英語國(guó)家社會(huì)及文化入門unit_5

1、Economy 1. Before 20th Century -rising to the strongest economy -reasons2. 20th Century -decline: absolute and relative decline -reasons -after WWII3. Current Economy -slow progressEuropean Union: 歐洲聯(lián)盟，簡(jiǎn)稱歐盟是當(dāng)今世界一體化程度最高的區(qū)域政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)集團(tuán)組織。其前身是1958年成立的歐洲共同體(European Community, EC)，即歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體(European Economic

2、Community, EEC)、煤鋼共同體(European Coal & Steel Community, ECSC)和原子能共同體(European Atomic Energy Community, EURATOM)的統(tǒng)稱。1993年11月，歐洲聯(lián)盟條約(又稱馬斯特里赫特條約，The Maastricht Treaty)生效，歐共體演化為歐洲聯(lián)盟。 歐盟旗幟歐盟成員國(guó)法國(guó) France德國(guó) Germany意大利 Italy荷蘭 the Netherlands 比利時(shí) Belgium 盧森堡 Luxemburg英國(guó) the UK丹麥 Denmark愛爾蘭 Ireland希臘 Gree

3、ce西班牙 Spain葡萄牙 Portugal奧地利 Austria芬蘭 Finland瑞典 Sweden波蘭 Poland匈牙利 Hungary捷克 the Czech Republic斯洛伐克 Slovakia愛沙尼亞 Estonia拉脫維亞 Latvia立陶宛 Lithuania斯洛文尼亞 Slovenia馬耳他 Malta塞浦路斯 Cyprus羅馬尼亞 Romania保加利亞 Bulgaria創(chuàng)始國(guó)(1958)1973年加入1981年加入1986年加入1995年加入2004年加入2007年加入For discussionCountry economic data: GDP國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（

4、Gross Domestic Product）； GDP per capital人均, PPP購(gòu)買力平價(jià)Purchasing Power Parity指兩種貨幣之間的匯率決定于它們單位貨幣購(gòu)買力之間的比例 , Gini index基尼系數(shù)，關(guān)于貧富差距的指標(biāo)。在全部居民收入中，用于進(jìn)行不平均分配的那部分收入占總收入的百分比。 , currency (exchange rate with RMB), foreign currency reserve高額外匯儲(chǔ)備對(duì)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一系列負(fù)面影響, trading volume交易額 Natural resources.Three-tiered e

5、conomy: primary tier (agriculture, main products?), second tier (industry, main products?), third tier (service, main products?)Economic relations with China?Any economic problems?作業(yè)discussion p801. Define “absolutely decline and relatively decline” in the UK economy. How does the author explain the

6、 reasons for the absolute decline and relative decline.2. What did the Conservative party under Mrs. Margaret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? The word “reform” in the national economy was also popular when she formed the government decided to change the UK economy. What wa

7、s her radical reform program” Was the program successful according to the author?3. the author believes that Britain, like most developed economics, has seen a relatively shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service or service industries. Why is i

8、t so? Do you see a similar growth in tertiary industries in China in the past 20 years or so? How is this growth related to the reform and opening up to the outside world?National economy國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)primary industry 產(chǎn)業(yè): agriculture, fishing, mining. natural resourcesSecondary industry: manufacturing 加工制造 in

9、dustry - low/high-valued added.Tertiary industry services: tourism, banking, retailing, insurance Data: GDP per capital, PPP, Gini index, currency (exchange rate with RMB), foreign currency reserve, trading volume CountryGDP(total)US$ GDP(per capita)Annual growth rateMoneta-ry unitExchange rateUK$2.

10、1 trillion (6th)$3,500(2006)3.1% (2007)Pound Sterling Ireland$41,000(2005)8%EuroUS$13.2 trillion (2006, 1st) $46,000(2006)4%(2007)USDCanada$1.165 trillion (2006 12th) $35,200 (2006) 2.8%CADAustralia$645.3 billion (2006 17th) $34,369(2006)3.8%AUDNew Zealand$103,873billion(2006, 53th)$29,698(28th)$110

11、,296(58th)NZDhigh income World Bank 2006middle-high incomemiddle-low incomelow incomeEconomic sectorsPrimary industries: agriculture, fishing, forestry, miningSecondary industries: manufacturing (light industry + heavy industry)Tertiary industries: services (banking, insurance, tourism, retailing, e

12、tc), high-valued return.The higher the weight of the tertiary industry, the more developed the economy.UK economic sectorsHistorical evolutionTop 20 importers and exporters in 2006UK main export partners (2004)UK main import partners (2004)UK economy: from absolute wealth to absolute decline17th and

13、 18th centuries: age of expansion 1770s 1820s, Industrial RevolutionThe 1880s, prime time of the Empire, the sun-never-set, of world manufactured goods, cold and iron, cotton, largest shipping.Decline from 1900 onwards: -dissolution of the Empire, decolonisation: India (1947) -2 WWs: debts (1941s Le

14、nd-Lease Act).-Continuous high defence budget.-Difficulty in industry upgrading (cf. Jap. Germ)-RecoveryBritish Empire Anachronous時(shí)代錯(cuò)誤的 Words in Chapter4 debtraw materialdrastic reformimpair negative economic situationprivatized welfare implement contend internal opponents controversial mechanizatio

15、n bond mild flourish 債務(wù)原材料激烈的改革損害, 削弱消極經(jīng)濟(jì)局勢(shì)私有化的貫徹爭(zhēng)奪，主張內(nèi)部的對(duì)手機(jī)械化債券溫和的繁榮Key IssuesWhat made UK the strongest economy in the 19th century?What made UK lag behind other capitalist countries in the 20th century?How to understand UKs decline after WWII?Before 20th Century strongest economy in the worldreas

16、ons They combine private ownership with government control called mixed economies, the systems attempt to eliminate消除inefficiencies in capitalism or socialism alone. Governments, with centralized control and the power to make legislation, set standards and taxes and may direct certain industries: te

17、lecommunications or transportation, while private businesses control the remaining industries & thrive興旺or fail to the dictates of the market. In some cases, a public-private partnership may operate some industries. What are the modern economic systems?1-1) strongest economy in the worldVictoria

18、n Age (1837-1903) saw the country rising into the most powerful and economically strongest nation.Workplace of the world: Industrial Revolution ensured UK a leading position as a manufacturer. In 1860, 40-50 % industrial products of the world were made in Britain.In 1848, half of iron in the world w

19、as made in UK.UKs economy in 1860 in the world1-2) reasons Industrial Revolution17世紀(jì)，整個(gè)歐洲大陸處于宗教迫害之中，反映自由、民主和科學(xué)的新思想，被當(dāng)作“異端”“邪說”而受壓制，不少有發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的科技人才被處刑罰。與此同時(shí), 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)也連綿不斷，法國(guó)處于內(nèi)戰(zhàn)和向外擴(kuò)張的連年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，意大利四分五裂，這樣，就使科學(xué)技術(shù)人才紛紛流向地處歐洲邊緣而較安定的英倫三島。1740年經(jīng)英國(guó)政府批準(zhǔn)的實(shí)用專利只4件，1750年為7件，1760年增加為14件。 據(jù)英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)史編據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì), 1660-1750年,英國(guó)有60多位科學(xué)家,

20、約占當(dāng)時(shí)世界總數(shù)的36%以上, 他們的科學(xué)成就約占世界總數(shù)的40%。 -英國(guó)近代史（p. 229, 王覺非，南京科學(xué)出版社，1997）Industrial Revolution （2）Textile industry 1733: John Kay invented flying shuttle, which speeded up hand weaving, creating demand for faster yarn(紗) spinning. 1766: James Hargreaves spinning jenny enabled one hand labourer to spin man

21、y threads at a time. 1769: Richard Arkwrights waterframe 1779: Samuel Cromptons mule 1784: Edmund Cartwrights power loom Industrial Revolution (3)The problem of power: James Watt produced an efficient steam engine in 1765, which could be applied to textile and other machinery.Industrial Revolution （

22、4）Iron-making Abraham Darby succeeded in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. This is considered to be the most important element in speeding industrialization. As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain became “workshop of the world”; no other country was yet ready to compete

23、 with her in industrial production. colonizationBy 1901 the Empires size was 12,000,000 square miles, more than 1/5 of the world, 11 times its own size. Britains population was 41,500,000, and the Empires population was 4,000,000,000, approximately 10 times its own.By 1900 Britain had built up a big

24、 empire, “on which the sun never set”.Exploitation upon the colonies pushed forward its economy.Decline -Absolute Decline and Relativs Decline 2) Reasons(1): starting from mid-19th century UK has slowed its pace in industrial growth.periodRate of industrial growth (%)1860-187033.21870-188020.81880-1

25、89017.42. 20th CenturyDecline (2) manufacturing output percentagetimeUKUSAGermanyFranceRussia187031.823.31881-188526.628.61896-19009.55.0Decline (3) UKs fall was fast.This decline was a relative one. It was still in absolute progress. (fell from 2st to 6th rank)2) Rea

26、sons for Decline Debts as a result of warDecolonizationMilitary expenditureOld industryLow rate of investment3) Quick Recovery after WWIISteady development in the 50s and 60s. By the end of 1947 the British economy had returned to its pre-war levels. In 1950 Britains GDP and its foreign trade ranked

27、 second and its per capita income third in the world.Economic recession in the 70s two oil crises (1973; 1977) 1973-1979, GDP growth averaged 1.4% per year and the rate of inflation通貨膨脹 15.6%. stagnant economy停滯蕭條的經(jīng)濟(jì); “British disease”1970s economic downturn: 1973 oil crisis due to OPEC oil embargo石

28、油禁運(yùn) high rates of inflation (20%).1973, EEC membership.1979 1990: the Thatcherism: privatisation, reduced state intervention, free markets, and entrepreneurialism. (cf. Reganomics)1990 1997, Major years1997 now, New LabourMargaret ThatcherThe leader of Conservative partyTo office in 1979The UK first

29、 woman Prime MinisterPolices to overcome the British economic problems- high inflation and low growthThe privatization in the 1980sPrivatization and monetary reformCheck trade unionPeoples capitalismBetter the British economic situation Recovery in 80s Margaret Thatchers reforms: Privatization and l

30、iberalization Welfare: old age pensions reduced; period of unemployment benefits shortened; child benefits cutCurbed抑制 the power of the trade unionsThe result:The rate of inflation fell sharply from 8.6 % in 1982 to 5 % in 1983. Between 1981 and 1987 the GDP growth rate averaged 2.7 %. Meanwhile Bri

31、tain has become a sizable oil exporter and the economy has become integrated with the global economy as well as with the EC economy.Unemployment increased: 3,000,000 in 1982Blairs “Third Way”Tony Blair came in power in 1997; the Labor PartyEmphasize the minimum wage and supplementing增補(bǔ) low incomesSt

32、ress individual responsibilityResults: limiting government spending, keeping inflation under control andreducing unemployment.3. Current EconomyAgriculture, fishing , mining = Primary industriesEnergy productionManufacturing industryService industryForeign trade1990 GDP per capita1. Bermuda $23,0002

33、. United States(GNP) $21,08213. France $14,60014. United Kingdom $14,30024. Hong Kong $10,000 176. ChinaChinas GDP in 2005 has reached 18.2321 trillion yuan, or 2.23 trillion US dollars. This total number will surpass that of France and near Britain by known statistics, Shanghai Securities News repo

34、rts. 2005 ($)1 盧森堡盧森堡 69,056 7 美國(guó)美國(guó) 42,076 9 英國(guó)英國(guó) 36,977 23 香港香港 24,581 36 臺(tái)灣臺(tái)灣 13,926 112 中華人民共和國(guó)中華人民共和國(guó) 1,352 Unemployment rate(%) 2003 42 United Kingdom 5.2077 India 8.8081 Italy 9.1045 Japan 5.4082 France 9.10 49 United States 5.80 102 Spain 11.30 1) agriculture efficient 1.4% national wealth 1

35、% workforce 66% food high rate of production by modern technologyEmployment Breakdown (labor force)73%Services25%Industry2%Agriculture, Energy, Forestry, Fishing3/4 land for agriculture 2/3 land for stock raising 1/4 crops: wheat, barley east for crops west for dairy leading exports of livestock: ca

36、ttle , sheep, pigs and horses Scottish beef Welsh muttonBSE disease 1996 ban on beef exportsChanges in British farmingPioneers in modern agriculture; highly mechanized, 2% farmers manage 70% of the land; use computers, technological farming; new farming calledAgribusiness(equip, managed like an indu

37、strial business with a set of inputs & outputs; intensive farming to have maximum output of crops and animals;demands high mechanization and modern technology)factory farming methodspoultry or pigs in rearing units where food, heating, light carefully controlled to encourage rapid growth 2) fish

38、ing industry provides 55% domestic demand cod, haddock, herring, turbot, sole fishing areas: around British island English Channel North Sea, the sea between England and Icelandhis characteristic landscape of wild moorland高沼地on the Pennine uplands is varied by fertile lowlands or dales溪谷. These wind

39、ing valleys, mainly agricultural, are popular destinations for hikers and climbers. The dry stone walls built without mortar灰泥mark field boundaries in the Dales.Much of the land in Britain that is devoted to agricultural purposes is used for grazing. These sheep graze in Hathersage, a town in the En

40、glish county of Derbyshire in the heart of the Peak District. Sheep farming is an important part of the economy in Derbyshire.3) Energy production ResourcesCoal, oil and natural gas1) rich reserves, major source of energy, led to Industrial Revolution2) today coal mining a “sick” industry, less mine

41、rs collieries煤礦, output3) reasons for the declineexhaustion of old mines, costly extraction, poor old equipment, little money invested, fall in demand 4) oil import beforenow self-sufficient in oil under the North Seause in transport and domestic heating systems,mechanized agricultureenergy : 5% of

42、the national wealth coal mining 1/4 energy supplies oil exporter The offshore oil industryoil under the North Sea3 oil companies:Shell with Dutch, British Petroleum, British GasCoal mining was once the main industry of the Rhondda Valley in Wales. The Big Pit colliery ceased production in 1980 but i

43、ts buildings and machinery were preserved, converted into a museum of mining. Visitors descend into the mine via the 90-m lift shaft to walk through underground roadways, air doors, stables (for pit ponies), engine houses constructed by past generations of miners. the British Trade Authority control

44、s oversea tourismfinancial sector =The City of LondonLondon_ the top 3 financial centers 20% international bank-loans largest foreign exchange market the City _the London Stock Exchangeunit currency: the pound sterling: stg. 1971the Bank of London:1694 set-up, 1946 public-owned2006年世界各國(guó)國(guó)際旅游收入排行年世界各國(guó)

45、國(guó)際旅游收入排行 revenueMajor ExportsRoad vehicles and other transportation equipment, industrial machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, electrical machinery, office machines and data processing equipment, power-generating machinery, organic chemicals, precision instruments, iron and steelMajor Import

46、sRoad vehicles and parts, food products, office machines and data processing equipment, clothing and accessories, industrial machinery, textile yarn and fabrics, paper products, power-generating equipmentMajor Trading Partners Germany, United States, France, Netherlands, Ireland, Japan Currency/Poun

47、d sterling/Exchange Rate0.64 pounds = U.S.$1 (1996) Importance of foreign trade1) 5th largest trading nation a traditional exporter of manufactured goodsan importer of food & basic materialsChanges in Britains trade patternthe share of manufactures falling and that of fuels risingoil contributes

48、 to British foreign trade in exports and import substitutionNew industries1) microprocessors, computer, biotechnology, other high-tech industries2) areas: as the “Silicon Glen” between Glasgow an Edinburgh in Scotland( largest collection of foreign-owned chip factories)3) The Aerospace Industry3rd i

49、n size in the world: VC10, Jaguar, Harrier, Concord next to US & RussiaProducts: civil and military aircraft (helicopters)Missile, satellites and jet engines 2% of UK national output8% of manufactured export goods1918 growth of aviation industry (1250 a year)Bomber to civil air-line: 1st jet air

50、liner: The CometRolls Royce engines; Radar; 1939 Spitfire fighter; Trident and the VC10; Landing Harrier1st supersonic civil airliner with France: ConcordTornado combat aircraftAirbus series; Boeing 777 airliner300 companies and 170,000 people Oversea sales 12% of the world aerospace export協(xié)和飛機(jī)失事Roy

51、al Air Force planes serve a variety of functions, including cargo transport, observation duties, training, and combat. Combat planes, such as the F-3 Fighter, designed to be fast, strong, and highly maneuverableabout half of the trade is with the EC in1972, the proportion 1/3 trade with Commonwealth

52、 countries decline, mainly with developed a deficit on visible trade 2nd to the US surplus on invisible trade無形貿(mào)易in 1986 was 7.6 pounds billion the equivalent of 7 % of the GDP Serviced a surplus equivalent to 2% of the GDPsegments of the services sector:sea transportation; civil aviation; travel an

53、d tourism financial services and othersThe UK is a member of the European Union (EU). The union was established in 1993 by the 12 nations of the European Community. The EU works toward better political and economic integration and cooperation between member nations. AgricultureHow many are farmers?

54、Can their farm produce meet the demands?1%; about 60% of the demands can be met.What are the important crops there?Wheat, barley, sugar beet(甜菜甜菜), potatoWhat do you know about their livestock?The leading exporter of cattle, sheep, pigs and horses.In 1987 there were 100 million chickens, 30 million

55、sheep, 15 million cattle and 8 million pigs.Energy productionCoal mining industry accounts for a quarter of the energy demand; Glasgow, Manchester, Sheffield and Newcastle; Rio TintoOil industry began in 1975.Now self-sufficient and an oil exporter.Three of the top ten come from energy sector.Nuclea

56、r power: 16 plants2009年2月12日中鋁公司宣布與全球第三大鐵礦石廠商力拓Rio Tinto達(dá)成協(xié)議將用72億美元. Royal Dutch Shell: 英荷殼牌集團(tuán)是世界第二大石油公司，總部位于荷蘭海牙（the Hague ）。1907年由荷蘭的皇家石油與英國(guó)的殼牌兩家公司合并組成。. ConocoPhillips: 康菲石油公司是美國(guó)一家綜合性的跨國(guó)能源公司，全美大型能源集團(tuán)之一，全球第五大私營(yíng)能源公司。. charge against earnings: 收益的抵減inventory: n. 庫(kù)存量，存貨的總值. operating profits: 營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)Man

57、ufacturing industry30% for exportFamous for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals(GlaxoSmithkline, the largest drug company in the world), aerospace(the third largest in the world), chemicals(ICI, the second largest paint producer) and Scotch. Service IndustryRapid expansion of service industry: 74% of the labor work for 72.6% of the GDP.1,000,000 work in the financial industry and produc