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1、一、 教學(xué)目標(biāo):英語(yǔ)中8種常用時(shí)態(tài)的語(yǔ)法和運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。因此,當(dāng)我們說(shuō)時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式。英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)分為16種:一般現(xiàn)在、一般過(guò)去、一般將來(lái)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),以及這四者的進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。其中最常用的是一般現(xiàn)在、一般過(guò)去、一般將來(lái)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行、現(xiàn)在完成、過(guò)去進(jìn)行及過(guò)去完成,今天我們就這8種常用時(shí)態(tài)的語(yǔ)法極其運(yùn)用做詳細(xì)的講解。英語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)不同,動(dòng)詞的形式也隨之變化,掌握這些動(dòng)詞變化的基本規(guī)律顯得尤為重要,因此這節(jié)課對(duì)于整個(gè)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)習(xí)非常重要,同學(xué)們一定要認(rèn)真聽(tīng)講,做好筆記,課下及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)鞏固。十六種時(shí)態(tài),

2、其表現(xiàn)形式如下一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來(lái)時(shí)將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)將來(lái)完成時(shí)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(以study為例)一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在study/studiesbe studyinghave studiedhave been studying過(guò)去studiedbe studyinghad studiedhad been studying將來(lái)will studywill be studyingwill have studiedwill have

3、been studying過(guò)去將來(lái)would studywould be studyingwould have studiedwould have been studying二、課程內(nèi)容1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (與 every day, every week , always ,usually, seldom ,never 等連用.)用法:A) 表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征。B) 習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)。C) 經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例:He always helps others. (他總是幫助別人。)D) 客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),則無(wú)法保持主句、從句時(shí)態(tài)一致。(the e

4、arth turns around the sun/ the light travels faster than the sound.)E) 表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,(僅限于某些表示“來(lái)、去、動(dòng) 、停、開(kāi)始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的動(dòng)詞)可以與表示未來(lái)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)搭配使用 。常見(jiàn)的用法是:飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通方式。例:The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon.(下一趟火車今天下午3點(diǎn)開(kāi)車。)How often does this shuttle bus run? (這班車多久一趟?)F) 在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句里

5、經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將來(lái)事情。例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候,我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了。)2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(be doing)用法:現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。(now , just now , at the moment ,at present , always (帶有感情色彩)例:He is reading a book now.3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have done)與since , for some years , already ,

6、 just , before, recently , so far , up till now , in the past few years , the last ten years .連用。用法:A) 表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。例:I bought a new house, but I _ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A) didnt sell B) sold C) havent sold D) would sell答案是C) havent sold。B) 表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)刻開(kāi)始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況,并

7、且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常用since加一個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),或for加一段時(shí)間,或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _ today andare being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A) are to challenge C) have been challengedB) may be challenged D) are challenging全句的意思是:“雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物,但他的許多見(jiàn)解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn),并且被現(xiàn)代科

8、學(xué)家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物動(dòng)詞,在本句中應(yīng)當(dāng)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);其動(dòng)作延續(xù)到今天,所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)??梢?jiàn)答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),不可能是答案。B) may be challenged雖然是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),但意思與全句內(nèi)容不合,所以不對(duì)。C) 表示發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或情況。通常用瞬時(shí)性動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。例:John has broken his left leg.(約翰摔斷了左腿。)注意事項(xiàng):A)

9、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是聯(lián)系過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶?,F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別在于:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)態(tài),或受動(dòng)態(tài)的影響,是動(dòng)態(tài)的結(jié)果,對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響;過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系。例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個(gè)過(guò)去的事實(shí),他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。)He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過(guò)去開(kāi)始工作,一直工作到現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。)B) 因?yàn)楹衒or加一段時(shí)間或since加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣

10、的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的完成時(shí),有動(dòng)態(tài)和延續(xù)性的特點(diǎn),所以不能使用終端動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞。例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)表示狀態(tài),可以延續(xù))My sister has married. Dont disturb her.(終端動(dòng)詞)C) 在this is the first/ second/ third time that句型里要求用完成時(shí)。例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibi

11、tion.(這是我公司產(chǎn)品第二次參加國(guó)際展覽會(huì)。)D) 句型It is/ has beensince所使用的兩種時(shí)態(tài)都正確。例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(從我上次見(jiàn)到他以來(lái)已經(jīng)10年了。)E) 在no sooner than、hardly/ scarcely when、before、prior to等句型中,主句要求完成時(shí)。例:I havent met that professor prior to today.(以前我從未見(jiàn)過(guò)那位教授。)4. 一般過(guò)去時(shí)(yesterday , last week , ago ,the ot

12、her day , just now, in the past , that day , from then on )用法:A) 表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。B) 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型,本身表示的就是過(guò)去時(shí)。例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人過(guò)去常常坐在寧?kù)o的公園里的一條長(zhǎng)椅上,看著其他的人,一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí),什么

13、也不干,也不和任何人交談。)He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。)C) 有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語(yǔ)氣。例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借車用一用,可以嗎?)Would you mind my sitting here? (您介意我坐在這里嗎?)注意事項(xiàng):A) 注意時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的搭配。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two day

14、s ago等,絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用,因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系,應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。B) used to do的否定形式和疑問(wèn)形式很特別:你怎么寫(xiě)都正確。以否定形式為例:used not to do, didnt used to do, didnt use to do都對(duì)。Used to do經(jīng)常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。前者表示過(guò)去常常或過(guò)去曾經(jīng),要求加動(dòng)詞原形;后者表示習(xí)慣于,要求加名詞或動(dòng)名詞NextPage5. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/ were doi

15、ng)與at six yesterday evening ,from 7 to 9 yesterday evening ,at that time .表示具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。用法:A) 表示在過(guò)去一個(gè)比較具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分鐘前,瑪麗正在聽(tīng)輕音樂(lè)。)B) 如果when, while這樣的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的主從句之一是一般過(guò)去時(shí),則另一個(gè)句子常用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你

16、敲前門(mén)時(shí)我正在洗頭發(fā)。)。注意事項(xiàng):其它與將來(lái)時(shí)有關(guān)的事項(xiàng)請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)下面所講的一般將來(lái)時(shí)6. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had done)與by +過(guò)去時(shí)間, three years before , up to the end of last year等連用。用法:表示在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說(shuō)的:表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。Until then, his family _ from him for six months.A) didnt hear C) hasnt heard B) hasnt been hearing D) hadnt heard全句的意思是:“

17、到那時(shí)為止,他家里已經(jīng)有六個(gè)月沒(méi)得到他的消息了?!庇纱丝梢钥闯?,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻才完成,因此謂語(yǔ)要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。答案是D)。其它選項(xiàng)中:A) didnt hear,因?yàn)橐话氵^(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài),所以不能與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for six months連用。B) hasnt been hearing,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,與題意不符。C) hasnt heard,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻到現(xiàn)在為止發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。而題中的then只表示過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻,不能表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。注意事項(xiàng):“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”這種邏輯關(guān)系常通過(guò)上下文體現(xiàn)出來(lái),而不一定

18、受某個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的限制。例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(剛才有人在我們的房間里,因?yàn)槲覀兇蜷_(kāi)前門(mén)進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí),我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃燒的香煙。)分析:雖然時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是just now,似乎應(yīng)該使用一般過(guò)去時(shí),但是“在房間里”這個(gè)狀態(tài)是在開(kāi)門(mén)和注意這兩個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前就存在的,所以應(yīng)該用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。7. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)與tomorrow ,this evening , ne

19、xt week , soon , at once , right away, in three minutes , just a moment連用。.用法:A) 基本結(jié)構(gòu)是will / shall do。例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我們將送給她一個(gè)玻璃的手工制品,作為給她的生日禮物。)B) 有些動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般

20、進(jìn)行時(shí),并且通常與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,可以表示將來(lái)時(shí)。例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我媽媽下周將來(lái)看我,并會(huì)呆到5月。)C) 表示“打算去,要”時(shí),可用be going to do。例:This is just what I am going to say.(這正是我想說(shuō)的。)D) 表示“即將、正要”時(shí),可用be about to do。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。例:Dont worry, I am about to make a close examinatio

21、n on you.(別擔(dān)心,我馬上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。)E) be to do的5種用法:a) 表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你準(zhǔn)會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室見(jiàn)到她。)b) 該做或不該做的事情(語(yǔ)氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語(yǔ)氣。例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子們,你們必須上床睡覺(jué)

22、,不準(zhǔn)吵鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。)c) 能或不能發(fā)生的事情(接近c(diǎn)an, may)例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能還得起這么大的一筆債呢?)d) 不可避免將要發(fā)生的事情,后來(lái)將要發(fā)生的事情。例:I assure you that the matter _ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.A. will be attended B. will be attended toC. is attended D. is attended towill be attended to關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是:

23、attend表示“處理,解決”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,必須與to連用。另外,從上下文看,事情顯然尚未解決,所以應(yīng)該用將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。答案是B。e) 用于條件從句“如果想,設(shè)想”(接近if want to,或if should)例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _ avoided.A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必須作出更大努力來(lái)增加農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量?!盕

24、) 同樣可以表示“正要、將要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教練想要放棄這場(chǎng)比賽了,因?yàn)閷?duì)方已經(jīng)射進(jìn)了7個(gè)球。)例:I was _ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A) in B) to C) at D) on答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定詞組,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的

25、意思是:“當(dāng)他的信到的時(shí)候我正要打電話給他。”注意事項(xiàng):在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用的副詞(immediately, the moment, directly)等引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句,一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)延續(xù)性或動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),可用完成時(shí)。例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回來(lái)的時(shí)候,他的身體已經(jīng)好多了。)8. 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(woul

26、d/ should do)與the next day ,after three years ,three years later ,soon ,right away 等連用。.用法:表示從過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四說(shuō)我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。)注意事項(xiàng):由于過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)是由過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)組合而成的,所以其注意事項(xiàng)可以參考過(guò)去時(shí)和將來(lái)時(shí)的相關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。9. 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)與at 8 tomorrow morning , from 2 to 3 t

27、omorrow afternoon等表示將來(lái)具體時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。用法:強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來(lái)的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。例:Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(別擔(dān)心,你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。)注意事項(xiàng):由于本時(shí)態(tài)是由將來(lái)時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)融合在一起的,所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng),可參考一般將來(lái)時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。10. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)(will have done)與by 2012等表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連

28、用,意為到將來(lái)某一點(diǎn)為止。用法:表示從將來(lái)的某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間,但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來(lái)時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。其用法從和過(guò)去及現(xiàn)在有關(guān),變成了和將來(lái)及將來(lái)的將來(lái)有關(guān)。例:The conference _ a full week by the time it endsA) must have lasted B) will have lastedC) would last D) has lasted本題考核謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。全句的意思是:“會(huì)議從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束將持續(xù)整整一個(gè)星期。”句中by the time

29、 it ends表示動(dòng)作要延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻,因此要用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。答案是B) will have lasted。如果選A),因?yàn)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞must后面接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)形式表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定推測(cè),而本句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了時(shí)態(tài)不呼應(yīng)的錯(cuò)誤。Would雖可以表示推測(cè)或可能性,但would last不能表示延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作,所以C) would last錯(cuò)誤。因?yàn)镈) has lasted是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,不能表示延續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作,所以也不正確。注意事項(xiàng):由于本

30、時(shí)態(tài)是由將來(lái)時(shí)和完成時(shí)融合在一起的,所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng),可以參考“一般將來(lái)時(shí)”和“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。11. 將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí):shall have been doing ,will have been doing與all tomorrow morning , all next week等表示將來(lái)某段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。)(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))12. 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):had been

31、doing與in those day , all day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,一般用于間接引語(yǔ)中。例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。)(此處強(qiáng)調(diào)“拆卸”和“組裝”這兩個(gè)過(guò)去的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作一直在反復(fù)進(jìn)行。)(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))13. 過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí):should be doing , would be doing與at

32、 8 the next morning ,from 7 to 8 the next morning等表示從過(guò)去持續(xù)到將來(lái)某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承諾說(shuō)第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是具體的將來(lái)時(shí)間,所以最好用將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)。)(此句為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))14. 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí):should have done , would have done與by +將來(lái)時(shí)間(用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣或間接引語(yǔ)), by the end of the next year的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例:I believed b

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