大學英語詞匯學習策1

1、大學英語詞匯學習策略-II認知策略 語境策略1 同、近義詞根據上下文里的同（近）義或反義成分 為了避免重復，作者經常用不同的詞表達同一個概念或意義。這為我們猜詞義提供可很好的線索，請看下面例子：“Many new arrivals to the States will miss the opening exchanges of a business call, for example. They will miss the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be a conve

2、ntion in their own country.”我們根據例句中的“exchange” 推斷interaction 的意思應該是“交流”。有時候在同一個句子或相鄰兩個句子里出現(xiàn)的反義詞或詞組同樣也可以幫助我們猜測生詞的意思。例如;“This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is superb here, whereas the postal service is less efficient.”在這個例句中，whereas表示“然而，可是”，根據上下文意思，“l(fā)ess efficient”和“superb”應該表示

3、相反的意思，由此，我們推斷superb指“電話服務高效率的”，也就是表示“很好，一流”的意思。 練習題：1 John doesnt believe in conventional medicine; he has some remedies of his own.key 2 The clothes a person wears may express his status or social position.key3 Crime does not automatically go with poverty; some rich men are criminals.key4 They may

4、miss leisurely business chats in a restaurant or coffee house. Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over extended small talk.key5 It is taken as a sign of skillfulness or being competent to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed.key6 There

5、 is a need for the conservation of trees, or there will soon be no forests.key7 A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should result in new operating procedures.key8 Education in government colleges is very cheap, but if you go to the private c

6、olleges, it is much more expensive.key 根據上下文關聯(lián)信息的指代關系 根據上下文中的指示代詞、連詞等功能詞，往往能夠確定單詞與單詞之間的關系，從而猜測單詞的意思。請看下面例子： “At first glance, this is just another routine flight to Los Angeles, yet for the young passengers, it is the start of a new experience.” “yet”表示轉折，“對于那些年輕人而言，這班飛機意味著新的開始”,也就是說這趟航班對他們而言有著不尋常的意

7、義，由此推斷前半句意思是“乍一眼看來，這不過就是一班飛往洛杉磯的普通航班”。 “Teachers gave lower grades on essays written by boys named Elmer and Hubert than they awarded to the same papers when the writers names were given as Michael and David. 從上下文意思和 “l(fā)ower than”這個比較級的使用上看，award的意思和give grade意思相同，是“打分數(shù)”的意思。 練習題：Although she claims t

8、o have left her job voluntarily, she was actually dismissed for misconduct. key. The little child was too hungry and in one or two minutes he swallowed some bread and milk. key3. She is so variable that no one can guess what is really in her mind.key4. He is a brave boy and at so young an age he has

9、 stood up to many difficulties himself. key5. Her opposition to the project was implicit in her silence when others were saying things in support of it. key6. As more and more facts were revealed, the conclusion became apparent. key7. He is only 30 years old, but he has become a prominent writer in

10、the city. key8.Tolerance is the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you do not agree with it. key根據上下文中的詞匯搭配猜詞義 詞與詞之間的搭配不僅有規(guī)律，而且搭配的方式也是有限的。比如能夠跟在動詞drink 后面的名詞為數(shù)不多，基本上都是水和飲料之類的東西。如果某個生詞緊接在drink 之后，基本上可以斷定這個詞表示某種可以喝的東西。當然，也可以根據后面的詞猜測前面的詞的意思。請看下面的例子： “It is taken as a s

11、ign of skillfulness to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed.句子意思是“能夠快速地解決問題或成功地fulfill一項工作被視為有技巧有水平?！蹦軌蚺c工作搭配，而且有“成功地”這個副詞修飾，fulfill一詞的意思應該是“完成”。 練習題：I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate.keyFor years the girl harbored hatred against her step

12、mother.keyChildren should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want.keyThe Chinese government has all along been combating drug trafficking.keyHe set up an old peoples home with the money granted by the government in 2001.keyThe old couple worked very hard day a

13、nd night and lived through the time of financial difficulties.keyIn order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the government has recently adopted a measure to raise keyEvery Sunday the father takes his child to libraries, museums, exhibits or natural parks and he believes that this help

14、s to broaden the childs mind.key 根據上下文關聯(lián)信息的指代關系 根據上下文中的指示代詞、連詞等功能詞，往往能夠確定單詞與單詞之間的關系，從而猜測單詞的意思。請看下面例子： “At first glance, this is just another routine flight to Los Angeles, yet for the young passengers, it is the start of a new experience.” “yet”表示轉折，“對于那些年輕人而言，這班飛機意味著新的開始”,也就是說這趟航班對他們而言有著不尋常的意義，由此推斷

15、前半句意思是“乍一眼看來，這不過就是一班飛往洛杉磯的普通航班”。 “Teachers gave lower grades on essays written by boys named Elmer and Hubert than they awarded to the same papers when the writers names were given as Michael and David. 從上下文意思和 “l(fā)ower than”這個比較級的使用上看，award的意思和give grade意思相同，是“打分數(shù)”的意思。 練習題：Although she claims to have

16、 left her job voluntarily, she was actually dismissed for misconduct. key. The little child was too hungry and in one or two minutes he swallowed some bread and milk. key3. She is so variable that no one can guess what is really in her mind.key4. He is a brave boy and at so young an age he has stood

17、 up to many difficulties himself. key5. Her opposition to the project was implicit in her silence when others were saying things in support of it. key6. As more and more facts were revealed, the conclusion became apparent. key7. He is only 30 years old, but he has become a prominent writer in the ci

18、ty. key8.Tolerance is the quality of allowing other people to say and do as they like, even if you do not agree with it. key根據上下文中的詞匯搭配猜詞義 詞與詞之間的搭配不僅有規(guī)律，而且搭配的方式也是有限的。比如能夠跟在動詞drink 后面的名詞為數(shù)不多，基本上都是水和飲料之類的東西。如果某個生詞緊接在drink 之后，基本上可以斷定這個詞表示某種可以喝的東西。當然，也可以根據后面的詞猜測前面的詞的意思。請看下面的例子： “It is taken as a sign of

19、 skillfulness to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed.句子意思是“能夠快速地解決問題或成功地fulfill一項工作被視為有技巧有水平?！蹦軌蚺c工作搭配，而且有“成功地”這個副詞修飾，fulfill一詞的意思應該是“完成”。 練習題：I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate.keyFor years the girl harbored hatred against her stepmother

20、.keyChildren should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want.keyThe Chinese government has all along been combating drug trafficking.keyHe set up an old peoples home with the money granted by the government in 2001.keyThe old couple worked very hard day and nig

21、ht and lived through the time of financial difficulties.keyIn order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, the government has recently adopted a measure to raise keyEvery Sunday the father takes his child to libraries, museums, exhibits or natural parks and he believes that this helps to b

22、roaden the childs mind.key根據上下文中的詞匯搭配猜詞義 詞與詞之間的搭配不僅有規(guī)律，而且搭配的方式也是有限的。比如能夠跟在動詞drink 后面的名詞為數(shù)不多，基本上都是水和飲料之類的東西。如果某個生詞緊接在drink 之后，基本上可以斷定這個詞表示某種可以喝的東西。當然，也可以根據后面的詞猜測前面的詞的意思。請看下面的例子： “It is taken as a sign of skillfulness to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with speed.句子意思是“能夠快速地解決問題或成功地ful

23、fill一項工作被視為有技巧有水平。”能夠與工作搭配，而且有“成功地”這個副詞修飾，fulfill一詞的意思應該是“完成”。 練習題：I would never have resorted to a court of law if I hadnt been so desperate.keyFor years the girl harbored hatred against her stepmother.keyChildren should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others wan

24、t.keyThe Chinese government has all along been combating drug trafficking.keyHe set up an old peoples home with the money granted by the government in 2001.keyThe old couple worked very hard day and night and lived through the time of financial difficulties.keyIn order to narrow the gap between the

25、rich and the poor, the government has recently adopted a measure to raise keyEvery Sunday the father takes his child to libraries, museums, exhibits or natural parks and he believes that this helps to broaden the childs mind.key聯(lián)想策略同類詞法 同類詞聯(lián)想學習方法很多，其中一種叫單詞網絡（network），即把同類詞按照意思的層次關系設計成一個網絡狀。下面是兩個利用單詞

26、網絡的house詞匯學習活動：例:下面的單詞都是家庭用具或家具的名稱。請你根據單詞網絡的示意把單詞填入適當?shù)臋E圓里；然后請你再畫幾個橢圓并填入類似的英語單詞。clock stove TV video toothpaste dressing table towel shower cupboard slippers sofamirror washbasin練習：表示人的心理活動的詞匯有哪些？舉例說明。key跟自然環(huán)境有關的詞匯有哪些？ key構詞法 大量英語單詞都是加前綴或后綴之后變成的派生詞。因此根據構詞法學習詞匯是很有效的。有些詞綴本身有意義，有的則沒有。下面這些詞綴本身沒有太大的意義，但加在

27、其他單詞前面或后面之后可以派生出其他單詞. A. 名詞詞綴： 詞綴 舉 例 -ment:management, assessment, replacement, commitment, appointment, environment, agreement, argument, arrangement-ation:information, explanation, consideration, civilization, declaration, conservation-tion:production, reflection, composition, competition, acquis

28、ition, tradition, convention, -sion:decision,-ion:education, depression, confusion, suggestion, confession, hesitation, comprehension, translation-er, -or:singer, learner, painter, visitor, miner, teacher, gardener, director-al:refusal, approval, disapproval, removal, arrival, survival-ing: building

29、, surrounding, feeling, writing, shopping, gathering, cooking, ending, understanding-age:wastage, storage, passage, marriage, sewage, luggage, courage-hood:childhood, falsehood, livelihood, brotherhood, adulthood, boyhood, neighborhood-ship:membership, friendship, hardship, leadership, relationship,

30、 citizenship, authorship, ownership-dom:kingdom, wisdom, freedom, officialdom-ness:greatness, coldness, weakness, kindness, happiness, sadness, carelessness, illness, darkness, laziness, nervousness-ance:performance, appearance, endurance, significance, severance, acquaintance, alliance, accordance,

31、 assistance, resistance-ence:conference, confidence, consequence, magnificence-ure:pleasure, exposure, pressure, closure, failure, creature, leisure-ism:individualism, capitalism, criticism, colonialism, modernism, mechanism-ist:pianist, typist, artist, socialist, physicist, perfectionist-ity:qualit

32、y, vanity, relativity, unity, activity, quantity, equality, generosity, humanity, hostility, identity, realityB. 形容詞詞綴: 詞綴 舉 例 -able:desirable, favorable, considerable, acceptable, drinkable, eatable, advisable, remarkable, preferable-ible:incredible, possible, impossible, plausible(似真實的)-ous:famous

33、, joyous, dangerous, nervous, anxious-al:cultural, traditional, global, natural, central, environmental, occasional, agricultural, musical-y:cloudy, sandy, snowy, sleepy, dirty, sunny, curly, salty, healthy, rainy, easy, silky, icy, wealthy, windy, lucky, noisy, tasty-ful:useful, hopeful, delightful

34、, helpful, thoughtful, harmful, beautiful, successful, joyful-less:careless, childless, doubtless, speechless, endless, restless, fearless-ly:friendly, deadly, weekly, worldly, secondly, earthly, sickly, manly, costly, leisurely-ive:attractive, active, protective, progressive, imaginative, positive,

35、 negative, productive-ary:revolutionary, elementary, customary, momentary, imaginaryC. 副詞詞綴:D. 形容詞或名詞加以下詞綴變?yōu)閯釉~：詞綴 舉 例 詞綴 舉 例 -ly：happily, strangely, eventfully, eventually, originally, sadly-en:sharpen, harden, broaden, darken, redden, weaken, lengthen, heighten, lighten-ward(s):homeward(s), outward

36、(s), backward(s), inward(s), forward(s)-ize:modernize, organize, civilize, realize, globalize, Americanize, popularize, nationalize, economize, industrialize, hospitalizeE. 表示反義的前綴:詞綴舉 例 in-, im-, il-and ir-: incomplete, irresponsible, insensitive, impolite, inappropriate, inconsistent, indirect, il

37、logical, illegal, irregular, impatient, incapable, improper, incorrectun-:unwise, unforgettable, undress, untie, unnoticeable, unreasonable, ungrateful, unlimited, uncertain, uncover, unrecognizable, unfashionable, undo, untidy, unfold, unloadnon-: nonfatal, non-stop, non-smokerdis-:dislike, disloya

38、l, disappear, disclose, disappoint, dishonest, discharge, displeased, disintegrateF. re-前綴加在動詞前表示“再一次，重新”： G.mis-前綴加在動詞前表示“錯誤的，歪曲的，不好的”： rewrite, repay, reread, replace, regain, reconsider,reconstruct, recyclemisunderstand, mislead, mistake, misuse, misspell, misreport, misprint, misplace練習 你能想出哪些帶以

39、下詞綴的單詞？pre- keyex-keypost-keyen-key-arykey-cykeyde-keyunder-key-ishkey趣味方法 戲謔玩笑法： 用開玩笑的辦法來記單詞和句子，使背單詞、和背句子的枯燥乏味的過程變得趣味橫生，有時一句玩笑可令人經久難忘。但必須牢記：玩笑歸玩笑，單詞的正確的確拼寫和發(fā)音以及句子的確切含義卻是必須弄清楚，絲毫馬虎不得。例：用“挨磕”來記憶ache用“我洗”來記憶wash用“細看”來記憶scan用“提示”來記憶teach用“死壯”來記憶strong用“秘事”來記憶myth用“得三兒”來記憶desire用“離吾”來記憶leave用“累吧”來記憶labo

40、ur用“我愛撫”或“吾愛夫”來記憶wife練習：如何巧妙記憶以下單詞呢 ：Desert (沙漠)keyPlay (玩耍)keyTomb（墳墓）keyCheat（欺騙）keyDialogue（對話）keyFollow（跟著）keySquare（方的）keyAdmire（羨慕)keyTalk（說話）keyIll-treat（虐待）keyChance（機會keyJapanese key形象實物法 形象聯(lián)想記憶法 , 即在記憶單詞和詞組時 , 可以展開聯(lián)想 , 將單詞與某些熟悉、生動易記的動作、事物聯(lián)系在一起，這樣可以加深印象，而且聯(lián)想的過程本身就是記憶力的過程 。 例看到時鐘會聯(lián)想到sand in

41、the hourglass看電影人猿泰山會聯(lián)想到jungle, rain forest由眼睛會聯(lián)想到love at first sight練習：1 酒席上“干杯”怎么說？ key2“嗅覺很靈敏”怎么表達？ key3墨守成規(guī)的人怎么說？key4“小人物”和“大人物”英語里該怎么說?key5儲蓄是 “save for”, 那么“保存面子”是什么？“挽回局勢”呢？key6你買東西希望貨到付款怎么說？key7. 一國的黃金儲備要怎么表達? 外匯儲備呢？硬通貨怎么說？key8“盛衰沉浮”除了可以用ups and downs表達，還可以怎么說？key9. 你總是買同一種牌子的衣服，這在英文里叫做什么？ke

42、y10. “無可救藥地愛上了你”該怎么說？key11. 現(xiàn)在很多年輕人染上了“網癮”，這個在英文中怎么說？key12. 上網時認識的網友怎么說比較好？key13. 形容某位美女有著沉魚落雁的美貌可以怎么說？key14. 法國美國等國的眾議院和參議院怎么說？英國的上下議院又怎么表達？key15.“一個耗盡人力的國家”和“她快要死了”可以怎么說？key16. 一個人被打得鼻青臉腫怎樣說？跟顏色有關的表達還有哪些？key17. 犯了錯誤時別人跟你說“亡羊補牢，為時不晚”，這該怎么翻譯?key18. 讀書時我們強調要讀懂作者字里行間的意思，在英文中怎么說？key19. 我們出到社會會接觸到各行各業(yè)的人

43、，“各行各業(yè)的人”怎么說？key20朋友生病了，你推薦他吃一種藥，并且說“這個藥可有效了！”這個用英文該怎么說？key21. 稱贊一個人懂得東西很多，是一本“活字典，活百科全書”該怎么說？key22. 自己感到驕傲而自信，可以挺直了腰板走路，該怎么說？ key23. 送客的時候用英語說“請慢走”怎么說？key1 同類詞法2 構詞法3 戲謔玩笑法4 形象實物法對比策略同義詞、反義詞對比 練習1. 將下面的單詞組成12對反義詞 ：brilliant, domestic, decrease, superb, diverse, suspect, ancient, presence, foreign,

44、abundant, awkward, ,anxietydisadvantage,rare, foolish, unitary, trust, modern, absence, skillful, awful, advantage, increase, leisure參考答案2. 以下20個詞分別可以組成5對反義詞和5對同義詞，請找出來。idealistic, emotion, proceed, exhaustic, private, favorable, enormous, equal, agreement, public, appreciate,supportive, realistic,

45、fair, reason, suspend, understand, huge, contradiction, energetic參考答案 3. 找出A組與B組中對應的同義詞并連接起來ABacute supportrestlessabilityabrupt sharpinteraction transferconventionvalueassess communicationcompetenceoffensivefulfillquiet參考答案sponsor customremovesatisfy4. 從下列詞語中找出八對反義詞和八對同義詞reluctant, exterior, genero

46、us, expectation, harbor, objective, sensitive, overlook, counsel, unlimited, approvalsubjective,depart, routine, determine, advise, confirm, amateur, despair, interior, hesitate, prove, ungenerousprotect, resolve, insensitive, limited, professional, forgive, leave, disapproval, regular參考答案詞義對比 例：tic

47、kThe clock is ticking. 鐘在滴滴答答地走 Tick before the right answer. 在正確答案前面打勾 例：head use your head : mental power才智a head of a state: lead首腦，首長the head of the tiger: part of the body頭部the head of a walking stick: the top of everything物體的頂端the head of a page: the highest or uppermost part of a thing書頁上端fou

48、ntain head, river head: the source of a stream, spring源頭five head of cattle, unit of a flock or herd: unit of a flock or herd等之頭數(shù)練習：A.你能說出下列畫橫線單詞的漢語意思嗎?1 abrupt We can not get used to her abrupt change. 參考答案 An abrupt style of writing參考答案He has an abrupt manner.參考答案2accomodationI want to find a chea

49、p accomodation.參考答案 The two sides failed to agree on every point but came to an accomodation. 參考答案 Arrange the accomodation of my plans to yours.參考答案 3 adaptThe machine has been adapted for use underwater.參考答案 The novel has been adapted for movie.參考答案 Our eyes soon adapt to the dark.參考答案 4 applyHe i

50、s applying for the job.參考答案 The new economic law is going to be applied at the end of this month.參考答案 These rules dont always apply.參考答案 You will succeed if you fully apply yourself to the work.參考答案 5appreciateYour help is greatly appreciated.參考答案 I cant fully appreciate foreign literature.參考答案 I re

51、ally appreciate a good cup of tea.參考答案 I appreciate your problem, but I dont think I can be of any help.參考答案 6. authorityThe leader must be a person of authority.參考答案 Iam acting under her authority.參考答案 We have the authority to search the house.參考答案 The related authorities have investigated the matt

52、er.參考答案 7. budgetWe suffer from a budget crunch. 參考答案 Limit myself to a daily budget of $10.參考答案 If we budget carefully, we will be able to afford a new car.參考答案 We enjoyed a budget holiday.參考答案 8. characterHis character is different from his wifes. 參考答案 The character of the desert landscape.參考答案 A man of character.參考答案 The characters in the novel are funny.參考答案 Shes quite a character!參考答案 You are damaging his character!參考