考研英語二翻譯模擬

1、精選考研英語二翻譯模擬1 What Is a Decision?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. Thepurpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. Thereason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are

2、wrong, or something isstanding in the way of accomplishing them.決策是一種選擇， 來自可以獲得的、 任擇其一的行動步驟。 作決策的意圖是要確立和實現(xiàn) 機構的目標和目的。 作決策的原因是有問題存在、 目標和目的不正確、 或者有某種東西妨礙 目標或目的的實現(xiàn)。Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a managerdoes involves decisions, and indeed, some suggest

3、that the management process is decision making.Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they considerpossible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try toleave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertaint

4、y is always there, risk accompanies decisions .Sometimes the consequence s of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.因此，作決策的過程對管理人員來說至關重要。管理者所做的每件事幾乎都與決策有關，事實上，有些人認為管理過程就是作決策。 盡管管理者不能預測未來， 但他們所作的許多決 策都要求他們考慮將來可能發(fā)生的事情。 通常情況下， 管理者必須對未來情況作出最佳估測， 并且 努力要使偶然事件盡可能少地發(fā)生，但是，由于不確定的因素一直存在，所

5、以，決策 總是與風險為伴。有時候，拙劣決策的后果并不嚴重，但在另外一些時候則是非常嚴重了。Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision tobe made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range ofchoice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a

6、 number of different courses in order toimplement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints basedon policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of theorganization.選擇是指從多個可能性中挑選的機會。 如果沒有選擇，就毋須作決策。 作決策就是挑選的 過程，

7、 許精選多決策的選擇范圍很廣。例如，一個學生為了獲得學位，他可能會從許多不同的 課程中選擇從而作出決策。對管理者來說，每項決策都受到基于政策、程序、法律、慣例等 等因素的制約， 這些制約存在于各個層次的機構中。2 Black HolesWhat is a black hole? Well, its difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normallyuse to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers and scien

8、tists think that ablack hole is a region of space (not a thing) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing canescape -not even light. So we cant see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull andyet it has no matter. It is only space or so we think. How can this happen?黑洞

9、是什么？這個問題很難回答， 因為我們通常用來描述某一科學現(xiàn)象的術語不足以回答這 個問題。天文學家和科學家都認為黑洞是一個太空區(qū)域(不是一種事物) ，落人其中的任何 物質都無法逃逸 甚至包括光。 所以我們看不見黑洞。 一個黑洞能產(chǎn)生強大的吸力， 但它 卻沒有物質。它只是空間 或許是我們這么想的。這種現(xiàn)象是怎樣發(fā)生的呢？The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; theycollapse and sometimes a super nova (超新星) occur

10、s. From earth, a super nova looks like a verybright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernova were reported by astronomers in theseventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been asupernova. The collapse of a star may produce a Whit

11、e Dwarf or a neutron star a star, whose matteris so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (muchbigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine theearth reduced to the size of a marble, but

12、still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull,and you have some idea of the force of a black hole . Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It isimpossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area aroundthe hole the event horizon. We know

13、nothing about events which happen once object s pass thisboundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.從理論論來說， 當某些恒星的密度增大到某種程度時就會發(fā)生爆炸， 爆炸使它們崩潰， 有時會產(chǎn)生超新星。 從地球上看， 一顆超新星看上去像是天空中的一盞明燈， 甚至在白天也閃 閃發(fā)光。精選超新星是由十七、 十八世紀的天文學家發(fā)現(xiàn)的。 有人認為圣誕星可能是一顆超新星。 一顆超新星的崩潰可能會產(chǎn)生白矮星或中子星， 其物資的密度非常大以至于

14、在其自身重力的 作用下持續(xù)收縮。但是，假如這顆恒星非常大（比我們的太陽大得多） ，那么，這種收縮的 過程可能會非常強烈， 其結果導致了黑洞的產(chǎn)生。 想像一下地球收縮小到有彈球那么大， 但 仍具有同樣的質量和更強的吸力， 你就會對黑洞的力量有某種概念。 靠近黑洞的任何物質都 會被吸入， 根本說不出黑洞里究竟發(fā)生了什么、科學家把黑洞的邊緣區(qū)域稱為“事界 ”。對物質通過這個界線時發(fā)生的情況我們一無所知。 從理論上來說， 黑洞里面物質的表現(xiàn)一定是不 大相同的。3 Euthanasia: For and AgainstThe Netherlands is the only country in Euro

15、pe which permits euthanasia, although it is nottechnically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced bythe Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guideline s demand that the patientis experiencing extreme suffering , that there

16、is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has maderepeated requests for euthanasia . In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteriahave been met and the death must be reported to the police department.盡管安樂死在荷蘭并未合法化， 但荷蘭仍然是歐洲惟一允許安樂死的國家。 兩年前在荷蘭議 會制定的嚴格標準下實施安樂死的醫(yī)生通常不會被起訴。 這此指導

17、原則要求： 病人正在經(jīng)受 極度的痛苦；沒有治愈的機會； 病人一再提出安樂死的請求。 除此之外，還需有另外一位醫(yī) 生確認是否已達到安樂死的標準，而且，必須向警方提出死亡報告。Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr, Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendelsdoctor, explains how he looks at the question: Well, its not as if Im planning to murder a crowd ofpeople with a machine

18、 gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing 1 can imagine. But thats entirelydifferent from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they dont suffer too much.Thats a very different thing.是不是應該允許醫(yī)生結束病人的生命呢？齊思 范萬爾德的醫(yī)生威爾費雷德 范奧仁 博上解釋了對這個問題的看法： “情況并不像我計劃用機關槍屠殺一大群人似的， 倘若那樣， 屠殺是我

19、所能想像到的最壞的事情， 這與我的醫(yī)生職業(yè)風馬牛不相及。 我關懷病人并努力使 他們不至于遭受太多的痛苦。這完全是兩碼事。 ”精選Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia, Dr. Andrew Ferguson,Chairman of the organization Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that in the vast majority ofeuthanasia cases, what the patient is actually aski

20、ng for is something else. They may want a healthprofessional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family theres nearlyalways another question behind the question. 然而，許多人完全反對安樂死。反對安樂死保健組織主席安德魯福格森博士說： “在大量 安樂死的病例中，病人實際所要求的是別的東西。 他們或許是想要保健專業(yè)人員為他們打開 與親人或家人開展思想交流的渠道 可能請求之后另有他求 ”。4 S

21、lavery on Our DoorstepThere are estimate d to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (theexact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this,does not keep statistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen

22、, diplomats orBritons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused bytheir employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servantsworking in Britain.據(jù)統(tǒng)計，在美國工作的外籍家庭傭人有兩萬多人(由于處理該項事務的政府部門 內(nèi)政部沒有做過統(tǒng)計，精確數(shù)字不得而知) 。通常，他們是由外國商人、外交 官員和歸國

23、英僑帶來的。 根據(jù)設在倫敦的幫助在倫敦工作的外籍家庭傭人的政治組織說， 在 兩萬多外籍家庭傭人中幾乎有 2000人正遭受雇主的剝削和虐待。The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do notreceive any payment . They can be physically , sexually and psychologically abused. And they can havetheir passports removed, making le

24、aving or escaping virtually impossible. 虐待有幾種形式家庭傭人常常不允許外出， 又得不到任何報酬。 他們在身體上、性和 心理上遭受凌辱。他們還會被收去護照，使得出走或 “逃跑”根本不可能。The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much mediaattention earlier this year in several highly publicise d cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid wasex

25、ecuted in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarter s that herguilt had not been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, lessdramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid work

26、ingin London:精選今年年初， 幾個透明度頗高的案例中有關世界各地的家庭女傭的悲慘狀況受到新聞媒體 的關注。其中一個案例是講一位菲律賓女傭因被指控犯有謀殺罪在新加坡被處死， 盡管有來 自各地的抗議認為她的罪名不足以成立。諸如 “反對奴隸制國際組織 ”之類的團體說， 一些不那么戲劇化的其他案例也應同樣受到人們的關注， 比如莉迪亞 加西亞， 一位在倫敦工作的 菲律賓女傭的案例。5 MusicThe new music was built out of materials already in existence: blues, rocknroll, folk music. Butalth

27、ough the forms remained, something completely new and original was made out of these olderelement s more original, perhaps, than even the new musicians themselves yet realize. Thetransformation took place in 1966- 1967. Up to that time, the blues had been an essentially blackmedium . Rocknroll, a bl

28、ues derivative, was rhythmic dance music.Folk music, old andmodern, was popular among college students. The three forms remained musically and culturallydistinct, and even as late as 1965, none of them were expressing any radically new states ofconsciousness. Blues expressed black soul; rock was the

29、 beat of youthful energy; and folk musicexpressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope.新音樂是從已有的音樂：布魯斯，搖滾樂， 民間音樂中產(chǎn)生的。 雖然新音樂保留了原有 的形式，但某些全新的、 獨創(chuàng)性的東西從舊的成分中脫穎而出的 它們也許比新音樂家意識到的還要更富有獨創(chuàng)性。這個變革發(fā)生在 1966-1967 年間。那個時候以前，布魯斯基本上 一直是黑人的音樂表達方式。由它衍生出的搖滾樂是節(jié)奏性很強的舞蹈音樂。而民間音樂，既有古老又有現(xiàn)代的，在大學生中頗為流行。 這三種音樂形式在音樂和文化方而都

30、各不相同， 甚至直到 1965 年，它們中任何一個都沒有表達任何全新的意識境界。布魯斯表現(xiàn)黑人的心 靈，搖滾是年輕活力的節(jié)拍，民樂除表現(xiàn)愛情與希望外，還表現(xiàn)反戰(zhàn)情緒。In 1966-1967 there was spontaneous transformation. In the United States, it originated withyouthful rock groups playing in San Francisco. In England, it was led by the Beatles, who were alreadyestablished as an extrem

31、ely fine and highly individual rock group What happened, as well as it can beput into words, was this. First the separate musical traditions were brought together. Bob Dylan and theJefferson Airplane played folk rock, folk ideas with a rock beat White rock groups began experimentingwith the blues. O

32、f course, white musicians had always played the blues, but essentially as imitators of精選the Negro style; now it began to be the white band s own music. And all of the groups moved towards abroader eclecticism and synthesis. They freely took over elements from jazz, from America countrymusic, and as

33、time went on from even more diverse sources What developed was a music readily takingon various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.自發(fā)的變革出現(xiàn)在 1966 年到 1967 年間。在美國， 舊金山的年輕搖滾樂隊發(fā)起了這場變 革；在英國， 被公認是極其完美和非常獨特的披頭士搖滾樂隊領導了這股新潮流。 所發(fā)生的 情況，如用言詞盡可能地表達出來是這樣的： 首先，分離的音樂傳統(tǒng)被結合起來了。 鮑伯 狄 倫和杰弗遜飛機隊演

34、奏民歌搖滾樂， 將民歌思想與搖滾節(jié)奏結合在一起。 白人搖滾樂隊開始 嘗試演奏布魯斯。 當然， 白人音樂家雖然已經(jīng)一直在演奏布魯斯， 但基本上只是模仿黑人音 樂的風格。 而現(xiàn)在， 它開始變成白人樂隊自己的音樂了。 所有的樂隊都朝著更廣泛的折衷主 義和結合主義的方向前進。 他們自由地吸收爵士音樂、 美國鄉(xiāng)土音樂的成分， 而隨著時間的 推移， 他們甚至對各種各樣的音樂兼收并蓄， 最后發(fā)展成一種能輕松采取多種形式的、 幾乎 有無窮表現(xiàn)力的新音樂。6 Improving Industrial Efficiency through RoboticsRobots, becoming increasingly

35、 prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout thedeveloped world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without humanintervention.機器人在所有發(fā)達國家的工廠和其他工業(yè)生產(chǎn)部門日益普遍得到應用； 機器人通過編制 程序和策劃在無人干預的條件下完成工業(yè)生產(chǎn)任務。Most of todays robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they ar

36、e programmed totake over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. They also load andunload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting automobile and truck frames.目前多數(shù)機器人用于汽車工業(yè)， 它們按編制的程序承擔轎車和卡車車身的焊接和噴漆這 一類的工作。 機器人還可以用來裝卸用于鑄造轎車和卡車框架的機械中的熾熱、 笨重的金屬 鑄模。Robots, already tak

37、ing over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen,although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. There they build electric motors, small精選appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle theradioactive materials, prevent

38、ing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. These are therobots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this net industry.除了已在汽車生產(chǎn)領域替代人工勞動外， 機器人也開始出現(xiàn)在別的工業(yè)部門， 雖然應用 的程度低一些。 在那里機器人制造電機、 小型器具、袖珍計算機甚至手表等。在核電站使用 的機器人處理放射性材料， 避免人員接觸放射性物質。 這樣的機器人在這一新工業(yè)中用來減 少職業(yè)性傷害。What makes a Robot

39、 a Robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ fromautomatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by acomputer to do another one. As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can bereprogrammed and switched to spray painting

40、the next. Automatic machines, on the other hand, are notcapable of many different uses; they are built to perform only one task.是什么東西決定一個自控裝置是機器人而不是一個自動化機器呢？機器人與自動化機 器不同之處在于機器人完成某一特定任務后，可由計算機重新編制程序去完成另一項任務。 例如，做電焊工作 1 個月后，可以重新編制程序而轉成下個月做噴漆工作。 反之，自動化機 器不能有多種不同的用途，它只是被制造成執(zhí)行一項任務。7 Leisure and Leadershi

41、pObservations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial societies areincreasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. Theimportance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of service for mass entertainmentand r

42、ecreation are signs of this increase concern.觀察與研究成果表明， 生活在先進的工業(yè)化社會的人們越來越關心休閑的機會和休閑中他們能干些什么。 人們賦予帶薪休假的重要性和大眾娛樂服務的快速發(fā)展是日益關注這一問 題的標志。The term quality of life is difficult to define. It covers a very wide scope such as living environment,health, employment, food family life, friends, education, materia

43、l possessions, leisure and recreation,and so on. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especial as seen by the individual, is meaningful interms of the degree I which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction. to theindividual.精選生活質量這一術語不易定義，它包括范圍很廣，如生活環(huán)境、健康、就業(yè)、飲食、家庭 生活、 朋

44、友、教育、物質的占有、 休閑與娛樂等等。 一般來說， 生活質量， 特別在個人看來， 其意義是由這些不同的生活領域可以供個人享受或者可以使個人滿意的程度來衡量的。As activity carried out as one thinks fit during ones spare time leisure has the following functions:relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these variesaccording to the natu

45、re of ones job and ones life-style. Thus, people who need to exert much energy intheir work will find relaxation most desirable in leisure. Those with a better education and in professionaloccupations may tend more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g., cultivation of skills andhobbies)

46、in leisure.休閑作為空閑時進行的自己認為適當?shù)幕顒?，具有下列功能：放松、娛樂、個人發(fā)展。 這些功能的重要性隨著個人工作性質與生活方式的不同而變化， 所以在工作中需要付出很多 精力的人， 更渴望休閑時放松， 而受過良好教育、 從事專業(yè)工作的人可能更趨向于休閑時尋 求娛樂和個人發(fā)展，如掌握技巧，培養(yǎng)愛好。8 Jet Lag: Prevention and CureThe problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time . But do youhave to suffer? U

47、nderstand what it is. and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects, and yourflights will be less stressful.噴氣飛機時差綜合癥是每個乘坐國際航班旅行的人在某個時候會碰到的問題。 但你是否 就這樣忍受著？如果你能了解噴氣飛機時差綜合癥是怎么回事以及注意飲食怎樣把它的不 良作用減少到最小，你坐飛機的緊張程度就會輕些。The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we

48、realize. Jet Lag isnot a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due lo changes inthe bodys physiological regulatory mechanisms, specifically the hormonal systems, in a differentenvironment.乘飛機旅行對身體的影響實際上遠比我們意識到的更令人焦灼不安。 時差綜合癥不是對 不同時區(qū)進行調(diào)整的心理后果。 它是身體的生理調(diào)節(jié)機制， 特別

49、是激素系統(tǒng)， 在不同環(huán)境中 發(fā)生變化所引起精選的。Confused? So was John Foster Dulles, the American Secretary of Stale, when he flew to Egypt toconduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam. He later blamed his poor judgement on Jet Lag.是不是被弄糊涂啦？美國國務卿約翰 福斯特 杜勒斯從美國飛往埃及談判阿斯旺水壩 問題時就被弄糊涂了。他后來把自己在談判中判斷失誤歸咎于時差綜合癥。The effects can be used

50、to advantage, too. President Johnson once conducted an importantmeeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House workingpersonnel were as fresh as paint, while the locals, in this case, were jet-lagged. Essentially, they hadbeen instantaneously transported to Am

51、erica.但是乘飛機旅行對身體的影響也可使之對人有利。 約翰遜總統(tǒng)曾在關島主持一次重要會 議，整個會議按華盛頓時間進行。 白宮的工作人員個個精力充沛， 而當?shù)厝嗽谶@種情況下卻 得了時差綜合癥。從本質上說，他們瞬間一下子被運到了美國。9 Aging in European CountriesIf revolution is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of thesociety counts as a very important aspect of that social s

52、tructure, then there has been a social revolutionin European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50. Takentogether, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. These facts andcircumstances were well to the fore earlier this y

53、ear at a world gathering about aging as a challenge toscience and to policy, held at Vichy in France.如果 “革命 ”是對社會結構的迅速重建， 如果社會的年齡構成被看作是社會結構的一個非 常重要的方面，那么在歐洲尤其是在西歐社會里，每個超過 50 歲的人一生中就已經(jīng)歷過一 次社會革命了。綜合起來， 這些事情牽連出的結果剛開始被人們認識。 這些事實和情況今年 早些時候在法國維希舉行的一個世界大會上被視為對科學和政策的挑戰(zhàn)而置于顯著地位。There is often resistance to th

54、e idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western andNorthwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that wehave grown so old. But this is what elementary demography makes clear. Long life is altering our society,精選of course, but in experiential

55、 terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continuedliving than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. But too much of thatlengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless wedo something about it.這種觀點常

56、遇到反對意見， 即正因為西歐和西北歐出生率比別的地區(qū)下降得早， 而不是 因為死亡率方面的任何變化， 所以我們的社會才變得如此老齡但初級人口統(tǒng)計學已經(jīng)把這個 問題解釋清楚了。當然長壽正改變我們的社會， 但這是根據(jù)經(jīng)驗而來的說法。 我們比以前任 何一個社會更經(jīng)歷著長壽，這種情況還將繼續(xù)下去。但過度的長壽，即便是在富裕的西方， 也會遭受貧窮和忽視，除非我們采取一些辦法。If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third ofthe rest of you

57、r life after the age of 60. The older you are now , of course, the greater this proportion willbe, and greater still if you are a woman. Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong atthe highest ages. At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how

58、manyold there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revisionupwards.如果你現(xiàn)在 30 多歲，你應當知道你可以期望活到 60 歲后再活上剩余生命的三分之一。 當然，你現(xiàn)在年齡越大，這種比例就越高，如果你是女人，這比例還應該更高。人生的估計 壽命是一個飄忽不定的數(shù)字，年齡越大越容易有誤差。在維希，人口學家們互相轉告，他們 對一些地方人口情況的估計，如英格蘭和威爾上將有多少老年人， 這些老人的壽命如何， 注 定要進行修改，因為這些數(shù)字一直呈

59、上升趨勢。10 The Campaign for ElectionThe winner in the November general election is almost certain to be either the Republican or theDemocratic nominee. A minor-party or independent candidate, such as George Wallace in 1968, JohnAnderson in 1980, or Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, can draw votes away from

60、the major-partynominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.11 月大選的獲勝者幾乎可以肯定不是共和黨就是民主黨提名的候選人。小黨派或獨立 的候選人，如 1968 年的喬治華萊十、 1980 年的約翰安德森，或者 1992 年和 1996 年的 羅斯佩羅等，可精選能會從大黨的提名人那里拉走一此選票，但幾乎沒有人可能戰(zhàn)勝他們。A major-party nominee has the critical advantage of support from the party faithful. Earlier in t