新交互英語讀寫譯3 4級中國傳統(tǒng)文化整合版

1、3/1中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日中國傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日以中國的農(nóng)歷為依據(jù)。農(nóng)歷年的歲首稱為春節(jié)，俗稱“過年”，有祈年等多種習(xí)俗，是中國人民最隆重的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，象征團結(jié)興旺。其他主要的節(jié)日有元宵節(jié)、清明節(jié)、端午節(jié)、七夕節(jié)、中秋節(jié)、重陽節(jié)、冬至節(jié)、臘八節(jié)等等。各個節(jié)日都有其來源講究和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日與農(nóng)歷中的二十四節(jié)氣不同。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日是中華民族凝聚力和生命力的體現(xiàn)。Traditional Chinese festivalTraditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to the Lunar calendar. January 1st on lunar c

2、alendar has been designated as the Spring Festival (generally referred to as guonian). There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc. The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity.Some oth

3、er significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc.Each festival has its own unique

4、 origin and custom.These Chinese festivals that follow the Lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar. They embody Chinas cohesion and vitality.3/2茶文化茶是中華民族的舉國之飲，發(fā)端于神農(nóng)，興盛于唐宋（6181279）。開門七件事，柴米油鹽醬醋茶，是中國人日常生活的寫照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文雙重屬性的引申與概括。中國的茶道精神將儒釋道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助飲茶藝術(shù)來修煉身心，體

5、悟大道，提升人生境界。Chinese tea cultureAs a traditional drink for Chinese people, Chinese tea is believed to have first started with Chinese Emperor Shen Nong, and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties (618AD-1279AD).Making tea was considered one of the seven basic daily necessities along with fuel, rice

6、, oil, salt, soy sauce and vinegar, while drinking tea is an apt portrayal of daily life in China.Tea culture is the extension and generalization of the science and the humanities character of tea.In China, the tea spirit blends the thoughts of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and it aims to help

7、people cultivate both mind and body, comprehend the truth, and elevate the realm of life through the art of drinking tea.3/3中國畫中國古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫”的“畫”特指中國畫。其繪畫形式是用毛筆蘸水、墨、顏料作畫于絹、帛、宣紙之上，古代稱之為水墨丹青。為區(qū)別于西方的油畫而稱之為“中國畫”， 簡稱“國畫”。其題材有人物、山水、花鳥等。技法可分為工筆和寫意。國畫的藝術(shù)特質(zhì)在于“筆墨”，強調(diào)以形寫神，畫盡意在。國畫在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上反映了中華民族的審美意識和情趣。Tradition

8、al Chinese paintingThe four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting.Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient Chin

9、a, it was called “ink-painting”. In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting” (abbreviated to “Chinese painting”).The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers. The drawing sk

10、ills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork.The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink”. Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter. Even though a painting is a f

11、inished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning. In terms of the artistic creation, traditional Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.3/4酒文化中國是酒的故鄉(xiāng)。古人將酒的作用歸納為治病、養(yǎng)生、禮儀三類。酒文化是中華飲食文化的重要組成部分，它的精神文化價值體現(xiàn)在社會政治生活、文學(xué)藝術(shù)乃至人生態(tài)度、審美情趣等諸多方面。無酒不

12、成宴，酒籌文化是中國合餐制的產(chǎn)物。宴席上的酒令五花八門，猜拳、文字令、籌令等都富有豐厚的文化內(nèi)涵，若胸中無數(shù)，則難以自如應(yīng)對。Chinese wine and spirits cultureChina is the home of wine and spirits. The functions of wine and spirits were classified by the ancients into three kinds: treating patients, keeping in good health, and showing politeness and respect to o

13、thers. Chinas wine and spirits culture is an important part of Chinese food culture, and it embodies its values in many aspects, such as in social and political life, literature and art, life philosophies, aesthetics and so on. There is an old saying which goes, “It is not a banquet without wine”. U

14、nder the custom of having dinner together in China, drinking games were therefore introduced. There are many kinds of banquet betting and drinking games, like morra (a finger-guessing game) , wine/spirits words, wine/spirits chips (a drinking game), all with rich cultural connotations. In reality, i

15、t is difficult to win unless you have a card up your sleeve.3/5中國石窟中國石窟主要反映的是佛教文化藝術(shù)。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽龍門石窟、天水麥積山石窟，號稱中國四大石窟藝術(shù)景觀。佛教石窟隨山雕鑿、彩繪，形象生動自然，將崇高美與世俗情融為一體，把天然造化與人工創(chuàng)造有機結(jié)合，是由建筑、繪畫、雕塑等組成的博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術(shù)殿堂。其藝術(shù)成就為世界所矚目，已成為重要的世界文化遺產(chǎn)。Chinese grottoesChinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist cult

16、ure.In China, there are four major art landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui.Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings tog

17、ether, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance. They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind. The Chinese Buddhist grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, which are composed

18、of architecture, painting, sculptures, etc. The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become important international cultural heritage.3/6中國古典文學(xué)名著中國古典文學(xué)包括詩歌、散文、小說以及詞、賦、曲等多種文體，藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)手法豐富各異。而小說中的三國演義、水滸傳、西游記、紅樓夢則被稱為中國四大古典文學(xué)名著，至今在國內(nèi)外都有著廣泛而深遠(yuǎn)的影響。研讀四大

19、名著能夠了解中國傳統(tǒng)人文社會、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、處事為人策略與智慧的重要途徑。Chinese classical literature Chinese classical literature includes poetry, prose, fiction and ci (new lyrics written to pre-existing tunes), fu (“descriptive poems” of prose-poetry), qu (a freer form based on the new popular songs and dramatic arias), an

20、d many other styles. Its artistic expressions are various in technique. Four classics of Chinese literature are “ Romance of the Three Kingdoms,” “Water Margin,” “Journey to the West,” and “Dream of Red Mansions,” which have extensive and far-reaching significance both on a national and internationa

21、l level.Through reading “the four famous novels” carefully, you can experience traditional Chinese society and human culture, and folklore customs. And it is an important way to absorb the quintessence of the traditional Chinese culture as well as to pick up strategies and wisdom on how to get along

22、 with others.3/7中草藥 中藥主要由植物藥（根、莖、葉、果）、動物藥（內(nèi)臟、皮、骨、器官）和礦物藥組成。因以植物藥為主，故也稱中草藥。中藥的應(yīng)用理論獨特，認(rèn)為中藥有四氣五味。“四氣”指藥性的“寒熱溫涼”，“五味”指藥物的“辛酸甘苦咸”。中國人探索中草藥已有幾千年的歷史，如今中醫(yī)藥及其診療方法已傳播到世界各地。 Chinese Herbal Medicine Traditional Chinese medicine mainly consists of plant 

23、;medicine (roots, stems, leaves, fruits), animal medicine (viscera, skins, bones, organs) and mineral medicine. Chinese herbal medicine is based on plant medicine. According to the

24、 unique application theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains ”four natures and five flavors”. “Four Natures” refers to the properties of be

25、ing “pungent, sour, sweet, bitter and salty”. It is said that Chinese people have been conducting research into herbal medicine for thousands of years. Nowadays traditional

26、60;Chinese medicine and its therapeutic methods have extensively been spread to the far corners of the globe. 3/8瓷器瓷器是中華民族對世界文明的偉大貢獻。早在八千年前的新石器時代，中國的先民就發(fā)明使用了陶器。商代（前1600前1046）中期創(chuàng)造出了原始瓷器。漢代（前206公元220）末期燒制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中

27、國傳播到世界各地，中國也博得了“瓷之國”的稱號。英文中“瓷器（china）”一詞已成為“中國”的代名詞。Chinese PorcelainPorcelain is regarded as one of Chinas outstanding contributions to the worlds civilization.As early as the Neolithic Age about 8,000 years ago, the Chinese ancestors invented and began to use pottery. Proto-porcelain was invented

28、in the mid-Shang Dynasty (1600BC-1046BC). Celadon was moulded in the late Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). From then on, porcelain was introduced by China to the rest of the world. China was therefore dubbed the “porcelain country.” In English, the word “china” has become a word that represents “China.”4/

29、1剪紙 剪紙又叫刻紙、窗花或剪畫。剪紙在紙的發(fā)明之前就已流行，當(dāng)時人們運用金箔、絹帛、皮革等片狀材料，通過鏤空雕刻的技法制成工藝品。漢代（前206公元220），紙張的發(fā)明促使了剪紙的發(fā)展與普及。民間剪紙的題材多來源于現(xiàn)實生活，充滿納福迎祥的主題，表達對美好生活的向往。 Paper-cutting Paper-cutting (otherwise known as jianzhi) is also called kezhi, chuanghua orjianhua. Paper-cutting was popular even before paper was invented. When th

30、ere was no paper, people carved on gold leaf, sick, feathers, and so on, with a carving technique known as hollow-cutting to make handicrafts. In the Han Dynasty(206BC220AD), the invention of paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting. The folk themes of the paper-cutting are roo

31、ted in real life, filling with the themes of enjoying a life of ease and comfort, and expressing the desire for a happy life. 4/2儒家思想儒家思想也稱為儒學(xué)，由春秋（前770年前476年）末期偉大的思想家、教育家孔子所創(chuàng)立。歷代代表人物有孟子、董仲舒、朱熹、王陽明等。主要經(jīng)典有：四書（大學(xué)、中庸、論語、孟子），五經(jīng)（周易、尚書、詩經(jīng)、禮記、春秋）等。儒家學(xué)派以“仁、義、禮、智、信”為核心內(nèi)容，構(gòu)成了其倫理思想體系，是中國古代長達兩千余年封建社會的主流意識。Confuc

32、ianism Confucius thought, also called Confucianism, was established by Confucius, a great thinker and educator who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period (770BC-476BC).Some representatives of Confucianism throughout Chinese history include Mencius, Dong Zhongshu, Zhuxi, and Wang Yangming.The mai

33、n classics of Confucianism are Four Books (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and Mencius) and The Five Classics (Zhouyi, Shangshu (Collection of Ancient Texts), The Book of Songs, The Rites, and The Spring and Autumn Annals). The Confucian school regards “benev

34、olence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity” as being at the core of its ethical system. Confucianism was the main ideology of the feudal society for more than 2,000 years in China.4/3中國象棋 中國象棋早在戰(zhàn)國時期（前475前221）就有記載，最初稱為六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（9601127）末期定型為近代模式。棋盤為九豎十橫線畫成的長方形平面，是中國封建社會制度和文化的縮影-有中軍帳（九宮

35、）、士位（士、仕）、文官（象、相）、武將（車、馬、炮）、士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋類（中國圍棋、中國象棋、國際象棋、日本將棋）之一。 Chinese Chess The earliest records of Chinese chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period (475BC221BC). The early-stage Chinese chess was composed of six pieces carved out of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing”. I

36、ts final form of play was fixed at the end of Northern Song Dynasty (960AD1127AD) after a long period of development. The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long. Composed of marshal or general, advisors (scholar or official), civil officials (elephant or minister), m

37、ilitary officers (chariots, horses, and cannons), and soldiers (soldiers or pawns), Chinese chess is Chinese social institution and culture in miniature. It is also one of the four most popular chess games in the world, the other three being the Chinese Weiqi, the game of chess, and shogi (or genera

38、ls chess).4/4二十四節(jié)氣中國古代的先民們，根據(jù)太陽在黃道（即地球繞太陽公轉(zhuǎn)的軌道）上的位置，將一年均分為二十四個等分，并分別賦予具有特定含義的專有名稱，如春分、清明等，這便是二十四節(jié)氣。二十四節(jié)氣以黃河流域氣候為背景，把自然季節(jié)現(xiàn)象與農(nóng)事活動的相互聯(lián)系作為內(nèi)容列入歷法，用以指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。它是中國古代先民們獨特而偉大的歷法。The 24 solar termsThe ancient Chinese divided a year into 24 equal segments according to the positions of the sun on the ecliptic. N

39、ames were given with special connotations for these segments; such as vernal equinox (Occurs on March 20 or 21) and pure brightness (occurs on April 4, 5 or 6); and hence they are called the 24 Solar Terms. Originating from the Reaches of Yellow River, the 24 Solar Terms are basically a calendar to

40、govern agricultural arrangements which takes into account of the changes in climates and the practical agricultural needs. The 24 Solar Terms are considered a great and unique creation of the ancient Chinese.4/5中國書法中國古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫”的“書”特指書法。它是用毛筆書寫篆、隸、楷、行、草等各體漢字的藝術(shù)。中國書法在技法上講究筆法、墨法、章法等，其藝術(shù)的和諧之美體現(xiàn)在字里行間。隸

41、書的蠶頭燕尾，楷書的中規(guī)中矩，草書的龍飛鳳舞，行書的瀟灑飄逸，可謂異彩紛呈，千姿百態(tài)。中國書法體現(xiàn)了中華民族豪爽大氣、端莊含蓄的特點。Chinese Calligraphy The four ancient Chinese artistic forms are called guqin, chess, penmanship and painting; and penmanship particularly refers to Chinese calligraphy. Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal

42、 script, official script, regular script, cursive script, grass script and other various writing styles of Chinese characters.The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on. Its harmonious beauty of

43、 art is reflected in between the lines.Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of official scripts “silkworm head and swallow tail,” the regular scripts requirement to “stick to the norm and rules,” the characteristic of grass scripts “flying dragons and da

44、ncing phoenixes,” and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive script. Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese peoples straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence.4/6中國古琴中國古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫”的“琴”特指古琴，亦稱瑤琴、玉琴、七弦琴，是中國古老的一種彈撥樂器。據(jù)史記記載，琴的出現(xiàn)不晚于堯舜時期。為區(qū)分于西方樂器，現(xiàn)被稱作“古琴”。古琴依鳳之身形而制并命名各部位，

45、反映出儒家的禮樂思想及中國人所重視的和合性。Chinese guqinAs one of the four art forms (namely guqin, chess, penmanship and painting) in ancient China, guqin is a kind of plucked string instrument which is also known as yaoqin, yuqin and qixian qin.According to the Chinese history book Shih Chi, qin appeared no later than

46、 the Yao and Sun eras. In order to be distinguished it from similar musical instruments of the West, it was called guqin.The guqins design imitates the shape of a phoenix. People also named different parts of guqin after the names of various body parts of the phoenix. This naming method reflects Con

47、fuciuss thoughts on music and the ideology of harmony that Chinese people value.4/7十二生肖十二生肖是中國用十二種動物所組成的記年方法。我國自古就有“干支記年法”，而我國西北地區(qū)游牧的少數(shù)民族則以動物記年，兩種記年法相互融合，形成了現(xiàn)在的十二生肖，即：子鼠、丑牛、寅虎、卯兔、辰龍、巳蛇、午馬、未羊、申猴、酉雞、戌狗、亥豬。屬相的基本意義在于使人們圓融通達、和衷共濟。The Chinese Zodiac The Chinese Zodiac is the Chinese way of numbering the y

48、ears. It attributes an animal to each year, according to a 12-year cycle. Since ancient times, the Chinese people began to use Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to record the passing of years. At the same time, Chinese nomadic people who lived in the northwest China instead used animals to number the years. The two ways of numbering the years were smoothly integrate