大學(xué)英語四級考試語法系列講座虛擬語氣(共9頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上大學(xué)英語四級考試系列講座虛擬語氣中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)（武漢）外語學(xué)院 許峰 虛擬語氣是英語動詞的一種特殊形式，表示說話人主觀上所說的話并不是事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、建議、請求、命令、空想、猜測、必要性和可能性等。虛擬語氣是英語學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，也是大學(xué)英語測試中的重要的語法考點(diǎn)之一。測試內(nèi)容涉及到虛擬語氣的方方面面從在含非真實(shí)條件的主從句中的應(yīng)用，到在各種從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、狀語從句、定語從句)中的應(yīng)用。由于虛擬語氣表達(dá)的是一種與事實(shí)相反的行為或狀態(tài)，其謂語動詞的變化不同于陳述語氣，這也是學(xué)生感到困惑和容易出錯(cuò)的地方。解此類試題時(shí)，關(guān)鍵是要迅速發(fā)

2、現(xiàn)解題信息詞，確定虛擬語氣類型，然后按各類虛擬語氣的特定表達(dá)方式，或根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)或題句中的其他暗示，確定動詞的形式。第一節(jié) 虛擬條件句一、虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的應(yīng)用非真實(shí)條件句表示不大可能或不可能發(fā)生或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的假設(shè)，句中的條件從句與結(jié)果主句皆須用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的時(shí)態(tài)可用下表表示：時(shí) 間從句謂語形式主句謂語形式虛擬現(xiàn)在時(shí)(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)動詞的過去式(be一般用were)should(would, could, might)+動詞原形虛擬過去時(shí)(與過去事實(shí)相反)had+過去分詞should(would,could,might)+have+過去分詞虛擬將來時(shí)(與將來事實(shí)相反)動詞的一般過去式，

3、或were to+動詞原形或should+動詞原形should(would,could,might)+動詞原形例1：If we left now, we should arrive in good time. 假如我們現(xiàn)在就走的話，我們就能及時(shí)到達(dá)。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)例2：If he had been here, he might have been able to help us.如果他在這里，他也許能幫助我們。(與過去事實(shí)相反)例3：If you did that again, we wouldn't allow you to work with us.如果你再那么干，我們就不讓你

4、跟我們一起工作了。(與將來事實(shí)相反)經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：If the whole operation be fore hand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.(CET-4，1999年6月)A)was not planned B)has not been plannedC)had not been planned D)were not planned巧解答案C。由主句的謂語動詞would have been lost可以判斷，本題考查的是表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的用法，if引導(dǎo)的從句須用過去完成時(shí)，故C項(xiàng)為正確答案。本題句意

5、是：如果整個(gè)手術(shù)不提前安排的話，那就要浪費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間和金錢。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2：Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(CET-4，1996年1月)A)has to get B)were to getC)had got D)could have got巧解答案B。because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句中有一個(gè)虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，if條件從句謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與wouldn

6、9;t be able to 對應(yīng)，表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬，條件從句的謂語應(yīng)用should或were to+動詞原形，因此B項(xiàng)正確。本題句意是：吉恩并不想馬上去上班，因?yàn)樗紤]到一旦上班，她很可能不能經(jīng)常見到她的朋友們。二、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬語氣在表示虛擬語氣的句子中，條件從句表示的動作與主句表示的動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間并不一致，這時(shí)，謂語動詞的形式要根據(jù)各自表示的時(shí)間來調(diào)整，這種現(xiàn)象叫做錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬語氣，也稱作混合虛擬語氣。例1：If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be quite all right now. 如果你昨天吃了藥的話，現(xiàn)

7、在就已痊愈了。(從句表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，主句則表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。)例2：If he knew this, it would have had to be by accident. 假如他已知道此事，那一定是偶然的。(從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，主句則表示與過去事實(shí)相反的設(shè)想。)經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you now.(CET-4，1999年1月)A)couldn't have smiled B)wouldn't be smilingC)didn&#

8、39;t smile D)won't smile巧解答案B。從主句的時(shí)間狀語now以及從句的謂語可知，本題為一錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬語氣，從句表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，主句則表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反，故B項(xiàng)為正確答案。本題句意是：你掉下來的時(shí)候要不是我站在梯子下把你抓住的話，你現(xiàn)在可就笑不起來了!經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2： for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.(考研，1998年)A)Had it not been B)Were it notC)Be it no

9、t D)Should it not be巧解答案A。根據(jù)本題句意邏輯，條件從句的行為發(fā)生在主句之前，須用過去時(shí)的虛擬語氣形式，故A項(xiàng)為正確答案。同時(shí)，它是由把if省略，助動詞提前而形成倒裝。B、C、D三項(xiàng)均不合題意。本題句意是：要不是能及時(shí)從社會獲得投資，我們公司也不會像現(xiàn)在這樣繁榮了。三、省略連詞if采用倒裝的非真實(shí)條件句在書面語中，條件從句可以不用連詞if，而將謂語中的過去式were, had或should等移至主語之前，構(gòu)成倒裝。例1：Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你處在我的地位，你也會這樣干的。例2：Had he c

10、ome earlier, he would have met her. 要是他早點(diǎn)來的話，他就會見到她了。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1： right now, she would get there on Sunday.(CET-4，1996年6月)A)Would she leave B)If she leavesC)Were she to leave D)If she had left巧解答案C。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，本題是表示與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，主句的謂語是“would+動詞原形”，則從句的謂語應(yīng)用“were to+動詞原形”或“should+動詞原形”。同時(shí)，從句省略了連詞if，可以將were提前，構(gòu)成倒

11、裝。只有C項(xiàng)符合語法規(guī)則，為正確答案。本題句意是：如果她馬上動身的話，她可能在星期天到達(dá)那里。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2： for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.(CET-4，1995年1月)A)Not being B)Had it not beenC)Without being D)Not having been巧解答案B。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空缺處應(yīng)填入表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件從句，并且將連詞if省略。此時(shí)，應(yīng)把虛擬語氣的謂語動詞提前。符合上述語法規(guī)則的只有B項(xiàng)。本題句意是：如果我沒有生病的話，我會向他伸出援助之手的。四、虛擬語氣在含蓄虛擬

12、條件句中的應(yīng)用非真實(shí)條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表示出來，只暗含在短語或上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。常見的有but for, without等引導(dǎo)的短語，以及or, or else, otherwise, but等后面的分句。例1：But for your help we couldn't have succeeded in the experiment. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是不會成功的。例2：We could have done better under more favorable conditions.在更有利的條件下，我們能夠做得更好些。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：We didn&

13、#39;t know his telephone number, otherwise we him.(CET-4,1995年6月)A)would have telephoned B)must have telephonedC)would telephone D)had telephoned巧解答案A。本題中otherwise引出的是一種與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)條件，后面的句子應(yīng)用虛擬語氣。前一分句暗示了一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間，所以用would have done的形式，相當(dāng)于If we had known his telephone number, we would have telephoned him。本

14、題句意是：我們不知道他的電話號碼，否則我們早給他打電話了。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2： A safety analysis the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.(考研，1996年)A)would identify B)will identifyC)would have identified D)will have identified巧解答案C。根據(jù)unfortunately后面直陳一個(gè)過去的事實(shí)，可以推斷出第一個(gè)句子里含有一種“應(yīng)該做某事而沒有做”的虛擬條件。C項(xiàng)用于表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣，正合題意。B、

15、D兩項(xiàng)不是虛擬語氣，可首先排除。A項(xiàng)雖為虛擬語氣，但表示的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r，與本題時(shí)間不符，也可排除。本題句意是：一次安全分析應(yīng)該將那個(gè)目標(biāo)確認(rèn)為潛在的危險(xiǎn)，但不幸的是，從來沒有這樣確認(rèn)過。第二節(jié) 虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法一、虛擬語氣用于主語從句中在It is (was) important (necessary, desirable, imperative, advisable, incredible, urgent, possible, essential, natural, preferable, insistent, crucial, better, best, ridiculo

16、us, vital) that以及It is (was) a pity (shame, wonder, must, suggestion, proposal, requirement, request, desire, order, recommendation) that,It is (was) desired (arranged, decided, ordered, proposed, requested, recommended, suggested, settled) that等句型的主語從句中，其謂語用“should+動詞原形(其中should可以省略)”來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣。例1：It

17、is important that we (should) speak politely. 我們說話要有禮貌，這是很重要的。例2：It is advisable that a general announcement be made to the staff. 最好給全體人員發(fā)個(gè)總通知。例3：It is desired that this rule be brought to the attention of the staff.希望這條規(guī)則引起全體職員的注意。例4：It is required that the machine should be oiled.需要給這臺機(jī)器加潤滑油了。例5：

18、It is a pity that she should fare so badly.她竟吃得那么差，真可憐。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：It is essential that these application forms back as early as possible.(CET-4，2000年1月)A)must be sent B)will be sentC)are sent D)be sent巧解答案D。本題是由it作形式主語，that引導(dǎo)主語從句，從句的謂語應(yīng)用虛擬語氣，虛擬語氣的形式是“should+動詞原形”，其中should可省略。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中符合語法規(guī)則的只有D項(xiàng)。本題句意是：將這些申請表

19、格盡快地反饋回來是很必要的。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2：It is vital that enough money to fund the project.(CET-4，1997年1月)A)be collected B)must be collectedC)is collected D)can be collected巧解答案A。本題中vital后的主語從句用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣形式(省略了should)來構(gòu)成從句的謂語，符合語法要求，為正確答案。本題句意是：應(yīng)該籌集足夠的錢為該工程提供資金。二、虛擬語氣用于賓語從句中(1)當(dāng)動詞ask, arrange, beg, advise, comma

20、nd, deserve, direct, desire, demand, deter mine, move, prefer, propose, intend, recommend, request, require, suggest, suppose, urge, vote等后面接賓語從句時(shí)，從句的謂語用“should+動詞原形(其中should可省略)”來表示虛擬語氣。例1：The judge ordered that the prisoner (should) be remanded. 法官命令被告還押。例2：Mr. Chairman, I move that the money be u

21、sed for library books.主席先生，我提議把那筆錢用來購買圖書館書籍。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：Mike's uncle insists in this hotel. (CET-4,2000年1月)A)staying not B)not to sayC)that he would not stay D)that he not stay巧解答案D。在本題中，動詞insist后接賓語從句，從句的謂語用“(should+)動詞原形”來表示虛擬語氣。當(dāng)從句為否定意義時(shí)，將否定詞not置于動詞原形前。符合語法規(guī)則的只有D項(xiàng)。本題句意是：麥克的叔叔堅(jiān)持不住這家旅館。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2：It is re

22、commended that the project until all the preparations have been made:(CET-4，1995年6月)A)is not started B)will not be startedC)not be started D)is not to be started巧解答案C。動詞recommend表示“建議”，其后的賓語從句須采用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣形式，其中should可以省略。故C項(xiàng)符合題意，為正確答案。本題句意是：建議在一切準(zhǔn)備工作做好了之后再開始這一項(xiàng)目。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)3：The manager of the hote

23、l requests that their guests after 1100 p.m. (CET-4，1994年1月)A)not to play loud music B)shouldn't play loud musicC)don't play loud music D)couldn't play loud music巧解答案B。在本題中，動詞request后的賓語從句中用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬語氣形式，并且是否定形式。本題句意是：旅館的經(jīng)理要求客人們在晚上11點(diǎn)以后不要大聲演奏音樂。(2)虛擬語氣用于wish后的賓語從句中動詞wish后的賓語從句中，謂語

24、動詞須用虛擬語氣，表示與事實(shí)相反或不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。通常有三種形式： 對將來發(fā)生的事情表示祝愿或愿望時(shí)，賓語從句的謂語用：would (could, might)+動詞原形。例1：I wish he would try again.我希望他再試一次。例2：I wish I could be of some use.我希望我能有點(diǎn)用處。 表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望時(shí)，賓語從句的謂語用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。例1：I wish I wasn't going to Paris.我真希望不是去巴黎。例2：I wish I knew how to program the new computer

25、.我真希望我懂得如何給這臺新計(jì)算機(jī)編程序。 對過去發(fā)生的事情表示遺憾或后悔時(shí)，賓語從句的謂語用“過去完成時(shí)或could/would have done”的形式。例1：I wish you had come to our New Year's party.我真希望你來參加了我們的新年聯(lián)歡會。例2：I wish I could have gone with you last night.我真希望昨天晚上能夠跟你一起去。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：Sometimes I wish I in a different time and a different place.(CET-4，2000年1月)A)be

26、living B)were livingC)would live D)would have lived巧解答案B。當(dāng)對現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情表示一種愿望時(shí)，從句中的謂語用一般過去時(shí)或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，如果是動詞be,則用were。在本題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有B項(xiàng)符合時(shí)態(tài)要求。本題句意是：有時(shí)候我真希望自己生活在另一個(gè)時(shí)代和另一個(gè)地方。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2：I wish I longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.(CET-4，1995年6月)A)could have slept B)sleptC)might have slept D)have

27、slept巧解答案A。從句中時(shí)間this morning可知，本題表示對過去發(fā)生的事情表示遺憾，賓語從句的謂語須采用過去完成時(shí)或could have done形式來表示虛擬語氣，故A項(xiàng)為正確答案。本題句意是：我真希望今天早晨能多睡一會，但我不得不起床去上學(xué)。(3) 虛擬語氣用于would rather, would just as soon后的賓語從句中would rather, would sooner, would as soon和would just as soon等短語表示“但愿”、“寧愿”等意思，其后的賓語從句中的謂語要用虛擬語氣，常用過去式或過去完成式表示與現(xiàn)在或過去事實(shí)相反。例1

28、：I'd sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.我寧愿她把重活留給別人。例2：I'd just as soon you didn't take those important papers with you.我希望你不要把那些重要文件帶走。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：The manager would rather his daughter in the same office.(CET-4，2000年6月)A)does not work B)not to workC)had not worked D)did

29、 not work巧解答案D。本題句意是：經(jīng)理寧愿他女兒不和他在同一個(gè)辦公室工作。would rather后的賓語從句的謂語動詞用過去時(shí)來表示虛擬語氣，符合語法規(guī)則的只有D項(xiàng)。又如：He would rather it were winter now.他但愿現(xiàn)在是冬天。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2：Wouldn't you rather your child to bed early?(CET-4，2000年1月)A)go B)wentC)would go D)goes巧解答案B。would rather后的賓語從句須采用虛擬語氣，其謂語用一般過去時(shí)，故B項(xiàng)為正確答案。本題句意是：你難道不愿意讓孩子早點(diǎn)

30、上床休息嗎?三、虛擬語氣用于表語從句及同位語從句中當(dāng)advise, decision, desire, demand, idea, order, motion, necessity, insistence, instruction, plan, preference, proposal, pray, recommendation, requirement, resolution, suggestion, understanding等名詞后接表語從句或同位語從句時(shí)，從句的謂語用“should+動詞原形(should可以省略)”的形式來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣。例1：The professor gave or

31、der that the test be finished before 1030.教授指示考試須在十點(diǎn)半以前結(jié)束。例2：Our idea is that the match be put off.我們的意思是比賽延期舉行。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：The suggestion that the mayor the prizes was accepted by everyone.(CET-4，2000年6月)A)would present B)ought to presentC)present D)presents巧解答案C。名詞suggestion后有一同位語從句，根據(jù)虛擬語氣的語法要求，that從句中的

32、動詞用動詞原形或“should+動詞原形”的形式。故C項(xiàng)為正確答案。本題句意是：大家都接受了由市長來頒發(fā)獎金的建議。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)2：One of the requirements for a fire is that the material to its burning temperature.(CET-6，1996年1月)A)is heated B)will be heatedC)be heated D)would be heated巧解答案C。requirement后接一表語從句，從句的謂語用“(should+)動詞原形”的形式來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有C項(xiàng)符合語法規(guī)則。本題句意是：產(chǎn)生

33、火的必要條件之一是物質(zhì)被加熱到它的燃點(diǎn)。第三節(jié) 虛擬語氣在狀語從句中的用法一、虛擬語氣用于方式狀語從句中在as if,as though引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句中，虛擬語氣的形式是：用過去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑；用過去完成時(shí)表示對過去事實(shí)的假設(shè)。例1：It seems as if it were spring.現(xiàn)在好像是春天似的。例2：He appeared as if he had known nothing about it.他看上去似乎對此一無所知。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：That tree looked as if it for a long time.A)hasn't wat

34、ered B)didn't waterC)hadn't been watered D)wasn't watered巧解答案C。本題句意是：這棵樹看起來像是很長時(shí)間沒澆水了。as if引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣的句子。主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時(shí)，所以as if后虛擬語氣的謂語動詞要用過去完成時(shí)，故C項(xiàng)正確。又如：The old couple loved the orphan girl as if she had been their daughter.那對老年夫婦很喜愛那個(gè)孤兒，視她為親生女兒。二、虛擬語氣用于目的狀語從句中在lest,for fear that

35、,in case等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞用“(should+)動詞原形”來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣；在so that,in order that等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語從句中，謂語動詞除了用“should+動詞原形”外，還可用“might,could+動詞原形”來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣。例1：He's working hard for fear that he should fall behind.他努力工作，生怕跟不上。例2：She stayed at home for a few days so that she might take care of her mother.她在家里呆了幾天，以便能照顧母

36、親。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he himself.(CET-4，1998年1月)A)injure B)had injuredC)injured D)would injure巧解答案A。lest后的從句應(yīng)用動詞原形或“should+動詞原形”來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中符合規(guī)則的只有A項(xiàng)。本題句意是：這個(gè)瘋子被關(guān)進(jìn)了墻上裝有襯墊的病房，以免他傷害自己。三、虛擬語氣用于讓步狀語從句中在讓步狀語從句中，謂語動詞多用動詞原形來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣。例1：All magnets behave the same whether t

37、hey be large or small.所有磁體無論大小，其性質(zhì)都一樣。例2：Be he rich or poor, I will marry him all the same.無論他是富還是窮，我都要嫁給他。注：由even if或even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，其從句的謂語動詞形式與含有非真實(shí)條件從句的主從句中的謂語動詞一樣來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣。例1：Even if I were rich I would work. 即使我很富有，我仍然會工作。例2：Even though she had been busy, she would have helped us.即使她當(dāng)時(shí)很忙，她也會

38、幫助我們。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：The business of each day, selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.(考研，1992年)A)it being B)be itC)was it D)it was巧解答案B。be it selling goods or shipping them是表示讓步意義的虛擬倒裝句，它是由whether it (might)be selling goods or shipping them這一句子省略whether后再將be移至主語之前而來。A、C、D三項(xiàng)均不合題中結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)排除。本題句意是：無論是售貨還是運(yùn)貨，每天的業(yè)務(wù)都很不錯(cuò)。第四節(jié) 虛擬語氣的其他用法一、虛擬語氣用于定語從句中在It is (high, about)time(that)句型中，that引導(dǎo)的定語從句中的謂語常用一般過去時(shí)來構(gòu)成虛擬語氣。例1：It's about time that we put an end to this controversy. 現(xiàn)在該是我們停止這場爭論的時(shí)候了。例2：It is time we went to bed.我們該去睡覺了。經(jīng)典考點(diǎn)1：“You are very selfish. It