工程管理專業(yè)英語全文翻譯

1、Unit 1 the owner s perspective 第 1 單元業(yè)主的觀點(diǎn)1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2 大建筑類型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them 1. Likewise,

2、 the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of exi

3、sting facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and qual

4、ity in construction 2. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多數(shù)業(yè)主通常只對(duì)獲得特定類型的建筑設(shè)施感興趣，所以他們應(yīng)該了 解與他們有關(guān)的建筑類型的常見工業(yè)實(shí)踐1。同樣，建筑行業(yè)是一個(gè)相當(dāng)多樣化的部門和產(chǎn)品的集團(tuán)。一些業(yè)主可能會(huì)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間采購建筑設(shè)施一次，并傾向于尋找短期優(yōu)勢(shì)。然而

5、，許多業(yè)主需要定期收購新設(shè)施和/或修復(fù)現(xiàn)有設(shè)施。保持建筑業(yè)的健康和生產(chǎn)力是有利的?？偟膩碚f，業(yè)主對(duì)施工行業(yè)的影響力比他們意識(shí)到的要大，因?yàn)樗麄兛梢酝ㄟ^個(gè)人行動(dòng)來提供創(chuàng)新，效率和施 工質(zhì)量的激勵(lì)2。所有各方的利益，業(yè)主積極興趣，對(duì)行業(yè)表現(xiàn)有利影響。In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be qui

6、te different. For the purpose of discussion, the broad spectrum of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics.在規(guī)戈U各類施工時(shí)，采購專業(yè)服務(wù)， 授予施工合同, 建設(shè)設(shè) 施融資方式可能有很大的不同。為了討論的目的，廣泛的建筑設(shè)施可以分為四個(gè)主要類別，每個(gè)類別都有自己的特點(diǎn)。Residential Housing Construction 住宅建設(shè)Residential

7、 housing construction includes single-family houses, multi-family dwellings, and high-rise apartments 3. During the development and construction of such projects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making nece

8、ssary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures 4. Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers, and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural, mechanica

9、l, electrical and other specialty work. An exception to this pattern is for single-family houses as is shown in Figure 1-2, which may be designed by the builders as well.The residential housing market is heavily affected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies

10、of the government. Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction, since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time 5. Because of the relative ease of entry, at least at the lower

11、end os the market, many new builders are attracted to the residential housing construction. Hence, this market is highly competitive, with potentially high risks as well as high rewards. 住宅建設(shè)包括單戶住房，多戶住宅和高層公寓 3。在開發(fā)和建設(shè)這 些項(xiàng)目時(shí)，熟悉建筑行業(yè)的開發(fā)商或贊助商通常作為代理業(yè)主，負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)和建造的必要合同協(xié)議，并安排完成的建筑物的融資 和銷售4 o住宅設(shè)計(jì)通常由建筑師和工程師進(jìn)行，建筑師

12、由結(jié)構(gòu)，機(jī)械，電氣和其他專業(yè)工作的分包商執(zhí)行施工。這種模式的 一個(gè)例外是單戶住宅，如圖 1-2所示，也可以由建設(shè)者設(shè)計(jì)。住房市場(chǎng)受到一般經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，稅法以及政府貨幣和財(cái)政政策的嚴(yán)重影響。通常，總需求略有增加將對(duì)建設(shè)進(jìn)行大量投資，因?yàn)?許多住房項(xiàng)目可以在不同的地點(diǎn)由不同的個(gè)人和開發(fā)商同時(shí)啟動(dòng)5。由于入口相對(duì)容易，至少在市場(chǎng)上較低端，許多新建筑商被吸引到住宅房屋建設(shè)中。因此，這個(gè)市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高，回報(bào)率高。Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types

13、 and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels, as is shown in Figure1-3 6. The owners of such b

14、uildings may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professionalconsultants and arrange the financing of the constructed facilities themselves. Specialty architects and engineers are often engaged for designing a specific type of bu

15、ilding, while the builders or general contractors undertaking such projects may also be specialized in only that type of building.機(jī)構(gòu)和商業(yè)建筑施工包括各種各樣的項(xiàng)目類型和規(guī)模，如學(xué)校和大學(xué)，醫(yī)療診所和醫(yī)院，娛樂設(shè)施和體育場(chǎng) 館，零售連鎖店和大型購物中心，倉庫和輕工廠，以及辦公室的摩天大樓 和酒店，如圖1-3所示6。這些建筑物的業(yè)主可能 對(duì)建筑行業(yè)的做法有所了解，也可能不熟悉，但他們通?？梢赃x擇合格的專業(yè)顧問，并安排自己的設(shè)施融資。專業(yè)建筑師和工程師經(jīng)常參與設(shè)計(jì)特定

16、類型的建筑物，而進(jìn)行這些項(xiàng)目的建筑商或總承包商也可能僅專門從事這種類型的建筑物。Because of the higher costs and greater sophistication of institutional and commercial buildings in comparison with residential housing, this market segment is shared by fewer competitors 7. Since the construction of some of these buildings is a long process w

17、hich once started will take some time to proceed until completion, the demand is less sensitive to general economic conditions than that for speculative housing. Consequently, the owners may confront an oligopoly of general contractors who compete in the same market. In an oligopoly situation, only

18、a limited number of competitors exist, and a firm s price for services may be based in part on part on its competitive strategies in the local market.由于與住宅相比，機(jī)構(gòu)和商業(yè)建筑的成本較高，復(fù)雜程度更高，這一市場(chǎng)細(xì)分受競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì) 手的影響較小7。由于一些這些建筑物的建設(shè)是一個(gè)漫長(zhǎng)的過程，一旦開始，將需要一些時(shí)間才能完成，所以對(duì)總體經(jīng)濟(jì)狀 況的要求比投機(jī)性住房要低。因此，業(yè)主可能面對(duì)在同一市場(chǎng)上競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的總承包商的寡頭壟斷。在寡頭壟斷的情況下，只有有限數(shù)

19、量的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手存在，企業(yè)的服務(wù)價(jià)格可能部分取決于其在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略。Specialized Industrial Construction 專業(yè)工業(yè)建筑Specialized industrial construction usually involves very large scale projects, with a high degree of technological complexity, such as oil refineries, steel mills, chemical processing plants and coal-fired or nuclear power

20、 plants, as is shown in Figure1-4 8. The owners usually are deeply involved in the development of a project, and prefer to work with designers-builders such that the total time for the completion of the project can be shortened. They also want to pick a team of designers and builders with whom the o

21、wnerhas developed good working relations over the years.專項(xiàng)工業(yè)建設(shè)通常涉及非常大規(guī)模的項(xiàng)目，如煉油廠，煉鋼廠，化工廠，燃煤或核電廠等技 術(shù)復(fù)雜程度高，如圖1-4所示8。業(yè)主通常深深地參與項(xiàng)目的開發(fā)，更愿意與設(shè)計(jì)師建設(shè)者合作，縮短項(xiàng)目完工時(shí)間。他們還想選擇一些設(shè)計(jì)師和建筑師，多年來，業(yè)主與他們建立了良好的工作關(guān)系A(chǔ)lthough the initiation of such projects is also affected by the state of the economy, long range demand forecastin

22、g is the most important factor since such projects are capital intensive and require considerable amount of planning and construction time 這樣的項(xiàng) 目 的啟動(dòng)也 受到經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的影響，長(zhǎng)期需求預(yù)測(cè)是最重要的因素，因?yàn)檫@些項(xiàng)目是資本密集型的，需要大量的規(guī)劃和施工時(shí)間Governmental regulation such as the rulings of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Nuclear

23、Regulatory Commission in the United States can also profoundly influence decisions on these projects.美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)局和核管理委員會(huì)的裁決等政府法規(guī)也可以深 刻影響這些項(xiàng)目的決策。Infrastructure and Heavy Construction 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和重型建筑Infrastructure and heavy construction includes projects such as highways, mass transit systems, tunnels, bridges,

24、pipelines, drainage systems and sewage treatment plants, as is shown in Figure1-5. Most of these projects are publicly owned and therefore financed either through bonds or taxes. This category of construction is characterized by a high degree of mechanization, which has gradually replaced some labor

25、 intensive operations.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和重型建筑包括公路，公共交通系統(tǒng)，隧道，橋梁，管道，排水系統(tǒng)和污水處理廠等項(xiàng) 目，如圖1-5所示。這些項(xiàng)目大部分是公有的，因此通過債券或稅收來資助。這類建設(shè)的特點(diǎn)是機(jī)械化程度高，逐漸取代了一些勞動(dòng)密集型行業(yè)。The engineers and builders engaged in infrastructure construction are usually highly specialized since each segment of the market requires different types of skills 10. H

26、owever, demands for different segments of infrastructure and heavy construction may shift with saturation in some segments. For example, as the available highway construction projects are declining, some heavy construction contractors quickly move their work force and equipment into the field of min

27、ing where jobs are available. 從事基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的工程師 和建設(shè)者通常是高度專業(yè)化的，因?yàn)槭袌?chǎng)每個(gè)部分都需要不同類型的技能 10。然而，對(duì)不同部門的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和重型施工的需求可能會(huì)隨著部分地區(qū)的飽和而改變。轉(zhuǎn)移到有工作的礦業(yè)領(lǐng)域。例如，隨著可用的公路建設(shè)項(xiàng)目正在下降，一些重型施工承包商迅速將其勞動(dòng)力和設(shè)備Unit2 Organizing for Project Management 第 2 單元組織項(xiàng)目管理 Section 1 What is Project Management? 第 1 節(jié)什么是項(xiàng)目管理？The management of construction

28、 projects knowledge of modern management as well as an understanding of the design and construction process. Construction projects have a specific set of objectives and constraints such as a required time frame for completion. While the relevant technology, institutional arrangements or processes wi

29、ll differ, the management of such projects has mush in common with the management of similar types of projects in other specialty or technology domains such as aerospace, pharmaceutical and energy developments.施工項(xiàng)目管理現(xiàn)代管理知識(shí)，了解設(shè)計(jì)施工過程。建設(shè)項(xiàng)目有一套具體的目標(biāo)和制約因素，如完成所需的時(shí)間框架。雖然相關(guān)技術(shù)，制度安排或過程將有所不同，但這些項(xiàng)目的管理與其他專業(yè)或技術(shù)領(lǐng)域（

30、如航空航天，制藥和能源開發(fā)） 類似項(xiàng)目的管理情況相同。Generally, project management is distinguished from the general management of corporations by the mission-oriented nature of a project . A project organization will generally be terminated when the mission is accomplished. According to the Project Management Institute, the

31、 discipline of project management can be defined as follows 一般來說，項(xiàng)目管理與項(xiàng)目總體管理區(qū)別于項(xiàng)目的任務(wù)性質(zhì)。任務(wù)完成后，項(xiàng)目組織通常會(huì)被終止。據(jù)項(xiàng)目管理研究所介紹，項(xiàng)目管理學(xué)科可以定義如下Project management is the art of directing and coordinating human and material resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve pr

32、edetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participation satisfaction. 項(xiàng)目管 理是通過使用現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目范圍，成本，時(shí)間，質(zhì)量和參與滿意度的預(yù)定目標(biāo)，在項(xiàng)目整個(gè)生命周期內(nèi)指導(dǎo)和協(xié)調(diào)人 力和物力資源的藝術(shù)。By contrast, the general management of business and industrial corporations assumes a broader outlook with greater continuity of operations4.Neve

33、rtheless, there are sufficient similarities as well as difference between the two so that modern management techniques developed for general management may be adapted for project management.相比之下， 商業(yè)和工業(yè)企業(yè)的總體管理具有更廣闊的前景，具有更大的運(yùn)營(yíng)連續(xù)性4。然而，兩者之間存在足夠的相似性和差異性，因此為一般管理開發(fā)的現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)可能會(huì)適 應(yīng)項(xiàng)目管理。The basic ingredients fo

34、r a project management framework may be represented schematically in Figue2-1. A working knowledge of general management and familiarity with the special knowledge domain related to the project are indispensable. Supporting disciplines such as computer science and decision science may also play an i

35、mportant role. In fact, modern management practices and various special knowledge domains have absorbed various techniques or tools which were once identified only with the supporting discipline For example, computer-based information systems and decision support systems are nom common-place tools f

36、or general management. Similarly, many operations research techniques such as linear programming and network analysis are now widely used in many knowledge or application domains6. Hence, the representation in Figure 2-1 reflects only the sources from which the project management framework evolves.項(xiàng)

37、目管理框架的基本要素可以在圖2-1中示意性地表示。一般管理的工作知識(shí)和熟悉與項(xiàng)目相關(guān)的專門知識(shí)領(lǐng)域是不可或缺的。支持計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)和決策科學(xué)等學(xué)科也可能發(fā)揮重要作用。事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)代管理實(shí)踐和各種特殊知識(shí)領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)吸收了一些曾經(jīng)被認(rèn)定為輔助學(xué)科的技術(shù)或工具。例如，基于計(jì)算機(jī)的信息系統(tǒng)和決策支持系統(tǒng)是普通管理的 常用工具。類似地，許多操作研究技術(shù)如線性規(guī)劃和網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析現(xiàn)在已被廣泛應(yīng)用于許多知識(shí)或應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域6。因此，圖2-1中的代表只反映了項(xiàng)目管理框架發(fā)展的來源。Specifically, project management in construction encomprasses a set of obje

38、ctives which may be accomplished by implementing a series of operations subject to resource constraints There are Potential conflicts between the stated objectives with regard to scope, cost, time and quality, and the constraints imposed on human, material and financial resources. These conflicts sh

39、ould be resolved at the onset of a project by making the necessary tradeoffs or creating new alternatives. 具體來說， 項(xiàng)目管理在建設(shè)中將會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)系歹U目標(biāo)，這些目標(biāo)可以通過實(shí)施資源約束的一系列操作來實(shí)現(xiàn)。在范圍，成本，時(shí)間和質(zhì)量以及對(duì)人類的限制之間存在潛在的沖突。物質(zhì)和財(cái)力。這些沖突應(yīng)在項(xiàng)目開始時(shí)通過作出必要的權(quán)衡或創(chuàng)造新的替代方案來解決。Subsequently, the function of project management for construction generally

40、include the following 其后, 施工項(xiàng) 目 管理功能一般包括以下內(nèi)容1. Specification of project objectives and plans including delineation of scope, budgeting, scheduling, setting performance requirements, and selecting project participants.2. Maximization of efficient resource utilization through procurement of labor, mat

41、erials and equipment according to the prescribed schedule and plan8.3. Implementation of various operations through proper coordination and control of planning, design, estimating, contracting and construction in the entire process 9. 4. Development of effective communication and mechanisms for reso

42、lving conflicts among the various participants.1 .項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)和計(jì)劃的規(guī)范，包括范圍劃分，預(yù)算編制，時(shí)間安排，設(shè)定績(jī)效要求以及選擇項(xiàng)目參與者。2 .根據(jù)規(guī)定的時(shí)間表和計(jì)劃，通過采購勞動(dòng)力，材料和設(shè)備來最大限度地提高資源利用效率3 .通過對(duì)整個(gè)過程中的規(guī)劃，設(shè)計(jì)，估計(jì)，承包和施工進(jìn)行適當(dāng)協(xié)調(diào)和控制，實(shí)施各種業(yè)務(wù)4.開展有效的溝通和解決各參與者之間沖突的機(jī)制。The Project management Institute focuses on nine distinct areas requiring project management knowl

43、edge and attention:1. Project integration management to ensure that the various project elements are effectively coordinated.2. Project scope management to ensure that all the work required（and only the required work ） is included.3. Project time management to provide an effective project schedule .

44、4. Project cost management to identify needed resources and maintain budget control . 5. Project quality management tu ensure functional requirements are met .6. Project human resource management to development and effectively employ project personnel .7. Project communications management to ensure

45、effective internal and external communications .8. Project risk management to analyze and mitigate potential risks .9. Project procurement management to obtain necessary resources from external sources .項(xiàng)目管理研究所重點(diǎn)關(guān)注需要項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)和注意力的九個(gè)不同領(lǐng)域：1 .項(xiàng)目整合管理，確保各項(xiàng)目要素得到有效協(xié)調(diào)。2 .項(xiàng)目范圍管理，以確保所需的所有工作（僅需要工作）。3 .項(xiàng)目時(shí)間管理提供有效的

46、項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度。4 .項(xiàng)目成本管理，以確定所需資源并維持預(yù)算控制。5.項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理保證功能要求得到滿足。6 .開展人力資源管理，有效聘用項(xiàng)目人員。7 .項(xiàng)目溝通管理，以確保有效的內(nèi)部和外部溝通。8 .項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理，分析和減輕潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。9 .從外部來源獲得必要資源的項(xiàng)目采購管理。These nine areas form the basis of the Project Management InstituteJ s certification program for project managers in any industry . 這九 個(gè)領(lǐng)域是項(xiàng)目管理研究所對(duì)任何行業(yè)項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理的認(rèn)證計(jì)劃的基礎(chǔ)。

47、Unit5 Bidding and Tendering of Construction Projects第 5 單亓建設(shè)項(xiàng) 目 招投標(biāo)Section 1 Bidding Procedure of Construction Projects 建設(shè)項(xiàng)目招標(biāo)程序The implementing agencies of borrowing countries can use a variety of procurement methods on World Bank-financed projects.（ 在世界 銀行貸款項(xiàng)目中借款國(guó)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)可以利用各種的采購方法。）|The method sele

48、cted depends on a number of factors including the type of goods or services being procured ,the value of the goods or services being procured, the potential interest of foreign bidders and even the cost of the procurement process itself.（ 方法的選擇取決于 很多因素，包括商品或服務(wù)采購的類型，商品或服務(wù)的價(jià)值的外購，外國(guó)競(jìng)標(biāo)者的潛在利益乃至整個(gè)采購過程本身的成

49、本）The overall objective of the guidelines how to select procurement methods is to allow borrowing countries to buy high quality goods and services as economically as possible如何選擇采購方式總體目標(biāo)的指引是允許借款的國(guó)家盡可能經(jīng)濟(jì)地購買高質(zhì)量的商品和服 務(wù)）In the World Bank s experience, this objective is best achieved through transparent,

50、 formal competitive bidding.（ 在世界銀行的經(jīng)驗(yàn)， 這個(gè)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)最好的方法是通過透明的，正式的競(jìng)標(biāo)。 ）For the procurement of equipment and civil works, International Competitive Bidding （ICB） is the procurement method the World Bank encourage its borrowers to use in the majority of cases（對(duì)設(shè)備及土建工程采購，在大多數(shù)情況下世界銀行鼓勵(lì)借款人使用國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng) 性招標(biāo)（ICB）采購方法

51、。）.Unde門CB, cost is the primary facto門n determining a winning bid. （在國(guó)際上，成本是決定中標(biāo)的主要因素。廠Other methods for procuring goods and civil works include Limited International Bidding, National Competitive Bidding, International Shopping, and Direct Contracting.（采購產(chǎn)品和土建工程的其他方法包括有限國(guó)際招標(biāo)，國(guó)內(nèi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性招標(biāo)，國(guó)際購物，并直接承包）This

52、 section outlines the bidding process of International Competitive Bidding.（本節(jié)概述了 國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性招標(biāo)投標(biāo)過程。）通知給所有合格的潛在投標(biāo)人，并為他們提供對(duì)所需貨物和工程進(jìn)行投標(biāo)的平等機(jī)會(huì)。）Notification（發(fā)布招標(biāo)公告）Timely notification of bidding opportunities is essential in competitive bidding. For projects which include procurement on the basis ofICB, the B

53、orrower is required to prepare and submit to the Bank a draft General Procurement Notice. The Bank will arrange for itspublication in Development Business （UNDB）. The Notice shall contain information concerning the Borrower （or prospective Borrower）, amount and purpose of the loan, scope of procurem

54、ent under ICB, and the name and address of the Borrowerfors agencprocurement and the address of the Website where specific procurement notices will be posted. If known, the scheduled date for availability of prequalification or bidding documents should be indicated. The Borrower shall maintain a lis

55、t of responses to the notice. Procurement Notice shall be updated annually for all outstanding procurement. 及時(shí)通知投標(biāo)的機(jī)會(huì)，是招標(biāo)中必不可少的。包括對(duì) 招標(biāo)采購基礎(chǔ)上的項(xiàng)目，借款人需準(zhǔn)備和提交的銀行匯票的總采購公告。銀行將其發(fā)布在發(fā)展商業(yè)出版物（報(bào)）O該通知應(yīng)包含有關(guān)借款人（或潛在的借款人）的信息，貸款金額和用途，在招標(biāo)采購范圍的名稱和地址，以及借款人負(fù)責(zé)采購的機(jī)構(gòu)和網(wǎng)站 的地址刊登具體采購?fù)ǜ妗Ｈ绻阎?，預(yù)定的資格預(yù)審文件或招標(biāo)文件的可用性日期應(yīng)注明。借款人應(yīng)保留一份回應(yīng)通知。

56、視情況而定所確定的資格預(yù)審文件或招標(biāo)文件不得早于刊登總采購?fù)ㄖ瞻酥芎蟀l(fā)放。一般采購?fù)ㄖ獞?yīng)為每年所有優(yōu)秀的采 購更新。Prequalification of Bidders （資格預(yù)審）This also ensures that invitations to bid are extended only to those who have adequate capabilities and resources. Prequalification may also be useful to determine eligibility for preference for domestic co

57、ntractors where this is allowed. Prequalification shall be based entirely upon the capability and resources of prospective bidders to perform the particular contract satisfactorily, taking into account their （i） experience and past performance on similar contracts , （ii） capabilities with respect to

58、 personnel, equipment, and construction or manufacturing facilities,and （iii） financial position.（資格預(yù)審是通常用于大型或復(fù)雜的工作，或在任何準(zhǔn)備詳細(xì)的報(bào)價(jià)高成本可能會(huì)阻礙競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的其他情況下，如定制設(shè)備，工業(yè)設(shè)備，專業(yè)的服務(wù)，和合同要在交鑰匙工程，設(shè)計(jì)和建造，或合同管理。這也確 保投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)函只延伸到那些有足夠的能力和資源的人。資格預(yù)審也可能有助于確定被允許資格的國(guó)內(nèi)承包商的偏好。令人滿意 地履行合同而言，考慮到他們的（i）對(duì)類似合同的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和過去的表現(xiàn)，（ii）能力方面的人員，設(shè)備，施工或制造設(shè)施，及

59、（ iii）財(cái)務(wù)狀況，資格預(yù)審將完全取決于潛在買家的能力和資源）Borrowers shall inform all applicants of the results of prequalification. As soon as prequalification is completed, the bidding documents shall be made available to the qualified prospective bidders. For prequalification for groups of contracts to be awarded over a period of time, a limit for the