心理學專業(yè)英語總結(完整)

1、心理學專業(yè)英語總結HXY隨意傳閱·順頌試安注釋：1.“*”在書上是黑體字，但感覺不重要背了也沒什么卵用 2.“ ”背景色項表示答案恰好有三項，可能出選擇 3. 人名已加黑，可能連線或選擇 4. 每章節(jié)的末尾有方便記憶的單詞表（只包括這篇總結中出現(xiàn)的關鍵單詞） 5. 方便理解記憶，已在各項下方注明中文釋義 6.“,”大部分都是作為點之間的分割，類似于逗號，前后不連成句子Chapter 1Perspectives in psychology 心理學縱覽Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理學入門l What is psychology? 心理學是什么

2、 Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. 定義：對行為和心理過程的科學研究 Psychology come from: philosophy, biology physics. 心理學來源于：哲學、生物學和醫(yī)學 When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline. 形成于：1879年，作為獨立學科 History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, c

3、ognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach. 歷史發(fā)展：結構主義，機能主義，精神分析，行為主義，認知，人本主義，生理。 l The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理論 Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory. 歷史來源：弗洛伊德提出潛意識心理動機，把它視為

4、心理疾病的原因，并建立理論。 Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development. 假設：潛意識過程，精神決定論，驅力（攻擊、性），心理動力沖突，發(fā)展階段 Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech). 研究方法：個案研究方法，自由聯(lián)想技術，夢的解析技術 *Areas

5、 of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory. 可解釋領域：人格發(fā)展，道德/性別發(fā)展，攻擊性，異常，記憶 *Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific. 缺點：不可被其他事件駁斥，因此理論不具科學性l The behaviourist approach to psychology 行為主義理論 Origins & history: John Watson, empiricis

6、m, learning. 歷史來源：華生，經(jīng)驗主義，學習 Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied. 假設：行為來源于環(huán)境，研究可觀察的行為 *Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality. 可解釋領域：語言習得，道德發(fā)展，吸引，異常 l The humanistic approach to psychology

7、 人本主義理論 Origins & history: conscious free will, aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experience, Maslow and self- actualise, Carl Rogers and client-centred therapy.歷史來源：自由意志，人類特有的經(jīng)驗，馬斯洛的自我實現(xiàn)，羅杰斯的來訪者中心療法Assumptions: study human not other animal, must be meaningful to human, stud

8、y internal experience and free will, study the individual case, studied in their environmental context.假設：關于人的觀點必須出于對于人的研究，研究應對人類有用，研究內部體驗和自由意志，研究個案，研究應在具體環(huán)境下Areas of explanation: personality/self identity, motivation, abnormality.可解釋領域：人格/自我認同，動機，異常l The cognitive approach to psychology 認知主義理論Origi

9、ns and history: computer, information processors, internal mental processes.歷史來源：計算機，類比人腦為信息加工者，內部心理過程。 Jerome Bruner*Areas: memory, perception, attention, artificial intelligence, social cognition, cognitive development. 可解釋領域：記憶，知覺，注意，人工智能，社會認知，認知發(fā)展*Practical applications: memory, education, thera

10、py, personality assessment.實踐應用：記憶，教育，治療，人格測評l The biological approach to psychology 生理心理學Roger Sperry 羅杰·斯佩里*Areas of explanation: gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory, motivation, awareness.可解釋領域：性別發(fā)展，攻擊性，異常，記憶，動機，意識*Practical application: localisation of function, therapy.實踐應用

11、：功能定位說，治療l The reductionism debate in psychology 關于還原論的爭論1. Reductionism 還原論 Assumptions: explaining a phenomenon by breaking it down into its constituent parts and then analysing it. 假設：通過將現(xiàn)象拆分成組成部分并分析的方法解釋現(xiàn)象Against: oversimplification value of explanation validity of reductionism.反對理由：過度簡化，解釋的價值（細

12、節(jié)/有用性），效度 2. Holism & Interactionism 整體論（與互動論）Assumptions: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 假設：整體優(yōu)于部分*Examples: humanistic psychology, social psychology, psychoanalysis, abnormal psychology, perception. 例子：人本，社會，精神分析，變態(tài)，知覺Against: practical difficulty, ignore the huge influence of

13、 biology, lack the predictive power.反對理由：難于實踐研究，忽略生理影響，缺乏預測力l The nature-nurture debate in psychology 先后天之爭1. Nature 先天遺傳決定論Approach: roots of the approach(nativist philosophy, biology, evolutionary theory) 理論根源 causes of behaviour（genetic determinism, inherited influence, maturational blueprint, ne

14、urochemical and hormonal influences, brain activity) （基因、遺傳、個體成熟、神經(jīng)化學與荷爾蒙的影響和大腦活動。） methods (gene mapping, twin/adoption study, brain scanning, brain stimulation/damage study, drug test) implications (behaviour can only be changed through physical means) 啟示 criticisms (reductionist, neglect environm

15、ental influences) 過于簡單，忽視環(huán)境對人行為的影響2. Nurture 后天環(huán)境決定論Approach: roots (empiricism philosophy, behaviourism, social psychology) 經(jīng)驗主義哲學、行為、社會 causes of behaviour（blank slate at birth, experience, learning from environment) 源于經(jīng)驗和環(huán)境學習 methods (classical and operant conditioning techniques, manipulation of

16、 social environment) 研究方法（經(jīng)典條件反射、操作性條件反射，改變社會環(huán)境） implications (Anybody could be trained to do anything) 啟示 criticisms (reductionist, neglect innate influences) 過于簡單，忽視遺傳因素在人行為中的作用3. Both *Areas of explanation: perception, aggression, sex-role behaviour, abnormality, language acquisition.可解釋領域：知覺，攻擊性

17、，性別角色行為，異常，語言獲得*Interaction examples: perception, cognitive development, abnormality, sex-role behaviour.交互作用舉例：感知覺，認知發(fā)展，行為異常，性別角色行為*The standing of the different: biopsychology, psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, humanism, behaviourism.二者在心理學中作用：生理心理學，精神分析，認知，人本，行為l The freewill vs. Determinism

18、debate in psychology 自由意志理論與決定論之爭1. FreewillAssumptions: humans are free to choose their behabiour, self-determining, soft determinism(William James).假設：人類可以自由選擇行為，人本質上是自我決定的，軟決定論Against: difficult to define, evidence is mostly subjective, be incompatible with the deterministic assumptions of scienc

19、e.反對理由：很難定義，證據(jù)主觀，與決定論的科學性不匹配2. DeterminismAssumptions: every physical event is caused, future events are entirely predictable, emphasis on causal laws.假設：所有物理事件都是被引起的，未來事件完全可以預測，注重因果法則l Idiographic vs. Nomothetic approaches to psychology 心理學特殊規(guī)律與一般規(guī)律1. Nomothetic approach 一般規(guī)律研究法Definitions: The app

20、roach of investigating large groups of people to try to find general laws of behaviour that apply to everyone. 定義：通過調查大群體的人，試圖找到適用于每個人的普遍行為規(guī)律的研究方法。Methods: large scale experiments 研究方法：大樣本實驗2. Idiographic approach 特殊規(guī)律研究法Definitions: The approach of investigating individuals in personal,in-depth,det

21、ail to achieve a unique understanding of them. 定義：通過對個體進行單個的、深入的、詳細的調查，以得出關于他們的獨特的理解的研究方法。Methods: case study method(flexible, long term, detailed procedures) 研究方法：個案研究（靈活，長期，詳細程序）Disadvantage: cannot generalise, unreliable, unscientific. 缺點：（不能歸納，信度低，不科學）Section 2: Controversies in psychology 心理學爭論

22、l Psychology and science 心理學與科學Psychology has come under attack as being a pseudo science, ande has been dismissed by some as noting more than common sense. Reasons: Everybody is a natural psychologist themselves.Oh, I knew that all along Most complex subject, so many variables. With many philosophi

23、cal, practical, and ethical problems.心理學被稱偽科學被誤解的原因：1.每個人都是樸素心理學家，當提出觀點時，大多數(shù)人感覺自己一直都知道 2.學科復雜，變量多 3.由于有哲學、實踐和倫理問題而受到圍攻A science consists of various components: a subject matter good theories and hypotheses scientific methodology 科學的構成因素：研究對象、良好的理論和研究假設、科學方法論The scientific method: Within a paradigm H

24、ypotheses are derived From theories To be tested in scientific ways Against the world/reality To support or refute those theories科學的研究方法：范式 假設推導 理論 用科學方法檢測 與事實相比較 支持或反駁這理論Kuhn used “paradigm” to describe this shared set of assumptions methods terminology.庫恩用“范式”來描述：假設、方法和術語Paradigms go through 3 his

25、torical stages: pre-science normal science revolution.范式的三個歷史性階段：前科學時期，常規(guī)標準科學，科學革命時期The theories themselves should provide general laws or principles to fulfill the aims of science: understanding prediction control 理論本身應當提供一般性的法則或原理，以實現(xiàn)科學的三項目標理解、預測和控制Theories should provide understanding by：being or

26、derly internally consistent parsimonious ture理論應當具有可理解性：有序性，內在一致性，簡約型，準確性l Gender bias in psychological theory and research 心理學理論和研究中的性別偏見Examples: moral development, interpersonal relationships, childcare, socialisation舉例：道德發(fā)展，人際關系，兒童照料，社會化Types: theory bias, reporting bias, researcher bias, method

27、ological bias.種類：理論偏見，報告偏見，研究者偏見，方法論偏見Theoretical bias: bias(exaggerate), bias(minimise).理論偏見：偏見夸大了男女差異，偏見縮小了男女差異Reporting bias: interpretation of results, selection of material to be published, use of results.報告偏見：結果解釋，對要發(fā)表出版的資料的挑選，對研究結果的應用Researcher bias: lack of researchers, nature of researchers

28、(investigate stereotypical differences do not investigate importaant issues to women perpetuate biased ideas).研究者偏見：缺乏研究者，研究者特性（研究刻板模式差異而不是真正差異，不調查女性重要問題，永久偏見觀）l Cultural bias in psychological theory and research 心理學理論和研究中的文化偏見Examples: social influence, interpersonal relationships, helping behaviou

29、rs, abnormality, psychometric testing.舉例：社會影響，人際交往，助人行為，異常，心理測試*Types: theory bias, reporting bias, researcher bias, methodological bias.種類：理論偏見，報告偏見，研究者偏見，方法論偏見（同上）*Reporting bias: interpretation of results, selection of material to be published, use of results.報告偏見：結果解釋，對要發(fā)表出版的資料的挑選，對研究結果的應用（同上）*R

30、esearcher bias: lack of researchers, nature of researchers（到此同上）(ignore cultural influences and perpetuate the stereotypes cross-cultural differences or similarities).研究者偏見：缺乏研究者，研究者特性（研究刻板模式差異而不是真正差異，不調查女性重要問題，永久偏見觀）l Controversial applications of psychology-psychometric testing 有爭議的心理學應用心理測驗Contro

31、versial aspects of psychometric testing: 心理測試有爭議的方面 Is the test fairly conducted? 測試是否公平進行 Is the test fairly constructed? 測試是否公平建構 （validity, reliability, standardisation, discriminatory power.） 信度，效度，標準化，區(qū)分度 Is the test technically sound? 測試是否技術合理 Are the test results properly used and applied? 測試

32、結果是否正確應用l “ A nation of morons Gould (1982) 古爾德“白癡的國家”*What was wrong with Yerkes findings: methodological problems, interpretation of findings errors,negative implications of faulty conclusions.Yerkes哪錯了：方法論問題，對結果的錯誤解釋，錯誤結論的消極含義l Controversial applications of psychology-advertising 有爭議的心理學應用廣告Two m

33、ain routes to persuasion: the central route, the peripheral route.說服的兩種主要途徑：直通途徑，邊緣途徑l Controversial applications of psychology-the psychology of warfare 有爭議的心理學應用戰(zhàn)爭心理學Propaganda is similar to advertising in its: 宣傳與廣告相似處 use of biased, one-sided communication 對于偏見與片面信息的使用 objective of changing beha

34、viour and attitudes 目的是改變行為和態(tài)度 use of emotion and occasional disregard for logical analysis 運用情感和偶然的忽視邏輯分析Propaganda is different to advertising in its: 宣傳與廣告不同處 political ideas and information are what is bought 政治觀點是關于“購買”的是什么 a more complete and general behaviour and attitude change is sought 目標：

35、較為完整通用的行為態(tài)度轉變 being more socially sanctioned, use more bias and deception 為獲得更多社會認可，使用更多的偏見與欺騙Section 3: Ethical issues in psychology 心理學的倫理問題l Ethic of animal experimentation-the arguments for testing animals 動物實驗的倫理問題動物實驗的爭論The reasons for conducting animal research in psychology: ethical reasons,

36、 evolutionary continuum, convenience.心理學用動物研究的原因：倫理原因，演化機制（進化的連續(xù)性），方便性The contribution of animal research to psychology: theoretical knowledge, practical applications of animal findings, practical uses of animals.動物研究的貢獻：理論知識，動物研究實際中的應用，動物的應用l Ethic of animal experimentation-the arguments against te

37、sting animals 動物實驗的倫理問題反對動物實驗Ethical criticisms of animal research in psychology: 對于心理學動物研究的倫理批評 suffer greatly 極其痛苦 unnecessary : a. Humans are physically qualitatively different to other animals 生理不同 b. Humans are mentally qualitatively different to other animals 心理不同 c. Lack ecological validity 缺

38、乏效度Examples of animal suffering in psychological research:Obedience, biologically orientated research, deprivation studies, perception studies, learning studies.心理學研究中動物痛苦的例子：服從，生物學研究傾向，剝奪的研究，知覺研究，學習研究l Ethical issue in human experimentation in psychology 心理學人類實驗研究的倫理問題Types: consent, deception, deb

39、riefing, confidentiality, withdrawal, observational research, protection of participants.種類：同意，誘導，告知，保密，退出，觀察實驗，對實驗者的保護l Ethical issues in human behaviour change in psychology 心理學研究中改變人類行為的倫理問題to provide prediction and control for human betterment-issues: 若是為人類進步提供預測和控制，則有這些問題 should behaviour be co

40、ntrolled? 應當控制行為嗎？ who should to the controlling? 應當由誰控制？ what behaviour should be controlled? 應當控制什么行為？ how should behaviour be controlled? 應當怎么控制行為？l The ethics of socially sensitive research 社會敏感問題研究的倫理性How: deciding what to research the use of knowledge the influence of the psychologist in socie

41、ty the basis of psychological knowledge the availability of research如何研究：決定研究主題，知識的應用，心理學家對社會的影響力，心理學知識，研究的可用性Vocabulary of Chapter 1Assumption 假設Mental process 心理過程Philosophy 哲學Structuralism 結構主義Functionalism 機能主義Psychoanalysis 精神分析Behavio(u)rism 行為主義Cognitive 認知Unconscious 潛意識Mental disorders 心理疾病

42、Psychic 精神Psychodynamic 心理動力Drives 驅力Self- actualise 自我實現(xiàn)Client-centred tepapy 來訪者中心Conscious free will 自由意志Artificial intelligence 人工智能Perception 知覺Reductionism 還原論Subjective 主觀Difine 定義Interaction 交互作用Maturational blueprint 個體成熟Inherited 遺傳 Nomothetic approach 一般規(guī)律研究Idiographic approach 特殊規(guī)律研究Para

43、digm 范式Terminology 術語Hypothesis 假設Internally consistent 內在一致性Parsimonious 簡約性Bias 偏見Interpretation 解釋Propaganda 政治宣傳Ethic 倫理Deprivation studies 剝奪研究Deception 誘導Debriefing 告知Confidentiality 保密Withdrawal 退出Chapter 2Research methods 研究方法l Variables 變量What can be variables: any object quality changes or

44、 varies什么能做變量：任何物體、質量或者事件Investigating variables: observations, case studies, surveys, etc. correlations experiments.調查變量：觀察法、個案研究及調查法，相關，實驗l Hypotheses 假設Hypotheses: precise, testable statements.假設：是精確的，可檢驗的陳述Hypotheses can be: experimental hypotheses, correlational hypotheses.假設可以是：實驗假設，相關性假設Hypot

45、heses should be: bold, precise, refutable.假設應該是：大膽的，精確的，可駁的l Experimental methods 實驗方法Types: laboratory field natural/quasi.種類：實驗室研究法，現(xiàn)場實驗，準實驗*Laboratory-strengths: indicate cause and effect objectivity greater ability to replicate實驗室研究法的優(yōu)點：揭示因果關系，客觀性，可重復性*Laboratory-weakness: total control is not p

46、ossible lacks ecological validity may be biased ethical problems實驗室研究法的缺點：不能完全控制，卻仿生態(tài)效度，有誤差，倫理問題*Field-strength: greater ecological validity less bias from sampling現(xiàn)場實驗的優(yōu)點：更具生態(tài)學效度，更少抽樣偏差*Field-weakness: greater difficulty to control all aspects, more bias more difficulty to replicate exactly more ti

47、me consuming ethical problems現(xiàn)場實驗的缺點：更難控制額外變量從而產(chǎn)生更多偏差，很難精確重復研究，更耗時，倫理問題*Natural/quasi-strength: greater ecological validity very little bias from sampling or demand characteristics.準實驗優(yōu)點：生態(tài)效度高，抽要和要求特性偏差非常小*Natural/quasi-weakness: hard to infer cause and effect impossible to replicate exactly bias if

48、 subjects are aware of being studied ethical problems.準實驗的缺點：難斷因果，無法再次研究，被試如果意識到被測量就會產(chǎn)生誤差，倫理問題l Non-experimental methods 非實驗性研究的方法Type: observations (type: naturalistic, controlled, participant) questioning people (questionnaires-techs: opinion surveys, psychological tests) (interviews-techs: struct

49、ured interviews, semi-structured interview, clinical interview, unstructured interview) case study (long term, detailed, individual) correlations非實驗性研究方法的種類： 觀察法（種類：自然觀察法，控制，參與者） 問卷訪談法（問卷技術：觀點調查，心理測試；訪談技術：結構性，半結構性，臨床，非結構性） 個案分析（特點：長時間，細節(jié)性，獨特性） 相關研究l Data recording techniques 數(shù)據(jù)記錄技術Behaviour sampling

50、 methods: event sampling time sampling point sampling行為取樣方法：事件，時間，關鍵點Data recording techs: frequency grids rating scales timing behaviour數(shù)據(jù)記錄技術：頻率表格，等級量表，時間特性Data recording equipment: hand-written audio-tape video one way mirrors數(shù)據(jù)記錄設備：手寫，錄音，錄像，單向鏡子l Sampling 取樣Types: random stratified opportunity s

51、elf-selecting類型：隨機，分層，機會，自愿l Experimental design 實驗設計Design type: repeated measures independent measures matched pairs實驗設計類型：重復測量，獨立樣本，配對樣本Repeated measures-strength: subject variables are kept constant better statistical tests fewer subjects重復測量優(yōu)點：被試連續(xù)性，統(tǒng)計檢驗更精確，被試更少Repeated measures-weakness: order

52、 effects may become constant errors demand characteristics different tests重復測量缺點：順序效應，需求特征（可猜測），需要準備不同的實驗條件Independent measures-strength: older effects do not influence demand characteristics same test can be used獨立樣本優(yōu)點：沒順序效應，需求特征（不可猜測），可以使用同種實驗條件Independent measures-weakness: subject variables diff

53、er worse statistical tests more subjects獨立樣本缺點：被試變量有差異，統(tǒng)計檢驗較差，需要更多被試Matched pairs-strength: constant subject variables better statistical tests order effects do not occur demand characteristics same test配對樣本優(yōu)點：被試連續(xù)性，統(tǒng)計檢驗更好，沒順序效應，需求特征（不可猜測），使用一種實驗條件Matched pairs-weakness: subject variables cant perfe

54、ctly matched time consuming and difficult more subjects配對樣本缺點：被試變量不能完美匹配，匹配過程需要大量時間并且難度大，需要更多被試l Controlling extraneous variables and bias 對額外變量及偏差的控制Type of problem: subjects:individual differences 被試：個體差異 method: artificiality 方法：人為（缺乏生態(tài)效度） design: order effects, demand characteristics, experiment

55、er expectancy 設計：順序效應，需求特性，期待效應 procedure: distraction and confusion 過程：分散與混亂Control-individual differences: large sample, randomly控制個體差異誤差：大樣本，隨機樣本Control-order effects: counterbalance, independent measure design控制順序效應：平衡，獨立樣本設計Control-demand characteristics: deception, single blind method,independent measure design控制需求效應：欺騙，單盲，獨立樣本設計Control-experimenter expectancy: d