【高考沖刺】高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)(語法)——名詞性從句

1、高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)（語法）一一名詞性從句 名詞性從句包括：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。引導(dǎo)名詞性從 句的連詞有： A. 連詞： that, whether, if （這三個(gè)詞都不作從句的成分， 同時(shí)， that 無含義, 而 whether和 if 都表“是否”） B. 疑問代詞： who, whom, whose, what, which C. 疑問副詞： when, where, why, how （一）主語從句 在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句。 l. that 引導(dǎo)主語從句 that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)不同于其他的連詞，既無詞義也不作成分，只起單純的 連接作用，且通常不可以省。為了強(qiáng)調(diào)

2、 that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句而置之于句首時(shí)， that 不可省。 That the driver could not con trol his car was obvious. That she was chose n made us very happy. That he will come is certa in. That he would take the risk is true. That he should have married her isnt surpris ing. 通常，that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時(shí)用 it 做形式主語，把從句置于句尾，此時(shí) that 有時(shí)可省。例如： It

3、 was obvious that the driver could not control his car. It made us very happy that she was chose n. It is certa in that he will come. It is true that he would take the risk. It isnt surprising （that） he should have married her. 如果以 that 從句為主語的句子是疑問句，就只能用先行詞 it 結(jié)構(gòu)。例如： Is it certa in that he will come

4、? Is it true that he would take the risk? it 做形式主語有以下幾種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)： （1）lt + be + 形容詞+ that-從句 It is likely that he will come. It is stra nge that she has ever trusted him. It is importa nt that he （ should） atte nd the meeti ng. It is best that he (should) go. 此句型在表示驚訝、喜悅、遺憾等感情色彩時(shí)，that 從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞也常 用(should

5、)+ v 原形。 It is stra nge that no one should have objected to the pla n. (2)lt + be + 名詞 + that-從句 It is com mon kno wledge that the whale is not a fish. Its a pity that he should have massed the train. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that 從句 It is said that he is a famous writer. It is reported that there will be

6、a storm this after noon. 在表示建議、要求、命令等意義的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中， that 從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用 (should)do。(參見虛擬語氣部分) It is suggested that the meet in g(should )be held this after noon. It is dema nded that he (should) leave at on ce. (4) It + seem/happen/appear 等不及物動(dòng)詞 +that 從句。(look 不接 that 從句， 它接to be 結(jié)構(gòu)或形容詞) It seems that he is

7、wrong. It appears that they are in urge nt n eed of help. He looks (to be) surprised/happy/sad. 2. whether 引導(dǎo)主語從句，意為“是否”，只起連接作用，不充當(dāng)任何成分。(置 于句首時(shí)必須用 whether 引導(dǎo)，置于句尾時(shí)，間或可用 if。) Whether he will win the game is not clear. Whether he will come is un certa in. Whether she comes or not does nt concern me. I

8、t is not clear whether/if he will come. It was un certa in whether he would come. 3. 連詞代詞 what, who, which, whose 等引導(dǎo)的主語從句。 這些連接代詞作用相當(dāng)于代詞，在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定語等。 What we n eed is more time. Who was resp on sible for the accide nt is not yet clear. Whose book it is not importa nt. Which school you want t

9、o go matters much. 4. 連接副詞 when, where, why, how 引導(dǎo)的主語從句。 這些連接副詞相當(dāng)于副詞，在從句中充當(dāng)狀語。 Why he did this is not known. Whe n he will come is still unknown. It is not known why he did this. How he succeeded is unknown to us. Where we should hold the meeti ng n eeds to be discussed. 注意 wh-引導(dǎo)的主語從句也常用 it 作形式主語。

10、5. 也可用 whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever 等詞引導(dǎo)主語從句, 表示“無論什么”、“無論誰”、“無論何時(shí)”、“無論在（到）哪里”等。 Whoever told you to give up smok ing was quite right. Whatever he gave you should be han ded in. Whoever told you that was lying. Whoever comes is welcome. （二）表語從句 在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)表語。 1. that 在引導(dǎo)表語從句時(shí)無含義，不作成分，通常不省

11、。 1） 表示事實(shí)、真理等的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。 The fact is that he is lyi ng. The odds are that he will not do it. 2） 表示某人的意見、信念等的實(shí)際內(nèi)容。 Our belief is that things will improve. The trouble is that we are short of mon ey. 2. whether 引導(dǎo)表語從句（不可用 if） His first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet. The question is whether pe

12、ople will buy it. 3. 連接代詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句。 This is what I want. The questi on is who can be chose n to be man ager of the compa ny. My question is which of them is better. 4. 連接副詞引導(dǎo)的表語從句。 The problem seemed how we could make him un dersta nd it. The questi on is where we should go. 5. as if, as though 引導(dǎo)的表語從

13、句（常用虛擬語氣） He looks as if he were an gry. It looks as if its going to rain. （三）賓語從句 在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)賓語。 1. that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)無含義，不充當(dāng)成分，常省略。 that 不引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語從句，至于 except that, in that, save that, but that 等是復(fù)合從屬連詞。 I know （ that）you have met him. Lets suppose that one day this happe ns to you. 在及物動(dòng)詞和賓語從句之間常有間接賓語（指人）。例如

14、： I told him （that）he was wrong. 在少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如：think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine,calculate, fancy, reck on, be supposed , seem, appear, feel as if, look as if, look like 等后面的從句中的否定詞經(jīng)常轉(zhuǎn)移到主句謂語動(dòng)詞上 ，這叫否定前置/否定轉(zhuǎn)移。 （hope “希望”，guess “認(rèn)為”后的賓語從句否定不前置。I hope not. “我希 望不是那樣的”，是 I hope so.的否定式。I don t hope so.是對(duì)

15、 hope 的否定: “我不希望如此”。）如： I dont think it will be very cold today. I dont think you are right. I dont believe he has fini shed his work. 并非必須否定轉(zhuǎn)移。若需要強(qiáng)調(diào)從句的否定時(shí)就不作轉(zhuǎn)移。 不可把所有可否定轉(zhuǎn)移動(dòng)詞的否定句都理解為否定賓語從句， 要根據(jù)句意或語 境而定。 I don t think diplomacy is a field for private enterprise. 我不認(rèn)為外交是私人可以經(jīng)營(yíng)的領(lǐng)域。 We didn t think we d

16、 be this late. 我們沒有料到我們會(huì)來得這么晚。 當(dāng) think 用在疑問句中，或主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞與狀語連用，或主句中的謂語動(dòng) 詞被do 強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。 Why do you think we cant cha nge your no te? I do believe Tom n ever tells a lie. They still didn t believe that the food would come. 他們?nèi)匀徊幌嘈藕樗畷?huì)來臨。 I can t believe that they are married. 我不能相信他們已結(jié)婚了。 否定轉(zhuǎn)移多用在主句動(dòng)詞為一

17、般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的情況。 主句動(dòng)詞為一般過去時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行 時(shí)，或主句動(dòng)詞與情態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用，就不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。此時(shí)若主句動(dòng)詞為否定，應(yīng) 考慮是否是對(duì)主句動(dòng)詞的否定。 I had thought that he would not come. 當(dāng)賓語從句中有 no, n ever, hardly, not at all, not a bit, no t.e no ugh, can t help doi ng 等時(shí)不能否定轉(zhuǎn)移。 I think I cant help laughing if I see it. I believe he n ever tells a li

18、e. 許多帶賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子要用 it 作形式賓語，而把賓語從句置于句尾。 We thi nk it wrong that he told a lie to every one. We thought it a pity that she should have missed the cha nee. 2. whether, if 引導(dǎo)賓語從句：表示“是否”可互換，口語中常用 if。 He asked if she would come. 注意下列情況下 whether 不可用 if 換： 1） 引導(dǎo)主語從句置于句首時(shí)。 2） whether 后沒有單詞間隔而直接跟 or not 時(shí)。 I d

19、ont know whether or not he will come. 3） whether 從句作介詞賓語時(shí)。 They are talking about whether he will win the game. Everyth ing depe nds on whether you agree with us. 4） whether 后接不定式時(shí)。 I dont know whether to atte nd the meeti ng. 5） 動(dòng)詞 discuss, decide 的賓語從句時(shí)。 3. 連接代詞 what，who, whose 等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 Tell me w

20、hat you want. Do you know who will come at the meeti ng? 注意 who,whom 按照傳統(tǒng)語法，從句中 who 所取代的名詞如果是賓語應(yīng)用賓格 whom但在口語中常用 who,如： Do you know whom（whe）he will invite? whose, which, what 三個(gè)詞都帶有形容詞性質(zhì)。whose 表示所有，意為“誰的”； which 意為“哪一個(gè)”，what 意為“什么”。如： Whose book it is not importa nt. Please tell me which school you

21、want to go. He did nt know what time it was. 一般說來，which 指的是在一個(gè)具體的、較明確的、有限的、較小范圍；而 what 則指較廣的或不明確的范圍。如：which food，說話人一般指眼前的或明確范圍 的幾種“ food ”； what food 則指許多“ food ”，而且說話人心中沒有數(shù)。 I dont know which / what food you want. 如果范圍較大或者沒有什么范圍，最好用“ what food ” 4. 連接副詞 when, where，why, how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。 I dont know whe

22、 n the meet ing will be held. Please tell me where I can find Tom. He explained to me why he was absent from the meeting. Can you tell me how I can get to the post office? 5. 可用 whatever, whoever, whomever, whenever, wherever 等引導(dǎo)賓語從句。 Please write dow n whatever he is say ing. I dont know whoever wi

23、ll come. ril do whatever you ask me to. 6. 表示愛憎情感的動(dòng)詞，如：enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, do n t mi nd, rese nt, appreciate （感激）等以及某些介詞結(jié)尾的短語動(dòng)詞如： cou nt on, depe nd on, rely on, see to, look forward to, be fond of, feel like, see to,等后，即使沒有賓補(bǔ)也要先接形式賓語 it，再接賓語從句。 I like it whe n she smiles at me. I love

24、 it whe n you sing. I hate it if I am spoken to loudly in public. 除了 but, besides, except, in, save, beyond 六個(gè)介詞后跟 that 弓丨導(dǎo)的 賓語從句外，其他介詞都不能。in that 是“因?yàn)椤钡囊馑?，其余五個(gè)與 that 搭配都是“除了”。 （四）同位語從句 在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)同位語。 1. that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句。 在下列名詞后可用 that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句 answer, belief, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge

25、, law, news, opinion, plan, suggesti on, thought, truth 等。 I had no idea that you were here. The story goes that William killed his wife. He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health. Sudde nly the thought came to me that he would go bli nd. 注意 同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞 that 無含義，不充當(dāng)成分，不可省略。同位語從句 與其說明的名詞或代詞為同一內(nèi)容，故可以用 is 把前邊的中心詞和從句連接成 一個(gè)句子。 同位語從句前一般沒有逗號(hào)。 that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句與引導(dǎo)定語從句的