《新編英語語法教程》主要章節(jié)語法術(shù)語

1、新編英語語法教程主要章節(jié)語法術(shù)語Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (導論一語法層次）1. Morpheme詞素Free morpheme自 由詞素Bound morpheme 粘附詞素 Allomorph詞素變體2. Parts of speech (word class)Simple words 簡單詞Derivatives派生詞Compounds復合詞*(1) Classification in terms of word formationOpen-class words (content words) y開放詞類(實義詞)Noun Verb Adj

2、ective AdverbClosed-class words (function words) <封閉詞類(功能詞)Preposition Pronoun Determiner Conjunction AuxiliaryIntermediate class(中間t類)NumeralsInterjection精選3. Phrases詞組4. Clause分句5. Sentence句子* (2) Classification in terms of grammatical functionNoun phraseVerb phraseAdjective phraseAdverb phrase

3、Preposition phraseConjunction(1) Independent clause & Subordinate clause獨立分句和從屬分句(2) Simple clause & Complex clause (*complex sentence)簡單分句和復雜分句(*復雜句)(3) Main clause & Subordinate clause主句和從句(4) Finite clause, non-finite clause and Verbless clause限定分句、非限定分句、無動詞分句(1) Full sentence &Mi

4、nor sentence 完全句和不完全句(2) Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence簡單句、并列句、復雜句、并列復雜句(3) Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence, exclamatory sentenceLecture 1 Sentence StructureSentence elements:S (subject)V (predicate verb)O (objec

5、t)主語謂語動詞賓語(L1)C (complement) A (Adverbial) 補足語狀語1. Two ways of sentence analysis1) SVOSentenceNPVPNPSubjectPredicate verbObjectAll the manhave donetheir best.ClauseSentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.)句子由主語和謂語構(gòu)成，進一步把謂語剖析為謂語動詞、賓語、補語、狀語等。2) Subject + Pre

6、dicate (= operator + predication)SentenceClause 1SubjectPredicateIIOperatorPredicationAll the manhavedone their best.句子由主語和謂語構(gòu)成，進一步把謂語剖析為操作詞(operator和述謂成分(predication)2. Basic clause typesSVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SVoOLecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord (L2-3 )Principle of Proximity就近原則Guiding princ

7、iples:Grammatical ConcordNotional ConcordNominal clause名詞性分句Existential clause 存在句語法一致原則意義一致原則Non-finite clauseRelative clauseCleft sentence非限定分句關(guān)系分句分裂句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase (L4-5 )1. Classification of nouns.-Proper NNouns一/Individual Countable 口/Collective NLCoMon'$Uncountable HAbstrac

8、t 卜Partitive （Unit Noun）單位詞2. Cases of NounsNominative case / Subjective cas e（主格）Accusative case / Objective case（賓格）Dative case （受事格/與格）Genitive case （屬格 ）/ Possessive case所有格）Genitive caseIndependent GenitiveDouble GenitiveGenitive cases specifying the reference of the noun phrase.Specific refere

9、nce 特指） Generic reference （類指） Indefinite genitive phrase （非確定特指）Lecture 4 Determiner （ L6-7 ）1. DefinitionDeterminers are function words which are used to determine or fix the reference of a noun.a. Specific ret ere nee （特指 JScope，/b* Generic reference （類指）Referencerc» Definite quantity （確定數(shù)量）

10、Quantity （數(shù)量）JId. Indefinite quantity （非確定數(shù)量）2. ClassificationArticlesI冠詞）Genitives（possessives（屬格）Genitive nounGenitive PronCenti'al 萬 determinersDt?inonstratives （指示詞）DeterminerWh-1'Relatives （關(guān)系限定詞）Interrogatwes （鍵問限定詞）Numerals y數(shù)詞）Multiplier （倍數(shù)） Fraction （分數(shù)） Ca_rd；nal （基數(shù)）Ordinal （序數(shù)）P

11、re d.Bterm in e? rDefinite Indefinite zeroQuantifiers （量詞）A Po std ete nn in ersIndefinite Det（不定限定詞）<< such/ several many, much, more, must,（強）fev/little, otherT another all, both* halfnu. some, any, evtr> enough, either, neither3. ArticlesArticle is a major group of determiners used to de

12、limit the scope of reference of nouns （主要用來限 定名詞的指稱范圍）.Tvpes口- Definite: the 弋LIndefinite! a/anUiiceitainX Specific referenceArticlesZero:力Functions口Generic reference/儂指）*p.74, 7.1.3, 冠詞的確定指 （ definite specific reference ） 分為前照應(yīng)特指（ cataphoric specific reference ）、后 照應(yīng)特指（anaphoric specific reference）

13、和語境特指（situational reference）,這與后面的代詞照應(yīng)（ pronoun reference p.104, 9.3）在術(shù)語上略有不同。Lecture 5 Pronoun （L8-9 ）1. ClassificationrPersonal Pron （人稱代詞）：l/nie. we/usf you* he/hini she/her, it? they/tliemPossessivex Pron （物主代誼：mine5 oursT yourst his, hers, theirsReflexive Pron （反身代 詞）：myself, ourselxes. yoursel

14、f, yourselves, himself, herself, itsel£ themselvesp J Reciprocal Pron （相互代詞each other, one an other Demonstrative Pron （指示代詞）：thik that, these, those, such Relative Pron （美系代詞）：that. who. whati which, -ever Interragative Pron （疑 1詞代詞）：who whatf which十 whoset -ever Indefinite Fron （不定代詞）：every、s

15、ome、any-t no-? others, anotlier, many, iiiucbj, 金, little, all, half, a lot, either, neither, Qtc.; the former/latterj one/two/three/etc*; the first/ second/last/etc.Antecedent 先行詞2. The use of reflexive pronoun （-self）ObjectUncmphatic J usePreposithonal complementationL （介詞補足成分）Reflexive PronJrAppo

16、sitiye （同位語）.Contrastive prepositional complementation （對比性介詞補足成分）Emphatic J Special-meaning prepositional use | complementati口口（表特殊意義的介詞補 足成分）Subject complement （主語補語）Subject or part of subject3. Pronoun reference （代詞照應(yīng)）前照應(yīng)（Cataphoric reference、后照應(yīng)（Anaphoric reference、語境照應(yīng)（Situational reference 人稱照

17、應(yīng)（Personal reference）指示照應(yīng)（Demonstrative reference）(L10-22 )Notional verbPrimary, modal & semi- auxiliariesLecture 6 Verb and Verb Phrase1. Classification of verbs1) Main vebs & auxiliaries (function & formation)verbs2) Transitive verb, intransitive verbs & linking verbs (whether foll

18、owed by compliments) /V, + object 1 compliment i adverbial3) Dynamic verb & stative verbs (lexical meaning)4) Single - word verb & phrasal verbs (word -fomation& grammatical form)5) Finite verbs and non-finite verbs (form)to-infinitive. -ing participle & -ed participle (L19-22)動詞分類的標

19、準有很多種，如上圖所示，記住基本的術(shù)語和其用法就是。比如及物動詞、不及物動詞、聯(lián)系動詞、助動詞、動態(tài)動詞、靜態(tài)動詞、詞組動詞、限定動詞、非限定動詞、不定式，不帶to不定式(bare infinitive )等等，還有副詞 /介詞小品詞(adverb particle & proposition particle )。? Transitive Verbs ： followed by objects.? Intransitive verbs : do not require an object.? SVO主一動一賓? SVoO主一動一賓一賓? SVOC主一動一賓一補? SV主一動? SVC

20、主一動一補? Linking verbs : followed by subject compliments.(Transitive verb)(Ditransitive verb)【雙賓語動詞】(Monotransitive verb)【單賓語動詞】(Intransitive verb)(Linking verb)? This aspect is of essential importance because the verb type here determines the basic sentence structure of your sentence and how you can

21、expand your sentence.2. Five forms of Verbs (動詞的五種基本形式)原形 (base form)、第三人稱單數(shù)(third person singula。、過去式(past tens©、過去分詞(past tense、現(xiàn)在分詞(present participle)3. Tense and aspects、工ense AspectSimple presentSimple pastSimple futurePast futureprogressive現(xiàn)在進行體過去進行體將來進行體過去將來進行體perfective現(xiàn)在完成體過去完成體將來完成體過

22、去將來完成體Perfective progressive現(xiàn)在完成進行體過去完成進行體將來完成進行體過去將來完成進行體4. Mood陳述式(Indicative mood)、祈使式(Imperative mood)、虛擬式(Subjunctive mood)5. Non-finite verbspp. 230-1 動態(tài)形容詞(Dynamic Adjective)、靜態(tài)形容詞(Stative Adjective)p.251 前置修飾語(Premodifier)、p.256 懸垂分詞(Dangling Participle) /無依著分詞(Unattached participle)、依著法則(At

23、tachment rule)Lecture 7 Adjective and Adverb ( L23-24 )、Compound Adj (復合形容詞)1.3 Adjective meaningassociated with motion，口fjusfue, ambitious'Jriendliff enthusiastic7/ DviiamicA用Strive A4j 乙5電/ambitious famous Morp ull 0 Gradahle AdjNon-firadable Adj “ iassociated witli inherentrnMwe, e.g., tallf

24、nglyt uhiteEitherAny exceptions to this classification?Eg., unemployed, follsviiig; Am：】rurni, AmericanchildlessJOr noii-atDinic iioii'denLal no n-Anie ri can nnn-rhildles1.1 Adjective & Adjective PhraseAfyp(pre-mudifier)he 削Adjbrandnewbittersweetterriblysorrytooyoungveryproudnotmatureinn%su

25、reasgoodworthworth glad busy1.2 Adjective formOn e-vo rd Adj -Adj <(complerneiitatinn 撲足成分口r post-nioili tier 后置修飾語)that J couldn't helptO gO tO 5011(X)1 of lier son enough that tlie game was lost as usual the effortpraisingto work oji tliis project answering questionsFree morpheme Adj (e

26、1;gM 1iot? cold)Derivative Adj (派生形容詞)1-ing Adj Participial Adj KA刀說的動態(tài)形容詞、靜態(tài)形容詞、等級形容詞、非等級形容詞2.1 Adverb & Adverb Phrase (Adv P)independently of his parents2.2 Adv form廠 Simple Adv:Deriati'ke Adv:Adv ywell, too. ratJier, fiard, quite, late, scon, here fast, early, long, dcnvn： round, today, t

27、omorrow, etc.clearly* usually, unconsciously;weekly, fatherly, timely;pairw isei piecewise, clockwise;homeivard<?t aftenvards, seaward?: etc*anjvay, anywhere, nowhere, heretofore< however, henceforth4 nevertheless, tlierefore, thereof, thereupon, thereafter, thereby* etc.Idiomatic Adv:of cours

28、e, kind of. at last, on earth, after alh in fact, very much etc.2.3 Adv MeaningCf. pp. 421-3olive Adv修飾件用詞)P 272Adv nf ti in pAdv of place± Adv of mannerAdv of degreej Adv nf freqiiPiicyD誦jimblve adv （評注性副詞卜說話人的認知.情感.說話方式kConjunctive Adv (連接性副詞)p.274修飾性狀語（Adjunct）、評注性狀語（Disjunct）、連接性狀語（Conjunct

29、）Lecture 8 Degree & Comparative Construction ( L25 )（比較等級和比較結(jié)構(gòu)）1. Degree formsRegular degree forms of Adj & AdvPositive/absolute原級Comparative比較級Superlative最高級Monosyllabic(單ir ) Adj & AdvSynthetic (inflectional)綜合(屈折)形式Adj-/Adv-erAdj/Adv-estPolysyllabic侈交)Adj & AdvAnalytic (phrasal)分析

30、(詞組)形式more Adj/Advmost Adj/AdvDisyllabic(雙 ir節(jié))Adj & AdvSynthetic or AnalyticAdj-/Adv-ermore Adj/AdvAdj/Adv-estmost Adj/AdvNotes:(1) -ing and -ed participial Adj takes more & most (2) Some irregular forms, e.g., far, good(3) Gradable indefinite Det & Prons: many/much, few, little2. Compa

31、rative constructionThe nonstandard Austrian German speakers were rated as L aggressive.- > .Lmore aggressive.- .tnore aggressive than the standard speakers.AdjPmodifier headIAdvFr-,headdegree complementationmore aggressive tlian the standard speakers張道真等人："/than引導的成分是比較狀語(X)- -How aggressive

32、?一 More aggressive jhan the 出tandaTd speakers.(修飾語)3. General structure of Comparative constructionComparatr|e construction modifier headAdvP| 1 headdegree co mp lemen tatio nAdvcomparative phrase/clauseas/so; -er; more/less Adj/Adv/N as/than-'phrase/clauseNotes:(1) More (less, fewer) can be Det

33、. or Pron.:Model 2 accounted for more variance than did Mod.)l 1. (DetIt appeared in more than 50% of the request e-mails. (Pron.)(2) As & than are Conj or rarely Prep:John is taller than she (is). / John is taller than her.E.g. Apple is as tasty as tomato.ClauseSubjectComplementA4jP (comparativ

34、e construction)modifierheadNPAdPAdjAppleisheadAdvastashdegrep enmplpmpntatinncomparative phraseC?用asNPtomatoLecture 9 Statement, Question, Command & Exclamation( L27 )(陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句 )(1) Simple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence簡單句、并列句、復雜句、并列復雜句Senten

35、ce types J (According grammatical structure)句子(2) Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence,Exclamatory sentence陳述句、疑問句、祈使旬、感嘆旬 (According to communicative function)1. Statements (Declarative sentences): Positive / Negative statements2. Questions (Interrogative sentences): Ge

36、neral (yes-no) questions, Special (Wh-) questions, Alternative questions, Tag questions附力口疑問句),Rhetorical questions 畛辭疑問句)3. Commands and Exclamations4. Tag questions (pp.316-9) Transferred negation 否定轉(zhuǎn)移)Lecture 10 Existential Sentence & It-Patterns( L28-29 )(存在句和It-句型)1. Existential sentence存在句

37、、實義主語(Notional Subject)、真主語(Real subject)地點狀語(Locative adverbial )、時間狀語(Temporal adverbial)*p.326,提及的非確定特指，冠詞、數(shù)詞等限定詞，見限定詞(Determiner)一講。前置修飾語(premodifier )、 后置修飾語(postmodifier)、操作詞(Operator)*p.328, 存在句的非限定形式 ( Non-finite existential clauses ): there to be / there being (there having been)的 用法區(qū)別。2. I

38、t-Patterns*pp. 331-5 虛義 it (Empty it)、先行 it (Anticipatory it )、分裂句(Cleft sentence)假分裂句(Pseudo-cleft sentence)Lecture 11 Coordination 并列結(jié)構(gòu)(L30 )并列結(jié)構(gòu)( Coordinate construction )、并列連詞( Coordinator)Lecture 12 Subordination從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(L31-34 )1. 從屬連詞(Subordinator):簡單從屬連詞、復雜從屬連詞、關(guān)聯(lián)從屬連詞、邊際從屬連詞(simple subordinator,

39、complex subordinator, correlative subordinator, marginal subordinator )2. 從屬結(jié)構(gòu)(Subordinate construction )：限定從屬分句(Finite subordinate clause)、非限定從屬分句 (Non-finitesubordinate clause)、限定分句、非限定分句、無動詞分句3. Finite subordinate clauseFinite subordinate clauseNominal clause名詞性分句L31Subjective clause 主語從句Objectiv

40、e clause 賓語從句Subject complement主語補語(表語從句)Appositive clause 同位語從句Prepositional complementation 介詞補足成分Relative clause關(guān)系分句L31 , L33YRestrictive Clause限制性關(guān)系分句Non-restrictive Clause非限制性關(guān)系分句Double Relative Clause 雙重關(guān)系分句Embedded Relative Clause 嵌入式關(guān)系分句Adverbial clause狀語分句L31 , L34Adverbial clause ofAdverbi

41、al clause ofAdverbial clause ofAdverbial clause ofAdverbial clause ofAdverbial clause ofAdverbial clause ofAdverbial clause ofTime時間Place地點 Manner 方式Cause原因Result結(jié)果Purpose 目的Condition 條件Concession 讓步表語從句：Predicative clauseConditional clause條件分句L34Type I: whenever-type real conditionalType II: the co

42、mmonest type of real conditionalType III: probable unreal conditionalType IV: hypothetical unreal conditional contrary to the past fact4. Non-finite clause& Verbless clause ( L32)Non-finite clause& Verbless clauseL321) Infinitive clause 不定式分句2) +ng participle clause-ing 分詞分句3) ed participle

43、clause-ed 分詞分句4) Verbless clause 無動詞分句5) Absolute construction 獨立結(jié)構(gòu)Lecture 13 Direct Speech & Indirect Speech (L35)直接弓I語(Direct speech)、間接弓I語(Indirect / reported speech)Lecture 14 Modification 修飾(L36)1 .前置修飾語 (premodidier)、后置修飾語 (postmodfier)、限定詞(determiner)、限制性修飾語 (Restrictive modifier)非限制性修飾語(

44、 Non-restrictive modifier )、分隔修飾(discontinuous modification )2 .作為名詞詞組的同位語，也是一種后置修飾語。同位語(appositive)、限制性同位語( Restrictive appositive )、非限制性同位語( Non-restrictive appositive )3 .廣義上說，狀語(Adverbial )也是一種修飾語。狀語分為修飾性狀語( Adjunct)、評注性狀語(Disjunct) 和連接性狀語(Conjunct)。狀語作為一種句子成分，主要指第一種，修飾性狀語( Adjunct)。修飾性狀語按其內(nèi)容，可表示時間、