自考國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)05844重點(diǎn)7-22.

1、自考國(guó)際商務(wù)自考國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)課程代碼05844Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則international commercial termsvdegenerate didenreit vt. 使退化；惡化v degenerate from sth into sthvdeal di:lvvt. 處理；給予；分配；發(fā)牌 vvi. 處理；討論；對(duì)待；做生意 vn. 交易；（美）政策；待遇；份量vIts a deal. Deal in經(jīng)營(yíng) deal with處理vagreement, especially in business, on cert

2、ain terms for buying or selling sth.vDraw up 制定vRespective 分別的，各自的vSubsequent 隨后的vThe necessity and purpose of having Incoterms國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的必要性的必要性和目的和目的vThe purpose of Incoterms is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreig

3、n trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.vInterpretation 解釋解釋 說(shuō)明說(shuō)明vtrade terms貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ): vwords or phrases that are peculiar to tradevtrade practice貿(mào)易管理貿(mào)易管理: vway of doing business th

4、at is common or habitualvDispute and litigation 糾紛與訴訟vICC國(guó)際商會(huì)國(guó)際商會(huì): International Chamber of CommercevAmendment and addition 修訂與增補(bǔ)修訂與增補(bǔ)vRevise 修改vUnitization 使成為整體vRoll on-roll off滾裝滾卸的vShort-sea 近海vMaritime 海上的vEDI電子數(shù)據(jù)交換電子數(shù)據(jù)交換: Electronic Date InterchangevCustoms clearance 結(jié)關(guān)vNegotiable（票據(jù)、證券等）可轉(zhuǎn)讓的、

5、可流通的；可協(xié)商的vNegotiable transport document可轉(zhuǎn)讓裝運(yùn)單據(jù)vvital vaitlvadj. 至關(guān)重要的；生死攸關(guān)的；有活力的 v vital to/ forvThe reasons for the 2000 revision of IncotermsvSpread of customs-free zones無(wú)關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展vChanges in transportation practices運(yùn)輸方式的變化 Increased use of electronic communication 電子通訊使用的增加 vWhereby 借以 憑借這個(gè)vDispatch

6、 啟運(yùn) 發(fā)運(yùn)、發(fā)送vdisposal dispuzl n. 處理；支配；清理；安排 at ones disposal自行支配vDeparture 離開(kāi) 啟程vQuay 碼頭vThe four groups of IncotermsGroup E: EXWGroup F: FCA, FAS, FOBGroup C: CFR, CIF, CPT, CIPGroup D: DAF, DES, DEQ, DDU, DDPWhat are the four different categories of terms in Incoterms 2000?In Incoterms 2000, the ter

7、ms have been grouped in four basically different categories: Group E (departure), Group F (Main carriage unpaid), Group C (Main carriage paid) and Group D (Arrival).vThe three most commonly used termsvFOB裝運(yùn)港船上交貨裝運(yùn)港船上交貨: Free On BoardvCFR成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi): Cost and FreightvCIF成本、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)成本、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi): Cost, Insur

8、ance and FreightvIf, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.v買(mǎi)賣(mài)雙方在制定合同時(shí),如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參照,他們就肯定能簡(jiǎn)單可靠地確定各自的責(zé)任Lesson 8 The Business Tradev合同的定義合同的定義(d

9、efinition)A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesvbinding baindi n. 裝訂；捆綁；粘合物 adj. 有約束力的；捆綁的be binding on sb.venforceable inf:sbl adj. 可實(shí)施的；可強(qiáng)行的；可強(qiáng)迫的 enforce v. Enforce sb to do sthvGive rise to dispute 引起爭(zhēng)議vTwo types of business negotiation: oral and

10、writtenvTrade fairs 商品貿(mào)易會(huì)vTrunk call 長(zhǎng)途公司vInquiry / enquiry詢盤(pán)、詢價(jià): It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other termsvBusiness line 業(yè)務(wù)范圍vQuotation報(bào)盤(pán): Estimate of how much something will costvA firm offer

11、 一個(gè)實(shí)盤(pán)一個(gè)實(shí)盤(pán): Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.vValidity period有效期vOffer發(fā)盤(pán)、出價(jià): statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to buy sthvOfferee收盤(pán)人: person who responds to the offerer.vLicensing許可經(jīng)營(yíng)許可經(jīng)營(yíng):vFranchising特許經(jīng)營(yíng)特許經(jīng)營(yíng):vlicenser 許可證頒發(fā)

12、者許可證頒發(fā)者vlicensee 許可證持有人許可證持有人vfranchiser 授予特權(quán)者授予特權(quán)者vfranchisee 特許經(jīng)營(yíng)者特許經(jīng)營(yíng)者vCounter offer還盤(pán): New offer made by the original offeree to the original offerervProcess of negotiation and conclusion of the contract：詢盤(pán)詢盤(pán)發(fā)盤(pán)（發(fā)盤(pán)人發(fā)盤(pán)（發(fā)盤(pán)人-收盤(pán)收盤(pán)人）人）還盤(pán)，即新盤(pán)，原盤(pán)無(wú)效（原收還盤(pán)，即新盤(pán)，原盤(pán)無(wú)效（原收盤(pán)人盤(pán)人-原發(fā)盤(pán)人）原發(fā)盤(pán)人）vInquiryvQuotationvOffer

13、 and acceptancevCounter-offvSales (purchase) contract銷售（采購(gòu)）合同：legal agreement (between two parties) made by the seller (or the buyer).vSales (purchase) confirmation銷售（采購(gòu)）確認(rèn)書(shū)：document which confirms the sales (or purchase).The types of contractsvSales contractvPurchase contractvSales (or purchase) co

14、nfirmationvConsignment寄售: sending of goods for deliveryvContract proper合同本身、合同正文vContraction parties締約方: persons or companies that sign a contractvArbitration仲裁: settlement of a dispute by decision of someone chosen as a judge by both sidesvArticle number貨號(hào): the number of the products or things for

15、saleThe settling of a contract合同的構(gòu)成 vThe titlevThe contract properThe name and address of the buyer and the sellerThe details of the commodity transactionThe terms and conditions mutually agreedIndication of the number of original copies, language(s) used, and the validityvThe signatures of the cont

16、racting partiesvThe stipulations on the back of the contract小練習(xí)v有效期對(duì)于確盤(pán)是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)有效期對(duì)于確盤(pán)是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤(pán)一間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤(pán)一直是有效的直是有效的 vThe validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected Lesson 9 modes

17、of tradevCounter trade對(duì)銷貿(mào)易、反向貿(mào)易vCentrally planned economies中央計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家vCross-border contract進(jìn)出口合同，跨國(guó)合同vHyperinflation極度通貨膨脹vcompetitive devaluation競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性貶值vProtectionism貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義vReichsbank 德國(guó)國(guó)家銀行vFinancial market金融市場(chǎng)vNet positions實(shí)際頭寸vCompensation trade補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易vEPU歐洲支付聯(lián)盟歐洲支付聯(lián)盟: European Payment UnionvClearing s

18、ystem清算系統(tǒng)、清算制度vTrade credit accounts貿(mào)易信貸往來(lái)賬戶vVertical豎式地、涉及生產(chǎn)銷售全過(guò)程的: relating to or involving all stages from production to sale.vCurrent counter tradevBarter易貨貿(mào)易易貨貿(mào)易: The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.vCounter purchase反向購(gòu)買(mǎi)、互購(gòu)貿(mào)易反向購(gòu)買(mǎi)、互購(gòu)貿(mào)易: The ass

19、umption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.vBuyback回購(gòu)貿(mào)易回購(gòu)貿(mào)易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output p

20、roduced by these goods as full or partial payment.vStipulate 規(guī)定vVolkswagen大眾汽車公司vXerox Corporation施樂(lè)公司vProcessing trade加工貿(mào)易vConsignment寄售vLeasing trade租賃貿(mào)易vAgency代理代理 ： a business or service authorized to act for othersvMajor advantages of counter tradev a. Helping to deal with foreign exchange shor

21、tagev b. Promoting exportv c. Reducing uncertainty regarding export receiptsv d. Bypassing international price agreementv e. Helping countries with debt problems to import goods.小練習(xí)v回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比互購(gòu)貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比互購(gòu)貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。段時(shí)間。 vAnother important difference bet

22、ween counter purchase and buyback is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.v在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。vAmong other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc.Lesson 10 International

23、 PaymentvIn a straightforward manner 以直接的方式vRemittance 匯款，匯付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each othervDebit借方借方：written note in an account of a sum owed or paid outvDebtor債務(wù)人債務(wù)人: a person who owes money to somebody creditor 債權(quán)人vFinancial standing財(cái)務(wù)狀況=

24、 financial status = financial strengthvCredit worthiness資信可靠狀況vdefault dif:ltvi. 拖欠；不履行；不到場(chǎng) n. 違約；缺席；缺乏；系統(tǒng)默認(rèn)值 vt. 不履行；不參加（比賽等）；對(duì)處以缺席裁判vban bn vt. 禁止，取締 n. 禁令，禁忌 ban from sth/ doing sth forbid to dovThe complexity of payment in international trade 國(guó)際貿(mào)易支付的復(fù)雜性A.Risks faced by the exporter and importer

25、出口商和進(jìn)口商所面臨的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)B. Political factors政治因素, commercial factors商業(yè)因素, geographical factors地理因素vfluctuation ,flktjuein n. 起伏，波動(dòng) fluctuation in/ of vhesitant hezitntadj. 遲疑的；躊躇的；猶豫不定的be hesitant about doing sth/ sthvCash in advance預(yù)付現(xiàn)金vOpen account記賬交易vPeriodic payments分階段付款vTitle to the goods貨物所有權(quán)，Ownership

26、 to the goods vTwo methods of payment used under certain conditions 在一定條件下的兩種支付方式vA. Cash in advance or partial cash in advance 預(yù)付或部分預(yù)付現(xiàn)金vB. Open account 記賬交易vDraft匯票匯票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed t

27、ime in the future.vDrawer出票人出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)vDrawee受票人受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.vPayee收款人、領(lǐng)款人收款人、領(lǐng)款人: The person receiving the payment.vSight draft即期匯票即期匯票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.vUsance draft遠(yuǎn)期匯

28、票遠(yuǎn)期匯票=Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.vClean draft光票光票: The draft without documentsvDocumentary draft跟單匯票跟單匯票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.vDocumentary collection跟單托收跟單托收: It is means of ensuring that the goods are o

29、nly handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified datevD/P付款交單付款交單: Documents against paymentvD/A承兌交單承兌交單: Documents against acceptancevD/P at sight 即期付款交單vD/P after sight 遠(yuǎn)期付款交單小練習(xí)v就出口商而言，即期付款交單

30、比遠(yuǎn)期付款就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。vSo far as the exporters interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favorable then d/P after sight, and D/P is more favorable then D/A.Lesson 11 The Letter of Credit(I)The definition of the letter of creditThe letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用證信用證

31、:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.In favor of 以以為受益人的為受益人的Applicant (Opener or Principal)申請(qǐng)人申請(qǐng)人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer)Opening bank (Issuing

32、bank, Establishing bank)開(kāi)開(kāi)證行證行: The bank that issues the creditBeneficiary受益人受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往來(lái)行、關(guān)系行往來(lái)行、關(guān)系行:The bank in the exporters country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行通知行: The bank in the exporters country, wh

33、ich advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Amendment修改discrepancy diskrepnsi n. 不符；矛盾；相差 discrepancy in discrepancy between andvConfirming bank保兌行保兌行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.vReimburse償付vnominate nmineit, vt. 推薦；提名；任命；指定 nominate sb as/ to bevUnit price單價(jià)vPartial shipment分批裝

34、運(yùn)vTransshipment轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)vThe carrying vessel載貨船只vThe uniform customs and practice of documentary credits跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例vThe relevant parties of the letter of credit and their roles in its process of operation 信用證的相關(guān)當(dāng)事人及其在信用證業(yè)務(wù)中的作用vThe applicantvThe opening bankvThe advising bankvThe beneficiaryvThe negotiating b

35、ankvThe confirming bank小練習(xí)v現(xiàn)代信用證在現(xiàn)代信用證在19世紀(jì)后半葉開(kāi)始采用，第世紀(jì)后半葉開(kāi)始采用，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。vModern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.Lesson 12 The Letter of Credit (II)Clean credit光票信用證光票信用證: The credits onl

36、y require clean draft.Non-trade settlement非貿(mào)易結(jié)算Revocable credit可撤消信用證可撤消信用證: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用證不可撤消信用證: The credits can not be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.vcertainty s:t

37、nti n. 必然；確實(shí)；確實(shí)的事情 have (un)certainty ofvcommitment kmitmntn. 承諾，保證；委托；承擔(dān)義務(wù)；獻(xiàn)身 take/ undertake a commitment to do sthvconsent knsentvi. 同意；贊成；答應(yīng) consent to don. 同意；（意見(jiàn)等的）一致；贊成 by consentConfirmed credit保兌信用證保兌信用證: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankLeading bank (Prime bank,

38、 First rate bank)主要銀行Double assurance 雙重保障雙重保障Sight credit即期信用證即期信用證: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank.Usance credit (Term credit, Time credit)遠(yuǎn)期信用遠(yuǎn)期信用證證:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a s

39、pecific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.Capital turnover資金周轉(zhuǎn)Maturity到期，滿期Discount折扣，貼現(xiàn)Discount charge 貼現(xiàn)費(fèi)Face value面值Transferable credit可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證不可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證: The cred

40、it can not be transferred.Middleman 中間人，中間商：trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumerNon-draft credit無(wú)匯票信用證無(wú)匯票信用證: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Deferred payment延期付款Revolving c

41、redit循環(huán)信用證循環(huán)信用證: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.Insolvent無(wú)支付能力的A particular transaction一筆特定的交易vMajor types of credits and their functions, forms and mechanism 信用證的主要種類及其作用： vClean credit and documentary creditvRe

42、vocable credit and irrevocable creditvConfirmed credit and unconfirmed creditvSight credit and usance creditvTransferable credit and non-transferable creditvNon-draft creditvRevolving creditvThe limitations of the letter of credit信用證的局限性;Inability to provide absolute securityBeing more expensive tha

43、n other forms of payment小練習(xí)v對(duì)于一筆具體交易來(lái)說(shuō)，信用證不一定是最理想對(duì)于一筆具體交易來(lái)說(shuō)，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況做出最好的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況做出最好的選擇。的選擇。vThe letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contraction parties should make their best choice according to the specific

44、conditions.Lesson 13Major Documents Required in World TradevDocuments單據(jù): paper, form, book, etc giving information about sth., evidence or proof of sth.vDocumentation單據(jù)的制作或使用vTake delivery of提（貨）vCommercial invoice商業(yè)發(fā)票商業(yè)發(fā)票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the g

45、oods and the unit and total price. vCommission傭金: payment to sb. for selling goods which increase with the quantity of goods sold.vDiscount折扣: amount of money that may be taken off the full amountvShipping marks嘜頭、運(yùn)輸標(biāo)記vBill of lading提（貨）單: list giving details of a ships cargo.vCargo receipt鐵路運(yùn)單、貨運(yùn)收據(jù)

46、: written statement that goods have been receivedvCarrier承運(yùn)人承運(yùn)人: The shipping companyvShipper貨主、托運(yùn)人、發(fā)貨人: person who arranges for goods to be hipped.vConsignor托運(yùn)人: the party in the bill of lading who arranges for the goods to be shipped.vCarriage運(yùn)輸，運(yùn)費(fèi)vLegal holder 合法持有人vConsignee收貨人: the party in the

47、 bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped.vNotify party到貨通知人、被通知人: the party to be advised after arrival of the goods at the port of destination.vPort of shipment發(fā)貨港、裝運(yùn)港、起運(yùn)港vAirway bill空運(yùn)（提）單vRailway bill收貨單（鐵路）vInsurance policy保險(xiǎn)單（大保單）: a document used for covering possible risks.vInsurance cer

48、tificate保險(xiǎn)證書(shū)（小保單）vCertificate of quality品質(zhì)證書(shū)vCertificate of weight重量證書(shū)vCertificate of quantity數(shù)量證書(shū)vCertificate of health健康證書(shū)vCertificate of disinfection消毒證書(shū)vCertificate of origin產(chǎn)地證書(shū)vVeterinary certificate獸醫(yī)證書(shū)vCustoms invoice海關(guān)發(fā)票vConsular invoice領(lǐng)事發(fā)票vConsular visa領(lǐng)事簽證vShipping advice裝船通知vmajor types

49、 of documents主要單據(jù)主要單據(jù) va. commercial invoice 商業(yè)發(fā)票vb. packing list 裝相單vc. the bill of lading 提單vd.insurance policy and insurance certificate 保險(xiǎn)單和保險(xiǎn)證書(shū)ve.various certificate 其它各種證書(shū)小練習(xí)v商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱“發(fā)票發(fā)票”，這種單據(jù)對(duì)，這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性的描述。括性的描述。vThe commercial invoice, generally ca

50、lled the invoice makes a general description of the quality and quantity, unit price and total value of the goods.Lesson 14 International TransportationvProductivity生產(chǎn)率，生產(chǎn)力vIn a broad sense 從廣義上vTransportation and freight transportation運(yùn)輸和貨物運(yùn)輸: In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement o

51、f freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.vThe five major modes of transportation五種主五種主要運(yùn)輸方式要

52、運(yùn)輸方式 ： Water ,rail, truck, pipeline, and airvNatural product province自然產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域vCommon carrier公共承運(yùn)人公共承運(yùn)人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.vContract carrier契約承運(yùn)人契約承運(yùn)人:

53、Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).vPrivate carrier自有承運(yùn)人vThree types of carrier ownership三種形式的承運(yùn)人所有權(quán)vCommon carriersvContract carriersvPrivate carriersvCost economies節(jié)約成本、成本節(jié)約vIntermediate products 中間產(chǎn)品、半成品vFinished products制成品

54、vPer unit 每一單位vSelf-sufficient自給自足的vDeregulation放松管制vJust-in-time inventory system零庫(kù)存vProduction approach生產(chǎn)方式vLogistics物流vThe four factors that are substantially changing transportation改變運(yùn)輸業(yè)的四大因素 va. transportation deregulationvb. just-in-time inventory systemsvc. competition based on high level of

55、customer servicevd. globalization of business小練習(xí)v運(yùn)輸對(duì)工業(yè)社會(huì)的發(fā)展和運(yùn)行起著至關(guān)重要的作用vTransportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society.Lesson 15 Insurance (I)vLiterature文獻(xiàn)，說(shuō)明書(shū)vInsurance保險(xiǎn)保險(xiǎn): It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for

56、 payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.vInsured被保險(xiǎn)人，保戶被保險(xiǎn)人，保戶: The person who transfer risk.vInsurer承保人承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).vPremium保費(fèi)保費(fèi): the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contr

57、actvKnown premium已知的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)vWithout insurance what kind of uncertainty maybe experienced by an individual or an enterprise?v Without insurance, there would be a great deal of uncertainty experienced by an individual or an enterprise, not only as to whether a loss would occur, but also as to what size it

58、 would be if it did occur.vValues exposed to loss損失的價(jià)值vPool統(tǒng)籌的資金，共同的款項(xiàng)vPooling: a combination of founds formed for common advantage vClaim索賠vClaim: a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policyvClient客戶，主顧vMargin保證金:amount above what is estimated as necessaryvDraw提取，支取vDraw up 制定 draw up

59、 a contractvRelease of funds騰出資金vJeopardy危險(xiǎn)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)vMulti-model多種方式的vMultinational corporation 跨國(guó)公司vMultinational enterprise 跨國(guó)企業(yè)，跨國(guó)集團(tuán)（lesson4）vUnderwriter保險(xiǎn)公司，保險(xiǎn)人：a person who carries on insurance as a businessCargo insurance貨物保險(xiǎn)貨物保險(xiǎn): It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulde

60、rs of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine 海上的Marine insurance海上保險(xiǎn)海上保險(xiǎn): The insurance of ships and their cargoes.小練習(xí)v貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專門(mén)承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專門(mén)承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。vCargo insurance is an a