SEIT__lecture5PerformanceofBusinessContract

1、Business Contract商務合同商務合同Tessa LiaoSpecialized English for International Trade2015-04-14Preparation for export transactionNegotiationImplementationNegotiaionPerformance of export transactionBusiness ContractWarm-up questionOnce the offer is effectively accepted by the offeree, the contract between o

2、fferor and offeree will be automatically concluded (成立、成立、締結締結). When will a business contract be concluded?IntroductionNegotiationValidity of contractBreach of contract and remediesFormation of contractContentKey Terms Offer: 要約 Offeror/promisor: 要約人 Offeree/promisee: 受要約人，承諾人 Acceptance: 接受，承諾 Inv

3、itation to treat/Invitation offer: 要約邀請 Quasi-contract: 準契約、準合同 Conclusion: (of contracts)成立、締結 Consideration: 對價 Remedy: 救濟措施 Damages: 賠償金I.Introduction- An agreement which sets binding obligations of the business parties concerned.1. Definition of a contract Business Contract1. Definition of a con

4、tract-Under Common Law (英美法系), contract means a promise (允諾) or set of promises, for breach of which the law gives a remedy(救濟措施). -Under Civil Law (大陸法系), contract is a “mutual assent” or “meeting of minds”(合意). Contract-大陸法系大陸法系( (Civil law system) ) 以成文法即制定法(Statutory law)的方式存在。 法國、德國、意大利、日本、中華人民

5、共和國（除香港外）等均采用大陸法系。-英美法系英美法系( (Common law system) ) 注重法典的延續(xù)性，以判例法（Case law）為主要形式。 美國、加拿大、印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉、馬來西亞、新加坡、大韓民國以及非洲的個別國家和地區(qū)。Civil law vs. Common law system 2. Contract law Part of the law of obligations (債法/債權法).tort 侵權行為法unjust enrichment 不當?shù)美╮estitution 賠償法/返還法 Based on the principle of pacta s

6、unt servanda (pacts must be kept, 有約必守)II.Formation of contract合同的成立合同的成立Offer & acceptance 要約與承諾Intention to create leagal relations 建立法律關系的意愿 Consideration 對價Three essential elements for the formation of a contract合同合同成立成立三要件三要件1. Offer and Acceptance要約和承諾要約和承諾Article 13： The parties shall con

7、clude a contract in the form of offer and acceptance. 合同法第十三條：當事人訂立合同，采取要約、承諾方式。 Negotiation Offer Acceptance A contract existsOffer要約要約 An offer is a statement by one party of a willingness to enter into a contract on stated terms, provided that these terms are, in turn, accepted by the party or pa

8、rties to whom the offer is addressed. 要約是一方向另一方提出的愿意按一定的條件同對方訂立合同，且一旦要約被對方承諾即對要約的一方產生約束力的一種意思表示。An invitation to treat要約邀請要約邀請 used to invite others to make offer (邀請對方向自己發(fā)出要約) lack of the intention to create a binding obligation Examples: display of goods for sale, an advertisement, posted samples

9、(寄送的樣品) Article 21: An acceptance is the offerees manifestation of intention to enter into a binding agreement on the terms stated in the offer.承諾是受要約人同意要約的意思表示。Acceptance承諾承諾 An acceptance must be made by the offeree. An acceptance must be communicated to the offeror.Requirements of acceptanceAn ac

10、ceptance must be made within the period of validity.Mostly, silence and inactivity cannot be explained as acceptance.Implied contract 默示默示合同合同Offer and acceptance does not always need to be expressed orally or in writing. Implied in fact 事實默示Two categories Implied in law 法律默示e.g. Body checkup, direc

11、t orderCircumstances imply that parties have reached an agreement even though they have not done so expressly. Implied in law 法律默示 quasi-contract 準合同e.g. Mistaken installation of a sprinkler system (自動灑水系統(tǒng)) in the lawn(草坪) of the wrong houseA quasi-contract is a means for the court to remedy (救濟) si

12、tuations in which one party would be unjustly enriched (不當?shù)美? were he or she not required to compensate the other.Is the house owner liable for (有責任) payment?2. Consideration 對價對價 The price of a promise 承諾的代價 Not necessary in civil law systemsFunction: An agreement without consideration is not enfor

13、ceable.No free lunch! pay 2000 to seller buyer seller deliver a car to buyer Buyer promised to pay $2000 to seller if seller gives his car to him. In this promise, buyer is the offeror (要約人), seller is the offeree (受約人). Sellers delivery of a car is consideration for buyers offer to pay $2000. Selle

14、r promised to deliver his car to buyer if buyer pays $2000. In this promise, buyers paying $ 2000 is consideration for sellers promise to give a car.Rules of considerationConsideration must be real, but need not be adequate. 真實但不需充分e.g. $10 for a computer?Consideration must not be from the past.e.g.

15、 母親貸款教育女兒，能不能從女婿那兒獲得補償？Consideration must move from the promisee1. Agreement （協(xié)議）an offer by one party and an acceptance of that offer by the other2. Legal intention （締約意向）an intention that the agreement shall have legal consequences3. Consideration （對價）each party must give something, or promise to

16、give something, in return for the others act or promiseThree essential elements for the formation of a contractIs there a contract?利用合同三要件判斷合同是利用合同三要件判斷合同是否存在否存在.甲鞋店于1月6日向乙鞋廠發(fā)函要求購買1000雙男、女式時裝鞋，式樣及質量要求與乙鞋廠一周前送去的樣品一樣。單價為男鞋120元，女鞋110元，貨款在貨到后十五天內一次付清，并請對方在1月底前答復。乙鞋廠于1月8日收到甲鞋店的購買信息，因廠長外出參加展銷會不在廠里，廠推銷員李某根

17、據(jù)自己的工作職責，在調查了解了市場價格后，于1月27日以郵寄平信的方式向甲鞋店提出：“該類時裝鞋無論男、女鞋，出廠價均為120元，而且必須購買2000雙時，才能以此價成交。”1月28日，乙鞋廠廠長從展銷會回來，說展銷會上這種時裝鞋供不應求，價格還在不斷上漲，以每雙120元的價格賣出太虧了。于是于當天通過傳真的方式，以展銷會定貨量已滿為由，告知甲鞋店不再供貨。甲鞋店在收到樣品時已決定購貨，并且以為其按鞋廠的價格一定可以成交，所以作廣告等造成了經(jīng)濟損失，故要求鞋廠賠償。推銷員李某于1月27日寄出的平信，到達乙鞋店所在地的時間為1月30日9時。 試分析： 1.甲鞋店向乙鞋廠發(fā)之函屬于要約還是要約邀請

18、？乙鞋廠推銷員李某于1月27日向甲鞋店寄出的平信屬于要約還是要約邀請？ 2.雙方的買賣合同是否已經(jīng)成立？為什么(試結合合同成立三要素進行回答)？ 3.甲鞋店作廣告等造成的經(jīng)濟損失，可否要求乙鞋廠賠償？ 評析：評析： 1.甲鞋店向乙鞋廠發(fā)之函屬于要約。乙鞋廠推銷員李某于1月27日向甲鞋店寄出的平信也屬于要約。 2.未成立。甲鞋店所發(fā)函沒有得到乙鞋廠的承諾，乙鞋廠發(fā)出了新的要約，此新要約的到達時間為1月30日，但是在要約生效以前，乙鞋廠已經(jīng)于1月28日傳真撤回了此新要約，故要約沒有生效。 3.乙鞋廠向甲鞋店寄送樣品的行為本身不構成要約，只能是要約邀請，此時合同根本未成立，甲鞋店自行做廣告造成損失，

19、乙鞋廠不應承擔責任；此外，鞋廠則已經(jīng)及時向對方通知了不欲訂合同的意思表示，對方在合同締結之前自作主張打出廣告，經(jīng)濟損失應由自己承擔。III. Validity of contract合同的生效合同的生效Three essential elements for the validity of a contract合同合同生效三生效三要件要件1. Contractual capacity 締約能力2. Genuineness of assent 真實性(mistake, mispresentation, duress脅迫, fraud欺詐)3. Legality 合法性Contractual ca

20、pacity締約能力締約能力 The intellectual (智力的) ability and wisdom to understand what is being agreed and the consequence of ones business act. The law persumes that an adult has contractual capacity.IV.Breach of contractand remedies1. Breach of contract合同違約合同違約 A breach of contract is failure to perform as stated in the contract. minor breach 輕微違約 material breach 重大違約/實