abstract writing

1、Abstract Writingwhat is abstract ？Brief introductionAn abstract is a brief summary of a research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or any in-depth analysis of particular subjectsummarySummary of abstractIt must be short, interesting, accurate, and very carefully planned.It must be short

2、, interesting, accurate, and very carefully planned.You are likely to read the content of the abstract before any other parts of a You are likely to read the content of the abstract before any other parts of a manuscript. manuscript. The abstract should effectively summarize all the major points in

3、the The abstract should effectively summarize all the major points in the manuscript. This data is extremely useful in making a preliminary assessment manuscript. This data is extremely useful in making a preliminary assessment of the potential value of a manuscript to you. of the potential value of

4、 a manuscript to you. If you are preparing a manuscript for application, the abstract should be If you are preparing a manuscript for application, the abstract should be written after you have put together all the other sections. Abstract represent written after you have put together all the other s

5、ections. Abstract represent summaries of the entire paper. summaries of the entire paper. Content of abstractAbstractBackground and ObjectivesresultconclusionmethodThe proportion of eachThe proportion of eachsection is same to thesection is same to themanuscriptmanuscriptFunction and significance Fu

6、nction and significance Biomedical researcherPubMedAbstract Types of abstracts8Not very useful to many readers444Not very useful to many readersUsually very short100 words or less12Usually very short100 words or lessLacks the specific information about the research1Lacks the specific information abo

7、ut the researchNo judgments, results or conclusions of the researchNo judgments, results or conclusions of the researchTypes of abstractsDescriptive abstract / Indicative abstractMerely dscribes what the report is about9Not very useful to many readers444A more useful type of abstract Usually very sh

8、ort100 words or less12The length varies but is rarely more than 10% of the length of the entire work Lacks the specific information about the research1Includes purpose, methods, scope, results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the authorNo judgments, results or conclusions o

9、f the researchStill do not evaluate a work, but do more than describe itTypes of AbstractsActs as a surrogate(替代) for the workInformative abstract(majority)10Types of Abstracts Which type should I use? Refer to the instructions provided by the publisher. 250+ words = informative.Based on the length

10、allowed:100-120 words = descriptive; Ask your instructor11 How to write an abstract12How to write Key process elements Reason for writing ProblemMethodologyResultsImplications13 All abstracts should include:How to writeI.The most important information first.II.The same type and style of language fou

11、nd in the original, including technical language.III. Key words and phrases that quickly identify the content and focus of the work.IV. Clear, concise(簡(jiǎn)明的), and powerful language.14 Things not to write in abstractHow to writeDo not refer to other works.Do not add information not contained in the ori

12、ginal work.Do not define terms.Do not use abbreviations15The requirements of abstract writing of “Science” and “NEJM”16“Science”: Non-structured Abstract the main purpose of abstract writing : showing the results and value of research. Non-structured abstract should involve : the background, the res

13、ults, the main conclusion. limitation of words : no more than 125. Notes: Different paper can be various in abstract writing. 17A example for Non-structured Abstract(A/A1) The liver-expressed microRNA-122 (miR-122) is essential for hepatitis C virus (HCV)RNA accumulation in cultured liver cells, (A/

14、A2) but its potential as a target for antiviral intervention has not been assessed. (B) We found that treatment if chronically infected chimpanzees with a locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified oligonucleotide (SPC3649) complementary to miR-122 leads to long-lasting suppression of HCV viremia, with no e

15、vidence of viral resistance or side effects in the treated animals. (C) Furthermore, tansciptome and histological analyses of liver biopsies demonstrated derepression of target mRNAs with miR-122 seed sites, down-regulation of interferon-regulated genes, and improvement of HCV-induced liver patholog

16、y. (D) The prolonged virological response to SPC3649 treatment without HCV rebound holds promise of a new antiviral therapy with a high barrier to resistance. (From “Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.”Science 2010; 327(5962): 198-201)(122 word

17、s)Writing Analysis (B),(C): main results(A): background(D): main conclusionClause A1: overall research introductionClause A2: the specific research in this paper “its potential as a target for antiviral intervention”.“The liver-expressed microRNA-122 (miR-122) is essential for hepatitis C virus (HCV

18、)RNA accumulation in cultured liver cells”.19“NEJM”: Structured Abstract limitation of words : no more than 250. structured abstract should involve : (1)Background, Methods, Results, Conclusion. (2)the main points of the 4 parts.20 A example for Non-structured AbstractBackground (A) MicroRNA express

19、ion profiles can be used to distinguish normal B cells from malignant B cells in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). (B) We investigated whether microRNA profiles are associated with known prognostic factors in CLL.Methods (C) We evaluated the microRNA expression profiles of 94 samples

20、 of CLL cells for which the level of expression of 70-kD zeta-associated protein (ZAP-70), the mutational status of the rearranged immunoglobulin beavy-chain variable-region (IgVH) gene, and the time from diagnosis to initial treatment were known. (D) We also investigated the genomic sequence of 42

21、microRNA genes to identify abnomalities.Results (E) A unique microRNA expression signature composed of 13 genes (of 190 analyzed) differentiated cases of CLL with low levels of ZAP-70 expression from those with high levels and cases with unmutated IgVH from those with mutated IgVH. (F) The same micr

22、oRNA signature was also associated with the presence or absence of disease progression. 21Results (G) We also identified a germ=line mutation in the niR-16-1miR-15a primary precursor, which causes low levels of microRNA expression in vitro and in vivo and was associated with deletion of the normal a

23、llele. (H) Germ-line or somatic mutations were found in 5 of 42 sequenced microRNAs in 11 of 75 patients with CLL, but no such mutations were found in 160 subjects without cancer (P0.001).Conclusions (I) A unique microRNA signature is associated with prognostic factors and disease progression in CLL

24、. (J) Mutations in microRNA transcripts are common and may have functional importance. (236 words)(From “A microRNA signature associated with prognosis and progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.” New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 353: 1793-1801)Writing Analysis Consist of Background, Metho

25、ds, Results and Conclusions.Background: propose the topic of research. “whether microRNA profiles are associated with known prognostic factors in CLL”.Methods: introduce the experiment methods. (C)“evaluate the microRNA expression profiles” (D)“investigated the genomic sequence of 42 microRNA genes”

26、 23Writing Analysis Results: 4 main results from (E) to (H) Conclusion: 2 main conclusion (E):“A unique microRNA expression signature differentiated cases of CLL with low levels of ZAP-70 expression ”(F): “The same microRNA signature was also associated with disease progression”(G): “a germ-line mut

27、ation in primary precursor”(H): “Germ-line or somatic mutations in sequenced microRNAs”(I): A unique microRNA signature is associated with prognostic factors and disease progression in CLL. (J): Mutations in microRNA transcripts are common and may have functional importance. 24Sentence PatternsSente

28、nce Patterns25aboutaboutaboutaboutCONTEXTBackgroundMethodsResultConclusionaboutP Part 1.BackgroundBackground1. require(s)/ is (are) required for 需要；為所必需To describe the requirement for a specific processEg. EphA4-dependent growth cone collapse requires reorganization of actin cytoskeleton through coo

29、rdinated activation of Rho family GTPases.EphA4y依賴的生長(zhǎng)錐塌陷需要通過(guò)Rho家族GTP酶的協(xié)同活化對(duì)肌動(dòng)蛋白骨架進(jìn)行重排。2. is (are) essential for To introduce the importance of a certain object or process3. is (are) regarded as To explain the characteristic of something4. have (has)/play(s) a(n) role in To explain the position and f

30、unction of somethingEg. Eg.The ephrin/Eph system plays a central role in neuronal circuit formation Ephrin/Eph系統(tǒng)在神經(jīng)元回路的形成中起著核心作用Background5. However-Whereas remain(s) unexplored/unclear is (are) largely unknown is (are) poorly understoodTo elicit unsolved problems in a certain field, thus, leading t

31、o the transition from the known to the unknown.Eg. However, its downstream effectors are poorly understood. 6. To determine/To test the hypothesisTo indicate the purpose of the researchBackgroundaboutP Part 2.MethodMethods1. We determined/tested/measured/assessed was (were) detected/tested/measured/

32、assessed To describe frequently-used methodsEg. Blood pressure, heart rate and weight were measured every 2 weeks2. (was) were randomly divided/grouped/separated into We randomly divided/grouped/separatedinto To describe the method of grouping experimental subject3. We comparaedwith To describe the comparison between experimental s