理論力學的底層邏輯之二

1、75光子構成萬事萬物理論力學的底層邏輯之二胡良，Hu Liang摘要：理論力學包括靜力學(靜力學公理，物體的受力分析，平面力，空間力系及摩擦等)，運動學(點的運動學，剛體的簡單運動，點的合成運動及剛體的平面運動等)和動力學(含質(zhì)點動力學的基本方程，動量定理，動量矩定理，動能定理，達朗貝爾原理及虛位移原理等)。宇宙天體的質(zhì)量是一個重要的物理學量，當小質(zhì)量天體遇到大質(zhì)量天體的時，就只能處于從屬地位。麥克斯韋方程組在洛倫茲變換之下，是保持協(xié)變的。但是，麥克斯韋方程組在伽利略變換之下，卻是非協(xié)變的。萬有引力常數(shù)是萬有引力的核心邏輯；最大的信號速度（真空中的光速）是相對論的核心邏輯；而普朗克常數(shù)則是量子

2、力學的核心邏輯。關鍵詞：動量定理，動量矩定理，動能定理，天體，質(zhì)量，萬有引力，協(xié)變性原理，坐標變換，波粒二象性，萬有引力常數(shù)，卡文迪許扭秤，測量，光子，電子，質(zhì)量，能量，動量，相對論，量子力學，電磁學，普朗克常數(shù) 第五部分內(nèi)容，相對論的真實內(nèi)涵The content of the fifth part, the real connotation of the theory of relativity1，狹義相對論的兩條原理狹義相對論的兩條原理，可表達為：第一條，相對性原理物理體系的狀態(tài)據(jù)以變化的定律，同表達這些狀態(tài)變化時，所參照的坐標系究竟是用兩個在相互勻速移動著的坐標系中的哪一個并無關系。第

3、二條，光速不變原理任何光子在靜止的坐標系中都以確定的速度（光速）運動著，而不管該光了是從靜止的（或運動的）物體發(fā)射出來的。1. Two principles of special relativityThe two principles of special relativity can be expressed as:The first, the principle of relativityThe laws according to which the states of a physical system change have nothing to do with which of t

4、he two coordinate systems that are moving at a uniform speed to each other is used in the coordinate system to which these state changes are expressed.Second, the principle of constant speed of lightAny photon moves at a definite speed (the speed of light) in a stationary coordinate system, regardle

5、ss of whether the light is emitted from a stationary (or moving) object.換句話說，狹義相對論的兩條原理也可表達為，第1條， 相對性原理，在所有的慣性系中，物理學定理都具有相同的數(shù)學形式；或者說，所有的慣性系都是等價的。第二條，光速不變原理在所有的慣性系中，光在真空中的傳播速度都是光速；光在真空中的傳播速度與光源（或觀測者）的運動狀態(tài)無關。in other words,The two principles of special relativity can also be expressed as,The first, th

6、e principle of relativity,In all inertial frames, the theorems of physics have the same mathematical form; in other words, all inertial frames are equivalent.Second, the principle of constant speed of lightIn all inertial systems, the speed of light in a vacuum is the speed of light; the speed of li

7、ght in a vacuum is independent of the state of motion of the light source (or observer).2，閔氏空間閔可夫斯基空間（閔氏空間）的平坦空間(假設沒有重力，曲率為零的空間)的概念及表示為特殊距離量的幾何學與狹義相對論的要求相一致。將時間（t）乘以一個因子（ic），光速（c）是一個具有速度量綱的常數(shù)；那么，ict就具有長度的量綱(數(shù)值是虛數(shù))。顯然，ict是與三維空間的三個坐標相并列的第四維度；然后，規(guī)定在坐標變換(就是從一個慣性系變換到另一個慣性系)時，變換矩陣必須是正交的（例如，洛侖茲變換）。值得注意的是，閔

8、可夫斯基空間不同于牛頓力學的平坦空間。在閔可夫斯基空間中，只具有信號速度，不存在相對速度。而在，牛頓力學的平坦空間，存在相對速度（與參考系有關）。2. Min's spaceThe concept of a flat space (a space with zero curvature, assuming no gravity) and a geometry expressed as a special distance quantity in Minkowski space (Min's space) are consistent with the requirements

9、of the special theory of relativity.Multiply time (t) by a factor (ic), the speed of light (c) is a constant with the dimension of velocity; then, ict has the dimension of length (the value is an imaginary number).Obviously, ict is the fourth dimension juxtaposed with the three coordinates of the th

10、ree-dimensional space; then, it is stipulated that when the coordinates are transformed (that is, from one inertial frame to another inertial frame), the transformation matrix must be orthogonal (for example, Luo Lenz transform).It is worth noting that Minkowski space is different from the flat spac

11、e of Newtonian mechanics. In Minkowski space, there is only signal velocity and no relative velocity. And in the flat space of Newtonian mechanics, there is relative velocity (related to the reference frame).3相對論的速度本質(zhì)根據(jù)量子三維常數(shù)理論，第一條原理信號速度（荷的運動速度）與參考系無關，信號速度屬于孤立量子體系的內(nèi)稟屬性。這意味著，光子相對于任何參考系，其信號速度都是光速。第二條原

12、理相對速度與參考系有關。第三條原理宏觀物體的信號速度（內(nèi)稟的一維空間速度）小于光速；或者說，宏觀物體的空間荷的速度（內(nèi)稟的一維空間速度）小于光速。值得注意的是，信號速度與相對速度是完全不同的概念。信號速度（內(nèi)稟屬性）與參考系無關；相對速度與參考系有關。According to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory,first principleThe signal speed (movement speed of the charge) has nothing to do with the reference frame, and the

13、signal speed belongs to the intrinsic property of the isolated quantum system. This means that the signal speed of a photon relative to any frame of reference is the speed of light.second principleRelative speed is related to the frame of reference.The third principleThe signal velocity (intrinsic o

14、ne-dimensional space velocity) of a macroscopic object is less than the speed of light; in other words, the speed of the space charge (intrinsic one-dimensional space velocity) of a macroscopic object is less than the speed of light.It is worth noting that signal speed and relative speed are complet

15、ely different concepts. Signal velocity (intrinsic property) is independent of the reference frame; relative velocity is relative to the reference frame.顯然，根據(jù)量子三維常數(shù)理論，狹義相對論將信號速度誤認為是相對速度。為了修正狹義相對論的缺陷；狹義相對論增加了一條假設，狹義相對論在閔氏空間才成立，廣義相對論的時空也是在閔氏空間才成立。而在閔氏空間中，只存在有信號速度，而并不存在相對速度。在閔氏空間中，狹義相對論（廣義相對論）才變得基本正確。O

16、bviously, according to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory,Special relativity mistook signal velocity for relative velocity. In order to correct the defects of the special theory of relativity; the special theory of relativity has added a hypothesis, the special theory of relativity is onl

17、y established in Min's space, and the space-time of general relativity is also established in Min's space.In Min's space, there is only signal velocity, but no relative velocity.In Min's space, the special theory of relativity (general relativity) becomes basically correct.這意味著， 對于光子

18、來說，質(zhì)能公式可表達為：this means, For photons, the mass-energy formula can be expressed as: E=mC2=(Vpf)C2；其中，C ，光子的信號速度（最大的信號速度），量綱，>L(1)T(-1)<。in,C ， the signal speed of photon (maximum signal speed), dimension, >L(1)T(-1)<.對于由N個基本粒子組成的孤立量子體系來說，質(zhì)能公式可表達為：For an isolated quantum system composed of

19、N elementary particles, the mass-energy formula can be expressed as: En=mnVn(2)=(Vnfn) Vn(2);其中，Vn，該孤立量子體系的信號速度（小于光速），量綱，>L(1)T(-1)<。in,Vn， the signal speed of the isolated quantum system (less than the speed of light), dimension, >L(1)T(-1)<.4 洛倫茲變換與信號速度根據(jù)量子三維常數(shù)理論，信號速度是物體的內(nèi)稟屬性，體現(xiàn)為信號速度不變

20、原理；這意味著，物體的信號速度與任何參照系無關，信號速度總是具有相同的數(shù)值。對于物質(zhì)來說，空間及時間并不相互獨立，而是一個統(tǒng)一的時空整體；在不同慣性參照系之間的變換關系式類似于洛倫茲變換。4 Lorentz Transform and Signal VelocityAccording to the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, the signal speed is the intrinsic property of the object (matter), which is reflected in the principle of c

21、onstant signal speed; this means that the signal speed of the object (matter) has nothing to do with any reference frame, and the signal speed always has the same numerical value.For matter, space and time are not independent of each other, but a unified space-time whole; the transformation relation

22、ship between different inertial reference systems is similar to the Lorentz transformation.可表達為：It can be expressed as: x=xvt11v(2)Vn(2) ;y=y;z=z;t=tv/Vn(2)x1v(2)Vn(2);其中，x,y,z,t,分別是慣性坐標系（）下的坐標及時間；x,y,z,t,分別是慣性坐標系（）的坐標及時間；v，是慣性坐標系（）相對于慣性坐標系（）的運動速度，方向沿x軸；Vn,該物體（物質(zhì)）的內(nèi)稟的信號速度，信號速度是該物體的內(nèi)稟屬性，體現(xiàn)為信號速度不變原理。i

23、n,x,y,z,t, are the coordinates and time in the inertial coordinate system () respectively;x,y,z,t, are the coordinates and time of the inertial coordinate system (), respectively;v， is the movement speed of the inertial coordinate system () relative to the inertial coordinate system (), and the dire

24、ction is along the x-axis;Vn, the intrinsic signal speed of the object (substance), the signal speed is the intrinsic property of the object, which is reflected in the principle of constant signal speed.值得一提的是，對于該物體來說，由于，VnVn(3)=NVpC3；因此，VnC。It is worth mentioning that for this object,Because, VnVn(

25、3)=NVpC3;Therefore, VnC.洛倫茲變換的原理，揭示了運動的物體在不同慣性參照系之間進行時空坐標變換的規(guī)律。值得注意的是，相對論以光速（最大的信號速度）來校準時鐘。而從理論上來看，任何信號速度都能用來校準時鐘。The principle of Lorentz transformation reveals the law of space-time coordinate transformation of moving objects between different inertial reference systems.It's worth noting that

26、the theory of relativity calibrates clocks at the speed of light (the maximum signal speed). In theory, any signal speed can be used to calibrate the clock.物體的固有時間（內(nèi)稟屬性）等價于該物體質(zhì)量密度的倒數(shù)；物體的相對時間（相對屬性）等價于該物體耦合質(zhì)量密度的倒數(shù)。一個物體的質(zhì)量密度屬于該物體的內(nèi)稟屬性；一個物體的耦合質(zhì)量密度（相對屬性）與背景空間有關（例如，另一個物體）。這意味著，一個物體的質(zhì)量密度與該物體的耦合質(zhì)量密度是完全不同的概念

27、。The intrinsic time (intrinsic property) of an object is equivalent to the reciprocal of the mass density of the object; the relative time (relative property) of an object is equivalent to the reciprocal of the coupled mass density of the object.The mass density of an object is an intrinsic property

28、 of that object; the coupled mass density (relative property) of an object is related to the background space (eg, another object). This means that the mass density of an object and the coupled mass density of that object are completely different concepts.例如，對于材料完全相同，形狀都是球形的兩個鐵球來說。假如，一個是大鐵球（質(zhì)量很大），另一

29、個是小鐵球（質(zhì)量較小）。如果，這兩個鐵球構成一個質(zhì)點系，則，這兩個鐵球的質(zhì)量密度（內(nèi)稟屬性）是一樣的；但是，這兩個鐵球的耦合質(zhì)量密度是不一樣的。大鐵球的耦合質(zhì)量密度更大，小鐵球耦合質(zhì)量密度更小。隨著，該兩個鐵球之間的距離逐漸增大，該兩個鐵球的耦合質(zhì)量密度逐漸變小。值得一提的是，小鐵球的耦合質(zhì)量密度降低的速度更快。For example, for two iron balls with the same material and spherical shape.Suppose, one is a large iron ball (with a large mass) and the other

30、is a small iron ball (with a smaller mass).If these two iron balls form a particle system, the mass density (intrinsic property) of the two iron balls is the same; however, the coupled mass density of the two iron balls is different.The coupling mass density of the large iron ball is larger, and the

31、 coupling mass density of the small iron ball is smaller.As the distance between the two iron balls gradually increases, the coupled mass density of the two iron balls gradually decreases.It is worth mentioning that the coupled mass density of the small iron ball decreases faster.兩個鐵球的耦合質(zhì)量密度與該質(zhì)心系（兩個

32、鐵球的組成的質(zhì)點系）的質(zhì)點（O）與兩個鐵球的距離有關。耦合質(zhì)量密度的概念可解釋，在宇宙中，可觀測到大量基本粒子（或小物體）的原因。很多人，在沒有學習量子三維常數(shù)理論之前，對物理學都是一知半解（靠死記硬背），感覺物理學很難。而學了量子三維常數(shù)理論之后，就發(fā)現(xiàn)物理學其它很簡約，邏輯也很清晰，更不用死記硬背了。The coupled mass density of the two iron balls is related to the distance between the mass point (O) of the mass center system (the mass point syst

33、em composed of the two iron balls) and the two iron balls.The concept of coupled mass density explains why a large number of elementary particles (or small objects) are observed in the universe.Many people, before learning the theory of quantum three-dimensional constants, know little about physics

34、(by rote) and feel that physics is difficult. After learning the quantum three-dimensional constant theory, I found that the rest of physics is very simple and the logic is very clear, not to mention rote memorization.5聲速的邏輯假如，在水的表面有一個聲源（A）及一個觀測者（B）；聲源（A）垂直于水的表面上下振動（周期性）；則在水的表面形成聲波（橫波屬性）。顯然，該聲波（橫波屬性

35、）的速度(V)僅僅與水的屬性有關（聲速是一個常數(shù)）。該聲波（橫波屬性）的頻率(f)，就是聲源（A）垂直于水的表面上下振動（周期性）的頻率。Suppose, there is a sound source (A) and an observer (B) on the water surface; the sound source (A) vibrates up and down perpendicular to the water surface (periodic); then a sound wave is formed on the water surface (shear wave pr

36、operty).Obviously, the velocity (V) of this sound wave (property of shear wave) is only related to the property of water (speed of sound is a constant).The frequency (f) of this sound wave (a shear wave property) is the frequency at which the sound source (A) vibrates (periodically) up and down perp

37、endicular to the surface of the water.第一種情況，聲源（A）相對于水面保持靜止；而僅，垂直于水的表面上下振動；觀測者（B）相對于聲源（A）保持靜止；則，觀測者（B）可發(fā)現(xiàn)聲波的聲速（V）保持不變；聲速的頻率(f)也保持不變。假如，觀測者（B）相對于聲源（A）進行圓周運動（聲源處于圓點位置）；則，觀測者（B）也可發(fā)現(xiàn)聲速（V）保持不變；聲波的頻率(f)也依然保持不變。In the first case, the sound source (A) remains stationary relative to the water surface; and onl

38、y, the surface vibrates up and down perpendicular to the water surface; the observer (B) remains stationary relative to the sound source (A);Then, the observer (B) can find that the speed of sound (V) of the sound wave remains unchanged; the frequency (f) of the speed of sound also remains unchanged

39、.Suppose that the observer (B) moves in a circle relative to the sound source (A) (the sound source is at the dot position);Then, the observer (B) can also find that the speed of sound (V) remains unchanged; the frequency (f) of the sound wave also remains unchanged.第二種情況，聲源（A）相對于水面保持靜止；而僅，垂直于水的表面上下

40、振動；觀測者（B）相對于聲源（A）以均勻速度(VB)靠近；則，觀測者（B）可發(fā)現(xiàn)聲波的聲速變大，可表達為，V+VB；但 ，聲速的頻率(f)保持不變。而，從聲源（A）的角度來看，聲速（V）總是保持不變的；而是，觀測者（B）觀測到的聲波的頻率(f/)變大了。顯然，觀測者（B）的觀測效應與聲源（A）的觀測效應有所不同；但是，能量守恒定理總是成立的。值得一提的是，水表面上的聲波具有橫波屬性；觀測者（B）運動方向與聲波的振動方向垂直。In the second case,The sound source (A) remains stationary relative to the water surfa

41、ce; and only, vibrates up and down perpendicular to the water surface; the observer (B) approaches the sound source (A) at a uniform velocity (VB);Then, the observer (B) can find that the speed of sound of the sound wave increases, which can be expressed as, V+VB; however, the frequency (f) of the s

42、peed of sound remains unchanged.However, from the point of view of the sound source (A), the speed of sound (V) always remains constant; instead, the frequency (f/) of the sound wave observed by the observer (B) becomes larger.Obviously, the observed effect of the observer (B) is different from that

43、 of the sound source (A); however, the law of conservation of energy always holds.It is worth mentioning that sound waves on the water surface have shear wave properties; the direction of movement of the observer (B) is perpendicular to the vibration direction of the sound waves.第三種情況，觀測者（B）保持靜止（相對于

44、水表面），聲源（A）相對于觀測者（B）以速度（VA）靠近觀測者（B）；同時，聲源（A）維持垂直于水的表面上下的振動。則，觀測者（B）可發(fā)現(xiàn)聲波的聲速變大，可表達為，V+VA；而聲速的頻率(f)保持不變。而，從聲源（A）的角度來看，聲速（V）總是保持不變的；而是，觀測者（B）觀測到的聲波的頻率(f/)變大了。雖然，觀測效應不同，但是，能量守恒定理總是成立。In the third case,The observer (B) remains stationary (relative to the water surface), and the sound source (A) approaches

45、 the observer (B) with a velocity (VA) relative to the observer (B); at the same time, the sound source (A) remains perpendicular to the water. Vibration above and below the surface.Then, the observer (B) can find that the sound speed of the sound wave increases, which can be expressed as, V+VA; whi

46、le the frequency (f) of the sound speed remains unchanged.However, from the point of view of the sound source (A), the speed of sound (V) always remains constant; instead, the frequency (f/) of the sound wave observed by the observer (B) becomes larger.Although the observed effects are different, th

47、e law of conservation of energy always holds.值得一提的是，水表面上的聲波具有橫波屬性；聲源（A）前進的運動方向與聲波的振動方向垂直；而聲源（A）振動方向與聲波的振動方向保持一致。此外，聲源（A）具有內(nèi)稟的縱波屬性。It is worth mentioning that,Sound waves on the water surface have shear wave properties; the sound source (A) moves forward in a direction perpendicular to the vibration

48、direction of the sound wave; and the sound source (A) vibration direction is consistent with the vibration direction of the sound wave. Furthermore, the sound source (A) has intrinsic longitudinal wave properties.從廣義的角度來看，如果，將聲源（A）放置在水里面，則與聲源（A）振動方向保持垂直的平面，也能夠形成聲波（橫波屬性），這意味著，聲波具有偏振性。利用聲波偏振性，可探測海底的地形

49、，也可探測潛艇的運動軌跡。From a broad point of view, if the sound source (A) is placed in water, the plane that is perpendicular to the vibration direction of the sound source (A) can also form sound waves (transverse wave properties),This means that sound waves are polarized. Using the polarization of sound wa

50、ves, the topography of the seabed can be detected, and the trajectory of the submarine can also be detected.6光速的邏輯對于光子來說，光速類似于聲速，但是光子具有內(nèi)稟的橫波屬性；可表達為：6 The logic of the speed of lightFor photons, the speed of light is similar to the speed of sound, but photons have inherent shear wave properties;It ca

51、n be expressed as: VpC3=Vp(Cf)(C)；值得注意的是，空間荷(Vp)就類似于聲源，空間荷(Vp)的運動類似于聲源的運動。但是，由于光子具有內(nèi)稟的橫波屬性；因此，空間荷(Vp)總是以光速（C）向前運動。It is worth noting that the space charge (Vp) is similar to the sound source, and the motion of the space charge (Vp) is similar to that of the sound source. However, due to the inherent

52、 shear wave properties of photons; therefore, the space charge (Vp) always moves forward at the speed of light (C).此外，空間荷（Vp)的上下振動體現(xiàn)了光的偏振性（上下振動方向就是光的偏振方向）；空間荷（Vp)的上下振動方向垂直于光子的前進方向。空間荷（Vp)的上下振動的頻率就是光子的頻率。In addition, the up and down vibration of the space charge (Vp) reflects the polarization of ligh

53、t (the direction of up and down vibration is the polarization direction of light).The up and down vibration direction of the space charge (Vp) is perpendicular to the forward direction of the photon.The frequency of the up and down vibration of the space charge (Vp) is the frequency of the photon.7相

54、對橫波屬性與相對縱波屬性由于，橫波的運動方向與縱波的運動方向是相互垂直的，因此，橫波的運動速度（信號速度）不受縱波的運動速度影響。這就是聲速保持不變的原因；也是光速保持不變的原因。Since the motion direction of the shear wave and the motion direction of the longitudinal wave are perpendicular to each other, the motion speed of the shear wave is not affected by the motion speed of the long

55、itudinal wave. That's why the speed of sound stays the same; it's why the speed of light stays the same.光子（量子三維常數(shù)）具有內(nèi)稟的橫波屬性，物體（例如，聲源）具有內(nèi)稟的縱波屬性。值得注意的是，光子具有相對橫波屬性時，可表達為：Photons (quantum three-dimensional constants) have intrinsic shear-wave properties, and objects (eg, sound sources) have intr

56、insic longitudinal-wave properties.Notably,When photons have relative shear wave properties, they can be expressed as: VpC3=Vp（Cf)(C)；光子具有相對縱波屬性時，可表達為：When photons have relative longitudinal wave properties, they can be expressed as: VpC3=(Vpf)C2=mC2；而物體具有相對橫波屬性時，可表達為：When the object has relative sh

57、ear wave properties, it can be expressed as: VnVn(3)=Vn(fnVn)(nVn)物體具有相對縱波屬性時，可表達為：When an object has relative longitudinal wave properties, it can be expressed as: VnVn(3)=(Vnfn)Vn(2)n=mnVn(2)n;其中，Vn，表達孤立量子體系內(nèi)稟的空間荷，量綱，<L(3)T(0)>；Vn，表達孤立量子體系內(nèi)稟的一維空間速度（內(nèi)稟的信號速度），量綱，>L(1)T(-1)<。in,Vn， expressing the intrinsic space charge of an isolated quantum system, dimension, <L(3)T(0)>Vn， expressing the intrinsic one-dimensional space velocity (intrinsic signal velocity) of the isolated quantum system,Dimensions, >L(1)T(-1)<.8,廣義相對論的簡約表達式對于由N個基本粒子組成的孤立量子體系（物體）來說，可表達為：8, the reduc