操作系統(tǒng) 第一章 計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史

1、計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史主講教師：主講教師： 劉詠梅劉詠梅 白翔宇白翔宇 斯勤夫斯勤夫內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)院內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)院Knot tying is one of the oldest skills known to man. Many thousands of different knots exist; these are some of the most common.Common Knots早期的計(jì)算工具早期的計(jì)算工具 - 計(jì)算尺計(jì)算尺 Blaise Pascal（布里斯布里斯.帕斯卡）制造的世界上第一臺(tái)機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)帕斯卡）制造的世界上第一臺(tái)機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)Pascals Calcul

2、ator In 1642, Blaise Pascal developed a mechanical calculator to speed arithmetic calculations for his father, a tax official. Numbers are dialed in on the metal wheels on the front of the calculator. The solutions appear in the little windows along the top.Pascals Calculator 世界上第一臺(tái)差分機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)明人查爾斯世界上

3、第一臺(tái)差分機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)的發(fā)明人查爾斯.巴貝奇巴貝奇Inventor of the Difference Engine, British mathematician Charles Babbage is credited with conceiving the first true computer. With the help of his partner, Augusta Ada Byron, Babbage also created a design for the Analytical Engine, another machine remarkably like the modern c

4、omputer, even including a memory. Unfortunately, there was no way to build the machine with 19th-century technology.Charles BabbageCharles Babbage （查爾斯查爾斯.巴貝奇）發(fā)明的世界上第一臺(tái)差分機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)巴貝奇）發(fā)明的世界上第一臺(tái)差分機(jī)械計(jì)算機(jī)Considered by many to be a direct forerunner of the modern computer, the Difference Engine was able to co

5、mpute mathematical tables. This woodcut shows a small portion of the ingenious machine, which was designed by Charles Babbage in the 1820s. Although the device did not have a memory, Babbages later idea for the Analytical Engine would have been a true, programmable computer if the technology of his

6、time had been able to build it.Babbages Difference Engine早期電子真空管早期電子真空管 A model of the Fleming valve illustrates the technology that led to the development of the vacuum tube, one of the most important early electronic devices. A typical vacuum tube consists of electrodes (metal plates) and wires in

7、 an evacuated glass bulb and is used to regulate electric currents or electronic signals. Before the advent of the transistor, vacuum tubes were used extensively in the operation of devices such as televisions, radios, and computers. Sir John Ambrose Fleming experimented with Edisons diode vacuum tu

8、be (an invention Edison did not pursue) during the early 1900s, and his valves represent the first practical radio tubes.Early Vacuum Tubes半導(dǎo)體集成電路板集成電路板集成電路板集成電路板集成電路板計(jì)算機(jī)中的集成電路計(jì)算機(jī)中的集成電路計(jì)算機(jī)中的集成電路芯片計(jì)算機(jī)中的集成電路芯片- CPUThe Pentium microprocessor (shown at 2.5X magnification) is manufactured by the Intel Co

9、rporation. It contains more than three million transistors. The most common semiconductor materials used in making computer chips are the elements silicon and germanium, although nearly all computer chips are made from silicon.奔騰處理機(jī)Pentium(放大 2.51,000,000倍)Intel Pentium處理器全家福處理器全家福In 1965 semiconduc

10、tor pioneer Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors contained on a computer chip would double every year. This is now known as Moores Law, and it has proven to be somewhat accurate. The number of transistors and the computational speed of microprocessors currently doubles approximately

11、 every 18 months. Components continue to shrink in size and are becoming faster, cheaper, and more versatile.Gordon Moores Law戈登戈登.摩爾定律摩爾定律Early United States censuses were tabulated by hand, a process that took years. The electric tabulating machine, invented by American engineer Herman Hollerith a

12、nd first used in the 1890 U.S. census, dramatically reduced the time and effort required to process census data. To use the machine, census clerks converted responses on census questionnaires to holes punched in predetermined locations on paper cards. When pins in the card reader passed through the

13、holes, an electrical circuit was completed that activated the appropriate mechanical counters.Electric Tabulating Machine穿孔卡片機(jī)械的早期創(chuàng)始人穿孔卡片機(jī)械的早期創(chuàng)始人赫爾曼赫爾曼.赫爾里希赫爾里希American inventor Herman Hollerith developed the punch card system of recording data, an important step in the development of computers. In

14、1896 he organized the Tabulating Machine Corporation, which became the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in 1924.Herman HollerithENIAC (Electronic Numerator, Integrator, And Computer) was the first fully electronic digital computer. Built at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946, it

15、 remained in service until 1955. ENIAC contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and required manual rewiring to be programmed.世界上第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī)世界上第一臺(tái)電子計(jì)算機(jī) - ENIAC 世界上第一臺(tái)商用電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)世界上第一臺(tái)商用電子數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)UNIVACUNIVAC Computer System The first commercially available electronic computer, UNIVAC I, was also the first computer to

16、handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand, the implementation of the machine marked the beginning of the computer era. Here, a UNIVAC computer is shown in action. The central computer i

17、s in the background, and in the foreground is the supervisory control panel. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the U.S. Bureau of Census in 1951.早期計(jì)算機(jī)的輸入設(shè)備早期計(jì)算機(jī)的輸入設(shè)備Card Key Punch（穿孔卡片機(jī)）穿孔卡片機(jī)）數(shù)據(jù)處理領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)者Grace Hopper(格里斯.胡泊)(女)A pioneer in data processing, Rear Admiral Grace Hopper

18、received credit for creating the first compiler in 1952. Hopper helped to develop two computer languages and to make computers attractive to businesses. One of the most prominent women in the computer industry, Hopper died in 1992.In 1964 International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) introduced

19、its revolutionary System/360, the first mainframe computer that used interchangeable software and equipment. During the 1960s and 1970s IBM dominated the world market for mainframe computers.60年代的IBM-360(大型計(jì)算機(jī))Steven Jobs（史迪瓦史迪瓦.喬布斯）和喬布斯）和他的蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)他的蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)APPLE IIApple Computer cofounder Steven Jobs, l

20、eft, CEO John Sculley, center, and cofounder Stephen Wozniak, right, are shown at the 1984 debut of the Apple IIc computer, which was introduced in the same year as the revolutionary Macintosh computer. All three played crucial roles in developing and marketing computers that are easy to learn and u

21、se. Men Behind Apple Computer蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的創(chuàng)始人之一蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的創(chuàng)始人之一Steven Jobs（史迪夫史迪夫.喬布斯）喬布斯）Steven Jobs, with Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak, built the first Apple computer in his parents garage. Apple Computer went on to become the fastest-growing company in American history. In 1985, after developing the origina

22、l Apple Macintosh, Jobs resigned to form NeXT, Inc. His innovative designs have proven technologically superior but prohibitively expensive and are often considered to be too far ahead of their time.蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的創(chuàng)始人之一蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)的創(chuàng)始人之一John Sculley（約翰約翰.斯庫李）斯庫李）John Sculley started as a trainee at PepsiCo in 1967

23、and became the companys president ten years later. In 1983 he was recruited to Apple Computer by cofounder Steven Jobs. As chief executive officer (CEO) of Apple, Sculley oversaw further development of the Macintosh computer and the introduction of the System 7 operating system and the Newton, a per

24、sonal digital assistant. He was replaced as the CEO in 1993 and resigned from the company later that year.The Apple Macintosh, released in 1984, was among the first personal computers to use a graphical user interface. A graphical user interface enables computer users to easily execute commands by c

25、licking on pictures, words, or icons with a pointing device called a mouse.1984年的蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)年的蘋果計(jì)算機(jī)Apple MacintoshBill Gates is the chairman, chief software architect, and cofounder (with Paul Allen) of Microsoft Corporation, the worlds leading computer software company. The companys success made Gates on

26、e of the worlds richest people.Bill Gates微軟具有代表意義的圖形界面操作系統(tǒng)微軟具有代表意義的圖形界面操作系統(tǒng)Windows 95A typical personal computer has components to display and print information (monitor and laser printer); input commands and data (keyboard and mouse); retrieve and store information (CD-ROM and disk drives); and com

27、municate with other computers (modem).Personal Computer Components早期機(jī)械打字機(jī)早期機(jī)械打字機(jī)The AT keyboard is an 84-key model introduced by IBM. An attempt to make the personal computer (PC) keyboard more suited to touch-typing, its layout is similar to that of a standard typewriter.AT KeyboardThe IBM enhanced

28、 keyboard features several options not used in earlier models. Additions include 12 function keys across the top (versus 10 down the side), additional Control and Alt keys, and a bank of cursor-movement and editing keys between the main section of the keyboard and the numeric keypad.Enhanced Keyboar

29、d機(jī)械鼠標(biāo)的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)械鼠標(biāo)的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)Hard disks are used to record computer data magnetically. A hard disk drive consists of a stack of inflexible magnetic disks mounted on a motor. As the disks spin at high speeds, read/write heads at the end of a metal fork swing in and out to access sectors of the disks.硬磁盤的結(jié)構(gòu)硬磁盤的

30、結(jié)構(gòu)The concept of the paperless e-book became a reality in the late 1990s with the marketing of several devices. These machines allow users to download texts from the Internet and read them on a portable, handheld display. The RCA REB1100 model e-book shown here is about the size of a paperback. It l

31、asts 20 to 40 hours between battery charges, holds a minimum of 8,000 pages of text, and includes an internal modem for downloading books.E-Book世界上功能最強(qiáng)大的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)CRAY（克雷機(jī)）The Cray-2 Supercomputer (designed by Seymour Cray of Cray Research, Eagan, MN) was first introduced in 1985, nine years after the fi

32、rst model, the Cray-1, was introduced. This type of supercomputer is used for mathematical studies of very complex problems, such as speech analysis, weather forecasting, and fundamental questions in physics and chemistry.Cray Supercomputer著名的國際象棋大師Kasparov與IBM的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)Deep Blue(深藍(lán))下棋Inernet(互聯(lián)網(wǎng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng))計(jì)算機(jī)

33、網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)構(gòu)Connecting individual computers to each other creates networks. The Internet is a series of interconnected networks. Personal computers and workstations are connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) by either a dial-up connection through a modem and standard phone line or by being directly wired into the LAN. Other modes of data transmission that allow for connection to a network include T-1 connections and dedicated lines. Bridges and hubs link multiple networks to each other. Routers transmit data through networks and determine the best path of transmission.Compu