科技英語(yǔ)翻譯全

1、科技英語(yǔ)翻譯課程授課人 李清第一講科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)前言: 任何作品均有特定的文體，原文的文體不同，翻譯方法也隨之而異。試觀察比較下列幾個(gè)片斷的原文及其譯文。 It appears that youve got the offer of a very good job.A wonderful job.Are you going to take it?I dont think so.Why not?” I dont want to. 譯文: “聽(tīng)說(shuō)有個(gè)很好的工作要你去干。”“挺好的工作?！薄按蛩愀蓡?？”“不?！薄盀槭裁床桓?？”“不想干?！边@是小說(shuō)中的一段對(duì)話，屬于口語(yǔ)文體。其特點(diǎn)是：用詞自由，句法結(jié)

2、構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，短句與省略句多，自然樸素，生活氣息濃厚。在譯文中進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，省去主語(yǔ)“你”、“我”；將英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)句子“I dont think so”干脆譯成一個(gè)字“不”，顯得簡(jiǎn)潔有力。 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have

3、looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. 譯文: 那婦人生著一副綿軟多肉的體格，一張?zhí)孤书_(kāi)誠(chéng)的面容，一種天真羞怯的神氣。一雙大落落的柔順眼睛，里邊隱藏著無(wú)窮的心事，只有那些對(duì)于凄惶無(wú)告的窮苦人面目作過(guò)同情觀察的人才看得出來(lái)。 上面五十一個(gè)詞的片斷，就運(yùn)用了十個(gè)形容詞，占五分之一。“and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress”是非常優(yōu)美生動(dòng)的文學(xué)語(yǔ)言，譯文保持了一風(fēng)格。 Johns accom

4、plished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four-point first period outburst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.參考譯文: 在全國(guó)曲棍球聯(lián)賽中克拉克約翰斯今晚初試鋒芒，引起轟動(dòng)。開(kāi)場(chǎng)領(lǐng)先四分，首開(kāi)記錄?？死税l(fā)揮中堅(jiān)作用，約翰

5、遜市高帽隊(duì)終以6:4擊敗蒙特利爾市小鴨隊(duì)，創(chuàng)造了連勝八場(chǎng)未負(fù)一場(chǎng)的戰(zhàn)績(jī)。這是屬于應(yīng)用文的新聞文體，其特點(diǎn)是簡(jiǎn)明扼要，短小精悍，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，筆鋒犀利。上述這則電訊只有一個(gè)句子，卻把一場(chǎng)球賽描繪得淋漓盡致，富于吸引力。 The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2. The full-scale reading of the meter alone may be 15 volts. With the multiplier 250

6、volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15 volts across the meter.從上述的一段科技文章，不難看出其文體與修辭手段與前面列舉的文藝小說(shuō)，新聞報(bào)道等迥然不同?？萍嘉捏w崇尚嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)周密，概念準(zhǔn)確，邏輯性強(qiáng)，行文簡(jiǎn)練，重點(diǎn)突出，句式嚴(yán)整，少有變化，常用前置性陳述，即在句中將主要信息盡量前置，通過(guò)主語(yǔ)傳遞主要信息。 簡(jiǎn)而言之，科技文章的特點(diǎn)是：清晰、準(zhǔn)確、精練、嚴(yán)密。那末，科技文章的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)特色在翻譯過(guò)程中如何處理，這是進(jìn)行英漢科技翻譯時(shí)

7、需要探討的問(wèn)題。現(xiàn)分述如下。 一、大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法（A Grammar of Contemporary）在論述科技英語(yǔ)時(shí)提出，大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（Nominalization）是科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)之一。因?yàn)榭萍嘉捏w要求行文簡(jiǎn)潔、表達(dá)客觀、內(nèi)容確切、信息量大、強(qiáng)調(diào)存在的事實(shí)。 Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.阿基米德最先發(fā)展固體排水的原理。句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)，一方面簡(jiǎn)化了同位語(yǔ)

8、從句，另一方強(qiáng)調(diào)displacement 這一事實(shí)。The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.地球繞軸自轉(zhuǎn)，引起晝夜的變化。 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使復(fù)合句簡(jiǎn)化成簡(jiǎn)單句，而且使表達(dá)的概念更加確切嚴(yán)密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced.爐壁采用耐火磚可大大降

9、低熱耗。 科技英語(yǔ)所表述的是客觀規(guī)律，因此要盡量避免使用第科技英語(yǔ)所表述的是客觀規(guī)律，因此要盡量避免使用第一、二人稱；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。一、二人稱；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)句 根據(jù)英國(guó)利茲大學(xué)John Swales 的統(tǒng)計(jì)，科技英語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)至少三分之一是被動(dòng)態(tài)。這是因?yàn)榭萍嘉恼聜?cè)重?cái)⑹峦评恚瑥?qiáng)調(diào)客觀準(zhǔn)確。第一、二人稱使用過(guò)多，會(huì)造成主觀臆斷的印象。因此盡量使用第三人稱敘述，采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，例如： Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine. 應(yīng)當(dāng)注意機(jī)器的工作溫度。 而很少說(shuō)

10、：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine . 你們必須注意機(jī)器的工作溫度。此外，如前所述，科技文章將主要信息前置，放在主語(yǔ)部份。這也是廣泛使用被動(dòng)態(tài)的主要原因。 試觀察下列短文的主語(yǔ)。雖然主語(yǔ)可以是人如 “we”等, 但絕大多數(shù)情況都避免使用類似的人稱主語(yǔ)。Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or

11、 a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance. It is measured in farads. 參考譯文: 電能可儲(chǔ)存在由一絕緣介質(zhì)隔開(kāi)的兩塊金屬極板內(nèi)。這樣的裝置稱之為電容器，其儲(chǔ)存電能的能力稱為電容。電容的測(cè)量單位是法拉。 這一段短文中各句的主語(yǔ)分別為：Electrical energy Such a device Its ability to store electrical energy It (Capacitance )它們都包含了較多的信息，并且處于句首的位置，非常醒目。四個(gè)主語(yǔ)完全不同

12、，避免了單調(diào)重復(fù)，前后連貫，自然流暢。足見(jiàn)被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)可收簡(jiǎn)潔客觀之效。三、使用 動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)（非限定動(dòng)詞） 如前所述，科技文章要求行文簡(jiǎn)練，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，為此，往往使用分詞短語(yǔ)代替定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句；使用分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)代替狀語(yǔ)從句或并列分句；使用不定式短語(yǔ)代替各種從句；介詞 + 動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)代替定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句。這樣可縮短句子，又比較醒目。試比較下列各組句子。A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.直流電是一種總是沿同一方向流動(dòng)的電流。Radiating from the earth, heat cause

13、s air currents to rise.熱量由地球輻射出來(lái)時(shí)，使得氣流上升。A body can move uniformly and in a straight line, there being no cause to change that motion.如果沒(méi)有改變物體運(yùn)動(dòng)的原因，那么物體將作勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。Vibrating objects produce sound waves, each vibration producing one sound wave.振動(dòng)著的物體產(chǎn)生聲波，每一次振動(dòng)產(chǎn)生一個(gè)聲波。In communications, the problem of ele

14、ctronics is how to convey information from one place to another.在通訊系統(tǒng)中，電子學(xué)要解決的問(wèn)題是如何把信息從一個(gè)地方傳遞到另一個(gè)地方。Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.結(jié)構(gòu)材料的選擇應(yīng)使其在外界條件中保持其彈性。There are different ways of changing energy from one form into

15、 another.將能量從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)變成另一種形式有各種不同的方法。In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.使無(wú)線電波依次對(duì)每一個(gè)聲音作出相應(yīng)變化時(shí)，信息就由廣播電臺(tái)傳遞到接收機(jī)。四、后置定語(yǔ) 大量使用后置定語(yǔ)也是科技文章的特點(diǎn)之一。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)大致有以下五種：1、介詞短語(yǔ) The forces due to friction are called frictional forces

16、.由于摩擦而產(chǎn)生的力稱之為摩擦力。A call for paper is now being issued .征集論文的通知現(xiàn)正陸續(xù)發(fā)出。2、形容詞及形容詞短語(yǔ)In this factory the only fuel available is coal. 該廠唯一可用的燃料是煤。 In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy, similar in nature to light.熱能在輻射時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)換成性質(zhì)與光相似的輻射能。 3、副詞 The air outside pressed the side in . 外

17、面的空氣將桶壁壓得凹進(jìn)去了。 The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.向上的力與向下的力相等，所以氣球就保持在這一高度。4、單個(gè)分詞，但仍保持校強(qiáng)的動(dòng)詞意義。The results obtained must be checked . 獲得的結(jié)果必須加以校核The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted. 產(chǎn)生的熱量等于浪費(fèi)了的電能。 5、定語(yǔ)從句During construction, problem

18、s often arise which require design changes.在施工過(guò)程中，常會(huì)出現(xiàn)需要改變?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題。The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.分子相互間都存在著力的作用，該力的大小取決于它們之間的距離。Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.我們幾乎沒(méi)有注意的很奇異的物質(zhì)

19、變化每天都在眼前發(fā)生。To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.制造原子彈，我們必須用鈾235，因?yàn)殁櫟乃性佣紩?huì)裂變。 五、常用句型 科技文章中經(jīng)常使用若干特定的句型，從而形成科技文體區(qū)別于其他文體的標(biāo)志。例如It-that-結(jié)構(gòu)句型；被動(dòng)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)句型；分詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)句型；省略句結(jié)構(gòu)句型等。舉例如下：It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a

20、dry one .顯然，潤(rùn)滑好的軸承，比不潤(rùn)滑的軸承容易轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting .看來(lái)這兩個(gè)科學(xué)分支是相互依存，相互作用的。It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.已經(jīng)證明，感應(yīng)電壓使電流的方向與產(chǎn)生電流的磁場(chǎng)力方向相反。It was not until the 19th cent

21、ury that heat was considered as a form of energy.直到十九世紀(jì)人們才認(rèn)識(shí)到熱是能量的一種形式。Computers may be classified as analog and digital.計(jì)算機(jī)可分為模擬計(jì)算機(jī)和數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)兩種。The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times .新型晶體管的開(kāi)關(guān)時(shí)間縮短了三分之二。（或-縮短為三分之一。） This steel alloy is believed to be the best available he

22、re .人們認(rèn)為這種合金鋼是這里能提供的最好的合金鋼。Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light .電磁波傳送的速度和光速相同。Microcomputers are very small in size, as is shown in Fig.5.如圖5所示，微型計(jì)算機(jī)體積很小。In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air . 聲音在水中的傳播速度幾乎是在空氣中傳播速度的五倍。 Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearl

23、y 16 times as heavy . 氧與氫比較，重量大約是它的十六倍。 The resistance being very high ,the current in the circuit was low. 由于電阻很大，電路中通過(guò)的電流就小。 Ice keeps the same temperature while melting . 冰在溶化時(shí)，其溫度保持不變。 An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia. 物體一旦運(yùn)動(dòng)，就會(huì)因慣性而持續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。 All substances, wheth

24、er gaseous, liquid or solid, are made of atoms . 一切物質(zhì)，不論是氣態(tài)、液態(tài)，還是固態(tài)，都由原子組成。 六、長(zhǎng)句The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concre

25、te example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis. 為了解釋光學(xué)現(xiàn)象，人們?cè)噲D假定有一種具有與彈性固體相同的物理性質(zhì)的介質(zhì)。這種嘗試最初曾使人們理解一種能傳輸橫向振動(dòng)的介質(zhì)的具體例證。后來(lái)則得出確切的結(jié)論即并沒(méi)有假定中設(shè)想的有該物理特性

26、的發(fā)光介質(zhì)。 七、復(fù)合詞與縮略詞 大量使用復(fù)合詞與縮略詞是科技文章的特點(diǎn)之一，復(fù)合詞從過(guò)去的雙詞組合發(fā)展到多詞組合；縮略詞趨向于任意構(gòu)詞，例如某一篇論文的作者可以就僅在該文中使用的術(shù)語(yǔ)組成縮略詞，這給翻譯工作帶來(lái)一定的困難。 例如：full-enclosed 全封閉的（雙詞合成形容詞）feed-back反饋（雙詞合成名詞）work-harden 加工硬化（雙詞合成詞）criss-cross交叉著（雙詞合成副詞）on-and-off-the-road路面越野兩用的（多詞合成形容詞）anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反裝甲車導(dǎo)彈（多詞合成名詞）radiop

27、hotography無(wú)線電傳真（無(wú)連字符復(fù)合詞）colorimeter色度計(jì)（無(wú)連字符復(fù)合詞） maths (mathematics)數(shù)學(xué)（裁減式縮略詞）lab (laboratory)實(shí)驗(yàn)室ft (foot/feet)英尺cpd (compound)化合物FM(frequency modulation)調(diào)頻（用首字母組成的縮略詞）P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信衛(wèi)星（混成法構(gòu)成的縮略詞） 根據(jù)上述

28、的科技文章的特點(diǎn)，在翻譯過(guò)程中就要注意各種不同的翻譯技巧與方法。例如被動(dòng)態(tài)的譯法、長(zhǎng)句的處理方法、倍數(shù)的譯法等等?？偨Y(jié)： 科技文體的一般特征(1) 無(wú)人稱 (Impersonal)(2) 語(yǔ)氣正式 (Formal in Mode of Speech)(3) 陳述客觀, 準(zhǔn)確 (Objective and Accurate in Statement)(4) 語(yǔ)言規(guī)范 (Standard in Language)(5) 文體質(zhì)樸 (Undecorated in Stylistics)(6) 邏輯性強(qiáng) (Strict in Logic)(7) 專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)性強(qiáng) (Concentrated in Tech

29、nical Terms)參考書(shū)目：戴文進(jìn) 科技英語(yǔ)翻譯理論與技巧上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社2003嚴(yán)俊仁 科技閱讀與翻譯國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社2006第二講英漢語(yǔ)言之對(duì)比一. 英漢語(yǔ)言之共同處（一） 從語(yǔ)言的起源和產(chǎn)生的規(guī)律來(lái)說(shuō)，英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都具有人類語(yǔ)言的共同特征 。（二）從語(yǔ)言與邏輯思維的關(guān)系來(lái)說(shuō)，英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)序都符合人類邏輯思維的自然順序。（三）從語(yǔ)言的基本類型來(lái)說(shuō)，英漢兩種語(yǔ)言基本同屬分析性語(yǔ)言，其詞形的變化都比較少。二，英漢語(yǔ)言之差異（一）在語(yǔ)源上分屬不同的語(yǔ)系 漢藏語(yǔ)系 （漢臺(tái)小語(yǔ)系）印歐語(yǔ)系（西日耳曼小語(yǔ)群）（二）在文化上存在著巨大差異1. 詞義的文化差異2.語(yǔ)法的文化差異3.語(yǔ)篇的文化差異

30、(三) 在表達(dá)方式和語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣上存在著差異1. 在表意的手法上的差異radio telescopes to be usedmodified processingdata to be checkedconfusing signalsapplied voltage2.在詞義的塑性上的差異3.在詞類使用的習(xí)慣上的差異 例:The control unit of an electronic computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish.譯文: 電子計(jì)算機(jī)的控制單元使機(jī)器按人的意志運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn).4.在代詞的使用問(wèn)題上的差異例:As so

31、on as a positive charge approaches an electron, it combines with the latter.譯文:正電荷一接觸到電子,便馬上與其結(jié)合。Different metals differ in their conductivity.不同的金屬具有不同的導(dǎo)電性。Put your gloves on your hands.戴上手套吧。5.在定語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成及其置式問(wèn)題上的差異 The overhead wires hang from huge porcelain insulators, which are concertina-shaped in o

32、rder to reduce the effects of dirt and damp in causing leakage of electric current.譯文一： 架空輸電線懸掛在為了減少臟污和濕氣對(duì)造成電流泄漏的影響而做成手風(fēng)琴形狀的巨大瓷質(zhì)絕緣子上。譯文二： 架空輸電線懸掛在巨大瓷質(zhì)絕緣子上，絕緣子為手風(fēng)琴形，以減少臟污和濕氣對(duì)造成電流泄漏的影響。6. 在被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的使用方面上的差異7. 在重復(fù)問(wèn)題上的差異例:While small generators (發(fā)電機(jī)) frequently have revolving armatures, large machines (發(fā)電機(jī))

33、 usually have stationary armatures and revolving fields. 8.在句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的差異 It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion that we here highly resolve

34、 that these dead shall not have died in vain that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom and government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.(四) 在語(yǔ)法規(guī)則結(jié)構(gòu)上存在著差異1. 在詞類規(guī)則方面的差異 詞的分類不同 詞的兼類情況不同 詞類的句法功能不同I got a fright.She frightened me.It was a f

35、rightful lightningIt was frightfully dangerous. 我們討論明年的工作計(jì)劃。 討論進(jìn)行得很激烈。 我們立即展開(kāi)討論。 討論的內(nèi)容不得公開(kāi)。 儉樸的生活陪伴了他一生。 當(dāng)?shù)厝撕?jiǎn)樸地生活著。 儉樸是勞動(dòng)人民的美德。 提倡儉樸，反對(duì)浪費(fèi)。 這老人的生活歷來(lái)儉樸。 2. 在名詞的數(shù)方面的差異 （1） 在可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞區(qū)分之間的差異 （2） 在名詞復(fù)數(shù)是否存在著變義方面的差異 （3）在復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)方面的差異advice advices experienceexperiencesairairsbrainbrainsmannermannersauthoritya

36、uthoritiesutteranceutterancesclothclothescolorcolorscorncornscompasscompassesdamagedamagescustomcustomsexportexportsimportimportseffecteffectsgoodgoodsforceforcesgreengreensgroundgroundsheavenheavensspiritspiritsironironsletterletterslooklooksworkworkspaperpaperspartpartsquarterquartersregardregards

37、ruinruinssandsandsscalescalesspectaclespectaclestimetimeswitwitswoodwoods3. 在復(fù)句方面的差異 英語(yǔ)復(fù)合句分為并列復(fù)合句和主從復(fù)合句兩種。 漢語(yǔ)復(fù)句主要分為聯(lián)合復(fù)句，偏正復(fù)句，多重復(fù)句和緊縮復(fù)句四種。 漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有相當(dāng)于英語(yǔ)中帶名詞性從句，定語(yǔ)從句，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句和方式狀語(yǔ)從句等這樣一類從句的復(fù)句。第三講英漢翻譯理論淺說(shuō)1. 科技文體的一般特征(1) 無(wú)人稱 (Impersonal)(2) 語(yǔ)氣正式 (Formal in Mode of Speech)(3) 陳述客觀, 準(zhǔn)確 (Objective and Ac

38、curate in Statement)(4) 語(yǔ)言規(guī)范 (Standard in Language)(5) 文體質(zhì)樸 (Undornated in Stylistics)(6) 邏輯性強(qiáng) (Strict in Logic)(7) 專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)性強(qiáng) (Concentrated in Technical Terms) 那么科學(xué)的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么？ 按照信息論的觀點(diǎn)，翻譯的本質(zhì)就是通過(guò)語(yǔ)種轉(zhuǎn)換把一種語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)所承載的信息轉(zhuǎn)移到另一種語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)當(dāng)中，用該種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)以傳遞給目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言讀者的過(guò)程，是把一種語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)的活動(dòng)。 譯文對(duì)原文信息的包含程度稱之為譯文信息與原作信息的等價(jià)性，簡(jiǎn)稱

39、信息等價(jià)性(Information equivalency)。譯文使目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言讀者獲得原作信息的程度稱之為譯文的信息的傳遞性，簡(jiǎn)稱信息傳遞性（Information transmittivity)。 譯文的“信息等價(jià)性”和“信息傳遞性” 反映了翻譯的本質(zhì)。在翻譯過(guò)程中，一方面要求譯文與原文的信息具有等價(jià)性，即保證信息的等價(jià)轉(zhuǎn)化；另一方面要求譯文具有較強(qiáng)的信息傳遞性?！靶畔⒌葍r(jià)性”和“信息傳遞性”是翻譯的二元基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。例如： 原文：Naderism is our aim. 譯文：納德主義是我們的宗旨。 應(yīng)當(dāng)說(shuō)，譯文與原文的信息是等值的。但一般來(lái)說(shuō)，我國(guó)讀者對(duì)譯文感到茫然。 Nader為美國(guó)律師，首

40、先提出“客戶第一”的觀點(diǎn)，因此，Naderism即為“客戶至上”。 由此可見(jiàn)，譯文雖然與原文有相同或相等的信息，但不能把這種信息傳遞給目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言讀者，說(shuō)明等值論亦有其局限性。 因此，還必須建立與基本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相對(duì)應(yīng)的翻譯的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(Concrete criteria of translation)。它至少包括以下八個(gè)方面：（1）措辭準(zhǔn)確性語(yǔ)義學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2）邏輯一致性邏輯學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（3）修辭一致性修辭學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（4）文體一致性文體學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（5）語(yǔ)音轉(zhuǎn)化得體語(yǔ)音學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（6）語(yǔ)法規(guī)范性語(yǔ)法學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（7）文理通達(dá)性篇章學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（8）克服文化差異障礙文化學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 一. 翻譯的定義二. 翻譯的本質(zhì) (cipher, encode,

41、 decode)三. 翻譯的任務(wù)尤金奈達(dá): Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.(一) 明確了要譯的對(duì)象是信息 (message)；(二) 暗示了由于語(yǔ)言文化上的差異,譯文與原文只能做到盡可能,或者說(shuō)最大限度的 (closest) 的對(duì)等；(三) 對(duì)譯文的可接受性有具體要

42、求， 即應(yīng)為自然等值體 (natural equivalent)；(四) 對(duì)內(nèi)容 (即意義 meaning) 和形式(即風(fēng)格style) 既強(qiáng)調(diào)了統(tǒng)一性，又突出了重點(diǎn)。首先是意義，其次是風(fēng)格(First in terms of meaning， and secondly in terms of style)。四. 翻譯的原則(一)傳意性 (Meaning transference)(二) 可接受性 (Acceptability)(三) 相似性 (Similarity)五. 翻譯的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)六. 翻譯的可譯性原理七. 翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劉重德: (一) 信 忠實(shí)于原文的意義(二) 達(dá) 譯文明白通順(三)

43、 切 切合原文風(fēng)格八. 翻譯的基本方式及其選擇 (一) 翻譯的基本方式翻譯的基本方式有直譯,意譯,音譯和闡譯四種。1.直譯 Two plus two equals four. The machine is the last word in technical skill. Milk Way bulls eye dogs ears bus boy book keepertypewriterpanda cargo moonlightingclock watcherunspeakable gravitation2. 意譯3. 音譯motor, radar, laser, microphone, mo

44、del, AIDS4. 闡譯summing settings氣功 (“qigong, a system of deep and rhythmical breathing exercises.” (二) 翻譯方式選擇的原則直譯為主，意譯為輔，其余為補(bǔ)。In some automated plants electronic computers control the entire production line. The present “packing density” of 2.5 million bits of information per square inch can be incre

45、ased in the future.九. 翻譯的兩個(gè)過(guò)程原文理解過(guò)程和譯文表達(dá)過(guò)程。（一）原文理解過(guò)程1. 理解全文, 領(lǐng)略大意2. 仔細(xì)推敲, 辨識(shí)詞義(1) 查字典Control Center Smoking Free.(2) 根據(jù)上下文,在整句話中理解詞義 以 mechanism為例, 說(shuō)明其在不同的上下文中其詞義是不一樣的。From this, we can see the mechanism of design.Lets see the mechanism responsible for typhoons.An automobile engine is a complex mech

46、anism. We have no mechanism for changing the decision. At that time, mechanism in philosophy became an upstart. The mechanism of the process, slow and delicate, often escape our attention. The two model variants of the socialist economic mechanism are to be distinguished from the point of view of ma

47、rket function. (3) 從專業(yè)知識(shí)角度分析If a mouse is installed in a computer, then the available memory space for user will reduce.Connect the black pigtail with the dog-house.resistance to traction （力學(xué)）resistance to sparking （電學(xué)）resistance to heat （物理學(xué)）resistance to wear （材料學(xué)）3. 分析語(yǔ)法, 明晰關(guān)系the transformer on l

48、oad變壓器的負(fù)載運(yùn)行負(fù)載運(yùn)行的變壓器(二) 譯文表達(dá)過(guò)程1. 一稿初譯, 忠實(shí)為主2. 二稿推敲, 力求準(zhǔn)確3. 三稿定案, 講究修辭Best surface finish is provided by machining methods especially br grinding.The block diagram shown in Fig.7 is intended to illustrate the amplifier configuration.This possibility was supported to a limited extent in the tests.There

49、 are crossed transverse steady and longitudinal alternating fields.第四講 科技英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)閱覽 Life Beyond Earth(地球外的生命) Something astonishing has happened in the universe. There has arisen a thing called life a form of matter; qualitatively different from rocks, gas, and dust, yet made of the same stuff, the same

50、 elements lying around everywhere. Life has a way of being obvious, and yet, its notoriously difficult to define in absolute terms. We say that life replicates. Life uses energy. Life adapts. Some forms of life have developed large central processing networks. In at least one instance, life has beco

51、me profoundly self-aware. And that kind of life has a big question: what else is alive out there? There may be no scientific mystery so tantalizing at the brink of the new millennium and yet so resistant to an answer. Extraterrestrial life represents an enormous gap in our knowledge of nature. With

52、instruments such as the Hubble Space Telescope, scientists have discovered a bewildering amount of cosmic turf, and yet they still know of only a single inhabited world. We all have our suppositions, our scenarios. The late astronomer Carl Sagan estimated that there are a million technological civil

53、izations in our galaxy alone. His more conservative colleague Frank Drake offers the number 10,000. And there are skeptics like Ben Zucherman, an astronomer at UCLA, who thinks we may well be alone in this galaxy if not in the universe. All the estimates are highly speculative. The fact is that ther

54、e is no conclusive evidence of any life beyond Earth. Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. But still we dont have any solid knowledge about a single alien microbe, much less a passing alien starship. Our ideas about extraterrestrial life are what Sagan called “plausibility arguments”, usu

55、ally shot through with unknowns, hunches, ideologies, and random out-to-bes. Even if we convince ourselves that there must be life out there, we confront a second problem, which is that we dont know anything about that life. We dont know how truly alien it is. We dont know if its built on a foundati

56、on of carbon atoms. We dont know if it requires a liquid-water medium, if it swims or flies or burrows. Despite the enveloping nebula of uncertainties, extraterrestrial life has become an increasingly exciting area of scientific inquiry. The field is called exobiology or astrobiology or bioastronomy

57、. Whatever its called, this is a science infused with optimism. We now know that the universe may be aswarm with planets. Since 1995 astronomers have detected at least 22 planets orbiting other stars. NASA hopes to build a telescope called the Terrestrial Planet Finder to search for Earth-like plane

58、ts, examining them for the atmospheric signatures of a living world. In the past decade organisms have been found thriving on our own planet in bizarre, hostile environments. If microbes can live in the pores of rock deep beneath the earth or at the rim of a scalding Yellowstone spring, then they mi

59、ght find a place like Mars not so shabby. Mars is in the midst of a full-scale invasion from Earth, from polar landers to global surveyors to rovers looking for fossils. A canister of Mars rocks will be rocketed back to Earth in the year 2008, parachuting into the Utah desert for scrutiny by scienti

60、sts in a carefully sealed lab. In the coming years probes will also go around and , at some point, into Jupiters moon Europa. That icy world shows numerous signs of having a subsurface ocean and could conceivably harbor a dark, cold biosphere. The quest for an alien microbe is supplemented by a cont