperation between industries, designers and universities in Portugal and in the other European countries involved in the project: a new role for the steel associations.The writing of design aids and teaching materials, in which Patrick Dowling and the ESDEP project were pioneers, is required for making the navigation through the complex new codes accessible to all designers, in particular those trained before the Euro