美國(guó)文學(xué)名詞解釋

1、1. American Puritanismit comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（預(yù)言） and salvation（拯救） were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔誠(chéng),盡職）， thrift and sobriety（清醒） were

2、praised.代表作家：約翰彌爾頓John Milton 約翰班揚(yáng) John Bunyan其他作家： Jonathan Edwards 喬納森愛(ài)德華滋(1703-1758) . Immateriality發(fā)怒上帝手中的罪人（Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God）。論原罪(the great Christian doctrine of original sin)Benjamin Franklin(本杰明富蘭克林) materialismpoor Richards Almanac窮理查德歷書(shū) Autobiography自傳John de Crevecoeur約翰

3、克雷?？芁etters from an American Farmer美國(guó)農(nóng)夫的來(lái)信2. Romanticism: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18thcentury in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19thcentury w

4、ho stimulated（刺激） the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biograph

5、y.Washington Irving華盛頓.歐文Sketch Book”見(jiàn)聞札記, “Legends of the Conquest of Spain”西班牙征服記 A History of New York 紐約的歷史-美國(guó)人寫(xiě)的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；The Sketch Book見(jiàn)聞札記_收錄了The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的傳說(shuō)Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田莊；Talks of Travelers旅客談；The Alhambra阿爾罕伯拉2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.庫(kù)珀“Leatherstocking Tal

6、es”皮襪子故事集，The Spy 間諜 The Pilot 領(lǐng)航者 The Littlepage Manuscripts 利特佩奇的手稿3. Transcendentalism (先驗(yàn)說(shuō),超越論): Transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the most impo

7、rtant thing in the universe; they stress the importance of the individual; and they offered a fresh perception of the nature as symbolic of the spirit of God. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫.沃爾多.愛(ài)默生作品：“Nature”論自然、“Essays”隨筆錄、 “The American Scholar”美國(guó)學(xué)者, ou

8、r intellectual Declaration of Independence.我們知識(shí)分子的獨(dú)立宣言。his most important works are “Representative Men ”代表and “English Traits”英國(guó)人、“Poems”詩(shī)集Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴維.梭羅“ Walden”瓦爾登湖成名作。“Civil Disobedience”論公民的不服從essay 隨筆。非暴力不合作其他重要作家：1.Nathaniel Hawthorne 納薩尼爾.霍桑“Mosses from an Old Manse”古廈青苔、“The M

9、arble Faun”玉石神像“The Scarlet Letter”紅字2.Herman Melville 赫爾曼.麥爾維爾 “Moby Dick”白鯨3.Walt Whitman沃爾特惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草葉集: Song of Myself自我之歌 O Captain! My Captain(哦船長(zhǎng)我的船長(zhǎng))When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloomd小院丁香花開(kāi)時(shí);Democratic Vistas民主的前景;There was a child went forth有個(gè)小孩走過(guò) Out of the cradle e

10、ndlessly rocking 走出不休止搖動(dòng)的搖籃 Lonesome love孤獨(dú)的愛(ài)4. Emily Dickinson埃米莉迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉迪金森詩(shī)集”I taste a liquor never brewed”我品味未經(jīng)釀造的飲料”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain”我意識(shí)到一場(chǎng)葬禮“A Bird Came Down the Walk-“鳥(niǎo)兒沿著小徑過(guò)來(lái)”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce”我為美而死I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died

11、-“聽(tīng)到蒼蠅的嗡嗡聲-我死時(shí)：Because I Could not Stop for Death-“我不能等候死神” To make a prairie要描繪一片草原Success is counted sweetest 最美妙的勝利感覺(jué)Im nobody 我是無(wú)名之輩3 “The Fall of the House of Usher”鄂謝府崩潰記、“The Raven”烏鴉The title poem of a collection,“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”述異集4. American Realism: In American liter

12、ature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really liv

13、ed. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience5. Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s, local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(詳

14、細(xì)的) authenticity(確實(shí)性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本國(guó)語(yǔ)) language and satirical(諷刺的) humor. The most representative colonist is Mark Twain and his masterpiece The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn

15、.6. Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（劇變） that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. Americas literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to ac

16、hieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social ref

17、orm.7. Imagism（意象派）: Its a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.8. Modernism： It was

18、 a complex and diverse （復(fù)雜多樣的） international movement in all the creative arts （創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)）， originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided （出現(xiàn)） the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets （方面）， such as symbolism， surrealism （超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義）， cubism （立體主義）， exp

19、ressionism， futurism （未來(lái)主義）， ect9. The Lost generation： it refers to a group of young intellectuals （知識(shí)分子） who came back from war， were injured （受傷害） both physically （身體上） and mentally （精神上）. They lived by indulging （放任） themselves in the Bohemian （波西米亞） way of life. Their American dream was disillu

20、sioned （破滅了）. The best representative of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.10. Beat Generation: beat writers, in the second half of the 1950s, shared a set of social attitudesantiestablishment, anti-political, anti-intellectual, opposed to reigning cultural and moral values, and in favor of unfettered無(wú)拘無(wú)束的 self-realization and self-expression. “beat” sign