高中英語語法試題講解

1、 高中英語語法試題講解特殊句式【考點分析】強調(diào)句1.強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)陳述句;2.強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)一般疑問句;3.強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)特殊疑問句;4.強調(diào)句型用于強調(diào)notuntil句型;5.強調(diào)句型與狀語從句、定語從句、祈使句的混合考查。替代1.do/does/did替代動詞;2.so和not分別代替肯定和否定的從句.省略1.主語的省略;2.謂語或謂語的一部分的省略;3.賓語的省略;4.不定式的省略;5.賓語從句和狀語從句中的省略;6.虛擬條件句中if的省略。倒裝句1.部分倒裝;2.完全倒裝3.?？嫉膸讉€重要句型:So +be/情態(tài)/助動詞+主語Neither+be/情態(tài)/助動詞+主語So +ad

2、j/adv +that Neither , nor Not only , but also Not until 【知識點歸納】為了表達說話人強烈的感情色彩或達到語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,常采用強調(diào)。應(yīng)用中,強調(diào)常通過強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)、語法性倒裝、修辭性倒裝等來體現(xiàn)。作為修辭手段,省略和替代能使語句簡練、緊湊,但往往給學(xué)生的理解和選擇造成一定的障礙。在近幾年的高考題中省略和替代現(xiàn)象時有出現(xiàn),而且出錯率較高,原因是因為大多數(shù)考生對省略和替代的規(guī)律不明了。請注意下面的說明。I.強調(diào)句1.It is (was +被強調(diào)部分+that(who為了強調(diào)句子的某一成分(通常是主語、賓語、或狀語,常用強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu):It is (w

3、as +被強調(diào)部分+that(who表示強調(diào)的it在這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中作主句的主語。 原始句:Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.強調(diào)主語:It was I that (or: who saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.強調(diào)賓語:It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.強調(diào)地點狀語:It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.強調(diào)時間狀語:It was la

4、st night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace.一般講,原句的謂語動詞如果是現(xiàn)在或?qū)砀鞣N時態(tài),用It isthat (who;如果原句謂語動詞是過去各種時態(tài),則用It was that(who。另外,還有下面幾點需要特別注意:在強調(diào)主語時,that后的謂語動詞要與被強調(diào)者保持人稱和數(shù)的一致It is I who am a teacher.即使被強調(diào)的主語是復(fù)數(shù),主句中的謂語動詞也用單數(shù)It is they who often help me with my lessons.在強調(diào)時間、地點、原因、或方式狀語時,不要用when,where,why

5、或how ,而用thatIt was because her mother was ill that she didnt go with us.在強調(diào)not until 結(jié)構(gòu)中由until 短語(或從句表示的時間狀語時,要用固定的強調(diào)句型It is(was not until .that.。that 從句中的謂語動詞用肯定式。My father didnt come home until 12 oclock last night.It was not until 12 oclock last night that my father came home.在強調(diào)一般疑問句中的某一成分時,主句要用

6、一般疑問句的語序:即把is/ was提到it前面。Did this happen in Beijing?Was it in Beijing that this happened?特殊疑問句中只有疑問詞可以強調(diào),其強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)是“被強調(diào)部分(通常是疑問代詞或疑問副詞+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分? Where were you born?Where was it that you were born?not until句型的強調(diào)句句型為:It is/ was not until + 被強調(diào)部分+ that + 其它部分原始句:He didnt go to bed u

7、ntil/ till his wife came back.強調(diào)句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.注意:此句型只用until,不用till。但如果不是強調(diào)句型,till, until可通用;因為句型中It is/ was not 已經(jīng)是否定句了,that后面的從句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。2.謂語動詞的強調(diào)It is/ was that 結(jié)構(gòu)不能強調(diào)謂語,如果需要強調(diào)謂語時,用助動詞do/ does或did。Do sit down. 務(wù)必請坐。He did write to you last week. 上周

8、他確實給你寫了信。Do be careful when you cross the street. 過馬路時,務(wù)必(千萬要小心啊!注意:此種強調(diào)只用do/does和did ,沒有別的形式;過去時用did,后面的謂語動詞用原形。II替代1.do/does/did替代動詞If thats the case then 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 people would weigh as much as the whole Earthdoes.(= weighsDifficulties strengthen the mind, as labour does(= s

9、trengthen the body.勞動鍛煉身體,困難鍛煉意志。A feather falls slower than a stone only because the air holds the feather back more than it does the stone.(替代2.so和not分別代替肯定和否定的從句(常用動詞: think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess,be afraid,fear,hope.etc.Is he coming?I suppose so./So I suppose.否定:I suppose not.III.省

10、略句省略在英語運用中,尤其是在交際對話中普遍存在,因為它可以避免重復(fù),突出關(guān)鍵詞語,能做到言簡意賅,并使上下文緊密連接。在歷年的高考題中也屢見不鮮。省略有詞法上的省略,也有句法上的省略。(一詞法上的省略1.名詞所有格后修飾的名詞在以下情況可以省略如果名詞所有格修飾的名詞在前文已出現(xiàn),則可以省略。These are Johns books and those are Marys (books. 這些是約翰的書,那些是瑪麗的書。名詞所有格后修飾的名詞如果是指商店、住宅等地點時,這些名詞也常常省略。at the doctors 在診所at Mr. Greens 在格林先生家to my uncles

11、到我叔叔家at the barbers 在理發(fā)店2.冠詞的省略為了避免重復(fù)The lightning flashed and thunder crashed. 電閃雷鳴。(thunder前省略了定冠詞the在副詞的最高級前面的定冠詞?？梢允÷?。She sings best in the class. 她在班上唱歌唱得最好。在某些獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中。Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.我們的老師手里拿著一本書進來了。在as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,當(dāng)作表語的單數(shù)名詞提前時,不定

12、冠詞要省略。Child as he is, he knows a lot. 雖然他還是一個孩子,卻懂得很多。3.介詞的省略both 后常跟of短語,其后可以接名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式,也可以接代詞賓格復(fù)數(shù)形式。接復(fù)數(shù)名詞時,介詞of可以省略,但接代詞賓格時,of不能省略。Both (of the films were interesting. 這兩部電影都很有趣。She invited both of us to her birthday party. 她邀請我們倆去參加她的生日派對。在現(xiàn)在完成時表持續(xù)和重復(fù)的句型中,一段時間前的介詞for可以省略。These shoes are worn out. Th

13、ey have lasted (for a long time.這雙鞋穿破了,已經(jīng)穿了很長一段時間了。和一些動詞搭配構(gòu)成的短語中的介詞,consider. (as., prevent / stop. (fromdoing.,have trouble / difficulty. (in doing.,spend. (in / on doing. 等中的介詞可以省略。Trees can prevent the earth (from being washed away. 樹能阻止泥土被沖走。Can you stop him (from going swimming in the river? 你能

14、阻止他下河洗澡嗎? I have some difficulty (in answering the question. 回答這個問題我有點困難。4.動詞不定式中的省略有些動詞,believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作賓補的結(jié)構(gòu)。to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。I consider him (to be lazy. 我認為他懶。His mother found him (to be a clever boy.他母親發(fā)覺他是一個很聰明的孩子。感官動詞see, hear, feel, watch, n

15、otice 等以及使役動詞let, make, have后作賓補的動詞不定式。中的不定式符號to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時,to必須保留。They made the boy go to bed early.他們強迫這個男孩早睡。The boy was made to go to bed early. 這個男孩被迫早睡。注:help后作賓補的動詞不定式中的to可以省略也可以保留。在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的動詞不定式一般不帶to;but之前有實義動詞do的某個形式do, does, did, done 時,也不帶to,

16、否則要帶to。We have nothing to do now but wait. 我們現(xiàn)在除了等沒有別的事可做。I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不欽佩他的勇敢。He has no choice but to accept the fact. 除了接受這個事實他別無選擇。在并列結(jié)構(gòu)中為了避免重復(fù)。Im really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知道該怎么想,怎么說才好。但兩個不定式有對照或?qū)Ρ鹊囊饬x時,則后一個to不能省略。I came not to scold but to praise you. 我來不是責(zé)備

17、你,而是贊美你。在why, why not 引導(dǎo)的特殊問句中后跟省略to的動詞不定式。Why talk so much about it? 為什么大談這個事呢?Why not try it again? 為什么不再試一試呢?動詞不定式中動詞原形部分是否省略,主要看句子前面是否已出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞。如果句子前面出現(xiàn)過同樣的動詞,為了避免重復(fù),句子后面的不定式常省略動詞原形,而保留不定式符號to。They may go if they wish to(go. 如果他們想去,他們就可以去。Dont go till I tell you to.直到我告訴你去,你才可以去。在一些動詞afford, agr

18、ee, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love, try等后跟動詞不定式作賓語,不定式中的to可以承前(后省略。Will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看電影嗎?Well, Id like to (go with you. 我愿意。I would do it for you, but I dont know how to (do it for you.我想為你做這事,但我又不知如何做。在某些形容詞,afraid, glad,

19、 willing, happy, eager等后承前省略動詞原形,只保留不定式符號to。Will you join us in the game? 你愿和我們一起做這個游戲嗎?Sure, Ill be glad to(join you in the game. 當(dāng)然,我愿意。有些動詞,tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like,forbid等后跟動詞不定式作賓語補足語、主語補足語時,不定式承前省略動詞原形,保留動詞不定式符號to。 He didnt come,

20、though we had invited him to (come. 盡管我們邀請他來,他卻沒來。注:承前省略的動詞不定式如果有助動詞have或be,則要保留be或have。Are you a teacher? 你是老師嗎? -No, but I used to be (a teacher. 不,我以前是。(二句法上的省略在一些簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句中,可以省略主語、謂語、賓語、表語等某一個句子成分,也可以省略多個句子成分。1.簡單句中的省略感嘆句中常省略主語和謂語。What a hot day (it is!多熱的天啊!How wonderful!多妙啊!在一些口語中可以省略某些句子成分。

21、(Will youHave a smoke? 你抽煙嗎?No. Thanks. 不,謝謝了。(Is thereAnything else to say?還有別的要說嗎?2.并列句中的省略如果主語不同,而謂語動詞中的一部分相同,則省略謂語動詞中相同的那部分。John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been doing her homework.約翰一定在踢球,而瑪麗一定在做作業(yè)。主語相同,謂語動詞也相同,則二者都可以省略。His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestio

22、ns made Mary angry.他的建議使約翰高興,卻使瑪麗很生氣。主語相同,而謂語不同,則可以省略主語。Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he soon returned to his old ways.老麥克唐納戒了一陣子煙,可很快又抽上了。在并列復(fù)合句中,如果that從句從屬于第二個并列句且它的謂語動詞和賓語等其它一些成分與第一個并列句相同時,這個that從句通?？梢允÷赃@些相同的部分。Jack will sing at the party, but I know John wont (sing at the party.

23、杰克將在晚會上唱歌,但我知道約翰不會在晚會上唱歌。3.復(fù)合句中的省略名詞性從句中的省略作賓語的what從句中的謂語動詞與主句的相同,則what從句可以省略謂語,甚至主語Someone has used my bike, but I dont know who (has used it.有人用了我的自行車,但我不知道是誰。He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone.他走了,但沒人知道他去哪兒了。有時候也可以根據(jù)說話的情景來省略主句中的一些成分。(ImSorry Ive kept you waiting so long.對不起,讓你久等了。在某

24、些表虛擬語氣的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句中,從句謂語動詞中的助動詞should可以省略。Its important that we (should speak to the old politely.我們對老人說話要有禮貌,這很重要。定語從句中的省略在限制性定語從句中,作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that, which, who (whom常可以省略。C.I steppedD.did I step16.Not until quite recently_that language is closely related to culture.A.he realizedB.did he reali

25、zeC.had he realizedD.he did realize17.Its require that the students_mobile phones in their school,so seldom_them using one.A.not use,will you seeB.should not use;you will seeC.dont use;will you seeD.would not use;you will see18.It is only when the stress gets out of control _ it can lead to poor per

26、formance and ill京翰教育一對一家教輔導(dǎo)-全國中小學(xué)課外輔導(dǎo)專家 health. A.when B.until C.that D.before 19.It _ we have had a chance to discuss it thoroughly _ the problem will be settled. A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasnt until; when D. wasnt until;that 20.People says your little brother has been admitted into

27、 Qinghua University. Yes.Never _ he could achieve so much success. A.I had thought B. I would have thought C.could I have thought D. will I have thought 21.Jack, you promised! Well, _.But it was you who didnt keep your word first. A. so was I B. so did I C. so I was D. so I did. 22.Only by joint eff

28、orts _a warm relationship between teachers and students. A. we can enjoy B. can we enjoy C. we enjoy D. we must enjoy 23.The thief has not yet turned out, but when _, Ill telephone to you. A.he does B. he is C. they do D. they are 24._ that they cannot be shown in the maps. A.So small those ponds and streams are B.So small are those ponds and streams C.So those ponds and streams are small D.So are those ponds and streams are small 25._,he can succeed in his work if he works hard. A.As