英國文學(xué)文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí) 黃老師版

1、一. 選擇題相關(guān)知識(shí)1.William Faulkner ,one of the most well-known American modernist writers.Major works:Major themes: failure and decay of the South of America; internal conflicts; issues of class, sex and race; human natureFaulkners prose styleFaulkner is a difficult writer. There are a lot of interior mon

2、ologues. the modern stream of consciousness technique isfrequently and skillfully used; His prose ranges from colloquial, regional dialects to highly charged courtroom rhetoric English language. Faulkner was a master of his own particular style of writing.Faulkners powers of imagination are very gre

3、at. Rooting his works in the Deep South, he manages to create a literary milieu of his own through which he tries to transcend the limits of particularity to reach universality.Terms to know Waste Land PainterThis term refers to such writers as Fitzgerald, Eliot, Hemingway and Faulkner. With their w

4、ritings, all of them painted thepostwar Western world as a waste land, lifeless and hopeless.Point of viewHe generally shows a grim picture of human society where violence and cruelty are frequently included, but his later works showed more optimism.His intention was to show the evil, harsh events i

5、n contrast to such eternal virtues as love, honour, pity, compassion, self-sacrifice, and therebyexpose the faults of society. He felt that it was a writers duty to remind his readers constantly of true values and virtues.1. themes1.history and race2.Emily Dickinson,1.worksBecause I Cant Stop for De

6、athWild Nights Wild Nights2.themes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrowsreligion doubt and belief about religious subjectsdeath and immortalitylove suffering and frustration caused by lovephysical aspect of desirenature kind and cruelfree will and human responsibility3.stylepoems without titles

7、severe economy of expressiondirectness, brevitymusical device to create cadence (rhythm)capital letters emphasisshort poems, mainly two stanzasrhetoric techniques: personification make some of abstract ideas vividWhitman vs. Dickinson4.Similarities:Thematically, they both extolled, in their differen

8、t ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its American ness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in f

9、orm unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.5.differences:Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple

10、 style) which Whitman doesnt have.3.Nathaniel Hawthorne,1.worksTwo collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old ManseThe Scarlet LetterThe House of the Seven GablesThe Marble Faun2.point of viewEvil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”Whenever there is s

11、in, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).He is of the opinion that evil educates.He has disgust in science.3.aesthetic ideasHe took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.He was

12、convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.4.style typical romantic writerthe use of symbolsrevelation of characters psychologythe use of supernatural mixed with the actua

13、lhis stories are parable (parable inform) to teach a lessonuse of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty multiple point of view4.Thomas Paine,The American Crisis by PaineThe American Crisis is an Enlightenment, Deist document. Man relies on reason and indomitable optimism, not salv

14、ation, for deliverance from travail. However much the soldier, the scholar, the common man struggling for victory wants the support of God, he must rely on his devotion to his cause and to his fellow man, first and foremost.5. F Scott Fitzgerald,1.worksThis Side of ParadiseThe Great GatsbyTender is

15、the Night2.point of viewHe expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called “American Dream” is false in nature.He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on the emotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered peopl

16、es characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.His novels follow a pattern: dream lack of attraction failure and despair.1.His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.2.StyleFitzgeral

17、d was one of the great stylists in American literature. His prose is smooth, sensitive, and completely original in its diction and metaphors. Its simplicity and gracefulness, its skill in manipulating the relation between the general and the specific reveal his consummate artistry.3.The Great Gatsby

18、Narrative point of view NickHe is related to everyone in the novel and is calm and detected observer who is never quick to make judgements.Selected omniscient point of view6. Ralph Waldo Emerson,1.worksNatureTwo essays: The American Scholar, The Poet2.point of viewOne major element of his philosophy

19、 is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature.If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself

20、, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.2.aesthetic ideasHe is a complete man, an eternal man.True poetry and true art sh

21、ould ennoble.The poet should express his thought in symbols.As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.3.his influence Life Major works: Essays The American Scholar, called” the intellectual Declaration of Independence Style: 1) a te

22、ndency to restate propositions 2) many varied illustrations to support propositions 3)parallelism 4) paradox 5) an epigrammatic quality Emersons most striking stylistic quality is his ability to work his thought into a short, shocking, quotable utterance.7.Theodore DreiserworksSister CarrieThe trilo

23、gy of Desire: Financier, The Titan, The StoicJennie GerhardtAmerican TragedyThe Genius1.point of viewHe embraced social Darwinism survival of the fittest. He learned to regard man as merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence in which only the “fittest”, the most ruthless,

24、 survive.Life is predatory, a “game” of the lecherous and heartless, a jungle struggle in which man, being “a waif and an interloper in Nature”, a “wisp in the wind of social forces”, is a mere pawn in the general scheme of things, with no power whatever to assert his will.No one is ethically free;

25、everything is determined by a complex of internal chemisms and by the forces of social pressure.2.StyleWithout good structureDeficient characterizationLack in imaginationJournalistic methodTechniques in paintingTheodore Dreiserw Lifew Major worksw Themesw Prose stylew Dreisers weakest quality is his

26、 style. He lacks concision; he has little aesthetic appreciation; for him language is a means of communication rather than art form; his dialogue is often gauche and banal. But his very energy overcomes his stylistic deficiencies.二. 文學(xué)評論相關(guān)作品 兩首詩 三部小說詩歌Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: A Psalm of life 上該詩以

27、一位年輕人的口吻來表達(dá)詩人對人生的見解（避免了詩人直接說教之嫌），在前兩小節(jié)開門見山，以什么是人生起筆，詩人同時(shí)故意設(shè)置一個(gè)悲觀人生論的“歌者”作為批駁的對象，反對將肉體的必死性作為把人生視為一場幻多的因由，以恢復(fù)生命的靈性維度來維護(hù)人生的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。因此，這兩節(jié)已經(jīng)預(yù)示了下面要進(jìn)一步引申的兩點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：一是如何對待生命的時(shí)間性，二是如何認(rèn)識(shí)和評定這樣的生命。所以，從第三小節(jié)開始，詩人以如何度過人生為承接，開始闡釋全詩的主題，指出人生的目標(biāo)和道路在于行動(dòng)和不斷的自我超越。人生既然是真刃而實(shí)在的，那么就應(yīng)該“趁著活生生的現(xiàn)在”而行動(dòng)，就應(yīng)該做一個(gè)敢于面對一切現(xiàn)實(shí)的“威武善戰(zhàn)的英 雄”。在第七、八小節(jié)，

28、詩轉(zhuǎn)入到對人生價(jià)值的詮釋上，以說明人生要如此度過的終極意義那些偉大的勇敢者的生命劃出的軌跡終究不會(huì)消失，它留在“時(shí)間的沙上”（即人類的歷史上），給后人帶來永恒的啟示。第九小節(jié)是對全詩的總結(jié)，呼吁人們行動(dòng)起來，不斷追求，不斷進(jìn)取，以擁有一個(gè)有意義有價(jià)值的人生。從整體結(jié) 構(gòu)上看，全詩層層遞進(jìn)，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，起承轉(zhuǎn)合，十分自然，體現(xiàn)出詩人不凡的技巧和構(gòu)思。Robert Frost ：the road not taken下這首名詩The Road NotTaken形式是傳統(tǒng)的抑揚(yáng)格四音步，但音步可變（含有不少抑抑揚(yáng)的成分）；每節(jié)的韻式為abaab 。另外，他的名詩Departmental，則采用了雙行體偶

29、韻的韻式，讀起來朗朗上口，具有非常優(yōu)美的音韻。 弗羅斯特的The road not taken一詩也是他的作品里最為我所喜愛的其中的一首。他寫詩最大的特色就是善于運(yùn)用眼前看似平淡無奇的事物，去表達(dá)一個(gè)深刻的哲理。正因?yàn)樗L于用具體的事物說抽象的概念，所以他的詩就易為讀者接受和了解！ 這正如他在一首詩中寫的：“黃色的樹林里有兩條岔開的路/可惜我不能在同一時(shí)間走兩條路/我選擇了少人行走的那條/這就造成了一切的差異?！痹娙诉x擇了詩歌，放下了在一所師范學(xué)校教書的職業(yè)以及那可能平坦，安穩(wěn)的生活。他對自己說：寫詩吧，窮就窮吧，于是他們就來了英國，在離倫敦不遠(yuǎn)的一個(gè)村子里找到了一座木板茅屋作為新家。不久他的

30、第一本詩集孩子的意愿出版了，以它特有的樸素坦率和真淳贏得了詩人們的好評。龐德特撰文說它是美國很長一段時(shí)間以來最好的一本詩集。 未選擇的路是美國著名詩人羅伯特弗羅斯特的著名詩篇。羅伯特弗羅斯特堪稱美國20世紀(jì)90年代最受歡迎的詩人之一，是美國非官方的桂冠詩人，他一生致力于詩歌的創(chuàng)作，主要寫作并出版了10部詩集，這一首是其第三部詩集山的間隔中的名篇。小說William Faulkner: A Rose for Emily 下A ROSE FOR EMILY是威廉福克納非常著名的短篇小說，它特殊之處就在于它能夠讓人全神灌注地把整篇看完，之后仍然意猶未盡，又多么希望把整個(gè)故事說給別人聽；雖然結(jié)局令人痛

31、苦不堪，可是發(fā)人深省。A ROSE FOR EMILY是一篇以愛為主軸的小說,也許它不浪漫也不激情，但在某些小地方總不經(jīng)意的透出一絲感人的氣息。 Emily的父親認(rèn)為將她與外界隔絕是對她最好的保護(hù)，所以他以自視過高的心態(tài)一直在護(hù)衛(wèi)著Emily，或許Emily曾想過反抗，但經(jīng)年累月下來，這已成一種習(xí)慣。她已被父親的高塔關(guān)住。當(dāng)她父親去世以后，她一直賴以維生的塔也隨之倒了。她原本可以敞開心扉不再過寂寞孤獨(dú)的日子，可是她又依據(jù)父親對她的影響建造了另一座塔，以此否認(rèn)父親已死的事實(shí)。或許她心中認(rèn)為這是最安全的一種方式 Barron的出現(xiàn)使她對自己的生活感到厭倦，再也不愿意繼續(xù)孤獨(dú)的日子，所以她嘗試出門和

32、人群接觸，可是父親對她的影響太深。她那高傲的心深愛著Barron，卻不懂得與他交流愛的情感。于是當(dāng)她 將要和Barron結(jié)婚的時(shí)候，才發(fā)現(xiàn)這一切并不是Barron想要的，因?yàn)锽arron對自由的執(zhí)著使他不愿意對婚姻做出承諾。所以，當(dāng)Emily知道自己不能擁有Barron時(shí)，她唯一能做的就是-把Barron帶入自己的世界。 在奧地利，玫瑰是愛情、愛慕和敬仰的表示；而另一方面，Emily這一生中并沒有任何點(diǎn)綴和光明，更沒有鮮花所代表的生氣，所以ROSE是敘述者在影射自己。以此推論，這個(gè)故事當(dāng)依著“執(zhí)著”為線 索：首先，Emily的父親對她執(zhí)著的占有，而后是Emily對Barron愛的執(zhí)著，Barr

33、on對自由的執(zhí)著，還有敘述者對Emily執(zhí)著的敬慕，直到Emily過世,敘述者仍一直關(guān)心注意著她。 她是自以為是家族的犧牲品，也是父親占有欲下的囚犯。自私的占有并不是愛，而是一種欲望。即使Emily有自己的想法也不可以表達(dá)，也沒有說話的對象，她為了保密甚至連唯一的仆人都給毒啞了；為了逃避現(xiàn)實(shí)她一直活在自己的世界里，和外面的事物全然隔絕，所以她留不住戀人，就讓戀人的尸體伴著她數(shù)十年。直到她去世后，鎮(zhèn)民才在她的床上發(fā)現(xiàn)失蹤多年的Barron的骸骨 Emily是個(gè)可憐的受害者。是她的至親使她成為一個(gè)孤僻的人。也許她知道別人對她的關(guān)心，但是在她封閉的情感中又意圖拒絕這種有限的關(guān)懷，哪怕是是她最需要的感

34、情。其實(shí)Emily擁有很多可貴的 事物，如果她能敞開心扉，她的人生就會(huì)像玫瑰那樣鮮艷和美麗了。FSott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby 下尼克從中西部故鄉(xiāng)來到紐約，在他住所旁邊正是本書主人公蓋茨比的豪華宅第。這里每晚都在舉行盛大的宴會(huì)。尼克和蓋茨比相識(shí)，故事就這樣開始了。 尼克對蓋茨比充滿探究的興趣。探究的結(jié)果是：尼克了解到蓋茨比內(nèi)心深處有一段不了之情。了不起的蓋茨比年輕時(shí)的蓋茨比并不富有，他是一個(gè)少尉軍官。他愛上了一位叫黛茜的姑娘，黛茜對他也情有所鐘。后來第一次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，蓋茨比被調(diào)往歐洲。似是偶然卻也是必然，黛茜因此和他分手，轉(zhuǎn)而與一個(gè)出身于富豪家庭的紈绔子弟

35、湯姆結(jié)了婚。黛茜婚后的生活并不幸福，因?yàn)闇妨碛星閶D。物欲的滿足并不能填補(bǔ)黛西精神上的空虛。蓋茨比痛苦萬分，他堅(jiān)信是金錢讓黛茜背叛了心靈的貞潔，于是立志要成為富翁。幾年以后，蓋茨比終于成功了。他在黛茜府邸的對面建造起了一幢大廈。蓋茨比揮金如土，徹夜笙簫，一心想引起黛茜的注意，以挽回失去的愛情。 尼克為蓋茨比的癡情所感動(dòng)，便去拜訪久不聯(lián)系的遠(yuǎn)房表妹黛茜，并向她轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)蓋茨比的心意。黛茜在與蓋茨比相會(huì)中時(shí)時(shí)有意挑逗。蓋茨比昏昏然聽她隨意擺布，并且天真地以為那段不了情有了如愿的結(jié)局。然而真正的悲劇卻在此時(shí)悄悄啟幕。黛茜早已不是舊日的黛茜。黛茜不過將她倆目前的暖昧關(guān)系，當(dāng)做一種刺激。尼克終于有所察覺，但為

36、時(shí)已晚。一次黛茜在心緒煩亂的狀態(tài)下開車，偏偏軋死了丈夫的情婦。蓋茨比為保護(hù)黛茜，承擔(dān)了開車責(zé)任，但黛茜已打定主意拋棄蓋茨比。在湯姆的挑撥下，致使其情婦的丈夫開槍打死了蓋茨比。蓋茨比最終徹底成為了犧牲品。蓋茨比至死都沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)黛茜臉上嘲弄的微笑。蓋茨比的悲劇在于他把一切都獻(xiàn)給了自己編織的美麗夢想，而黛茜作為他理想的化身，卻只徒有美麗的軀殼。盡管黛西早已移情別戀,盡管他清楚地聽出“她的聲音充滿了金錢”,卻仍不改初衷,固執(zhí)地追求重溫舊夢然。人們在為蓋茨比舉行葬禮，黛茜和她丈夫此時(shí)卻早已在歐洲旅行的路上。不了情終于有了了結(jié)。尼克目睹了人類現(xiàn)實(shí)的虛情寡義，深感厭惡，于是懷著一種悲劇的心情，遠(yuǎn)離喧囂、冷漠、

37、空洞、虛假的大都市，黯然回到故鄉(xiāng)。贊同35Jack London: Martin Eden 下內(nèi)容提要 馬丁伊登是杰克倫敦的不朽作品。小說的前半部帶有自傳性質(zhì)，取材于作者早年的生活經(jīng)歷和后來成名的過程。 年輕水手馬丁伊登在一次偶然的機(jī)會(huì)中救了大律師摩斯的兒子亞瑟。為了感謝馬丁的救命之恩，亞瑟熱情邀他到家里作客。摩斯家富麗堂皇的擺設(shè)，優(yōu)雅文明的風(fēng)度使馬丁眼花繚亂，驚慕不己。更使他心醉神移的是亞瑟年輕、美貌的妹妹羅絲。在馬丁的眼中，羅絲是那么高尚純潔。對俗不可耐的公子哥兒膩煩了的羅絲也喜歡這個(gè)精力充沛、才智過人的無產(chǎn)者。在羅絲的鼓勵(lì)下，更確切地說，在憧憬“高尚而又純真的愛情”的巨大動(dòng)力下，馬丁以超

38、人的毅力發(fā)憤讀書，他只用幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間就學(xué)完了常人需要兩年才能學(xué)完的中學(xué)課程。他常常每天只睡四五個(gè)小時(shí)，像作者杰克倫敦開始寫作時(shí)一樣，一邊做苦工，一邊學(xué)習(xí)、寫作，為的是能有朝一日躋身“上流社會(huì)”，成為可與羅絲匹配的“上等人”。盡管他不斷寫作，稿子一篇篇寄出，卻一次次遭到拒絕。后來，雖然羅絲私下與馬丁訂了婚，但是，她的父母認(rèn)為馬丁是個(gè)缺乏教養(yǎng)、粗魯無禮的窮光蛋，因而竭力反對女兒與馬丁的進(jìn)一步接近；摩斯家客廳里的闊老闊少也嘲笑、冷落馬丁。馬丁逐漸發(fā)現(xiàn)“上流社會(huì)”并非他過去想象的那么高尚，那么文明。在一次客廳辯論中，他直言不諱地批評了這些“高等人士”，冒犯了他們的尊嚴(yán)，從此被拒于摩斯家的門外。繼而羅絲

39、也同他斷絕了來往。這時(shí)，馬丁痛苦地發(fā)現(xiàn)羅絲根本不是他想象中的“安琪兒”，而是一個(gè)目光短淺、庸俗的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)小姐。支撐他努力奮斗的精神支柱崩潰了，他無力再繼續(xù)寫作，只是將原先退還的稿件再寄給出版商和報(bào)刊雜志。沒想到，他的一篇作品被刊登了。一夜之間他成了名聞遐邇的大作家。請?zhí)透寮s紛至沓來，金錢和榮譽(yù)接踵而至。昔日那些對他嗤之以鼻、攻擊嘲諷的“高貴人士”如今向他獻(xiàn)媚，“上流社會(huì)”向他敞開了歡迎的大門。摩斯家聽說他功成名就，急忙叫羅絲主動(dòng)上門，哭哭啼啼地要求重歸于好，恢復(fù)婚約。然而，這時(shí)已爬上社會(huì)“頂峰”的馬丁卻看透了這些虛偽透頂、趨炎附勢的蕓蕓眾生；名譽(yù)和金錢，虛假的友誼和庸俗的愛情再也激不起他昔日

40、那種對靠個(gè)人奮斗帶來個(gè)人幸福的憧憬，再也無法改變他對人生的冷漠態(tài)度。他痛恨這些渾身散發(fā)出銅臭的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)市儈，但也無法回到他原來出身的階級(jí)。他想到一個(gè)孤島上去過與世隔絕的隱士生活，但最終還是投海自殺，結(jié)束了他年輕的生命。 三. 簡答題相關(guān)知識(shí) 含名詞解釋1.James Fennimore Cooper 對美國文學(xué)史的作用,男主人Natty Bumppo, Leatherstocking Tales :The Deerslayer , The lastof the Mohican , The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Prairie人物名稱 P105the Lea

41、ther-stocking Tales The Deer-slayer The Last of Mohican The Pathfinder The Pioneers The Prairie3.Romanticism時(shí)期詩潮。特點(diǎn)：moral enthusiasm, 超驗(yàn)主義及含義 P56，對文學(xué)家創(chuàng)作的影響4.現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，1.Walt Whitman 對美國文學(xué)的作用 ,Leaves of Grass象征：1，民主2，普通大眾3，年輕的國家 自由體詩2.Mark Twain 所創(chuàng)術(shù)語： the Gilded Age 的含義，P2下3.Ernest Hemingway: 作品、風(fēng)格P229-23

42、1下。主要作品及寫作風(fēng)格四. 找作品作者相關(guān)知識(shí)：浪漫主義時(shí)期散文，- Emerson-Thoreau五. 基本知識(shí)必備1.每個(gè)階段文學(xué)史的名稱Colonial AmericaThe revolutionary periodEarly national period (1810-1840):romanticismAmerican renaissance(1830-1860)From civil war to new century: industrialism and the rise of literary realismAt the turn of the century: naturalismTwentieth-century literature2.第一位美國作家Captain John Smith、詩人等第一人Philip Freneau, Anne Bradstreet（poet of Am revolution, father of Am poetry,Philip,Freneau）3.美國文學(xué)獨(dú)立，美國文學(xué)獨(dú)立宣言書P17 上, 對獨(dú)立宣言的評價(jià)4.Great commoner of mankind Thomas Paine 作品P27上 American Crisis(Common Sense ), Ri