健康心理學(xué)（中英翻譯版）

1、.wd.wdPAGE13 / NUMPAGES13.wdStudy Guide for Health Psychology中英翻譯版1.health psychology安康心理學(xué)understanding psychological influences心理影響 onhow people staykeep healthyhow to 保持安康why they become ill為何生病how they respond when they get ill生病時(shí)的反響2.health 安康Not only have no disease orbenot weak沒(méi)病或不虛弱also shoul

2、d have a complete state of physicalbody、mentalsoul、social well-being 完整身、心、社會(huì)適應(yīng)3.What are the four factors led to the development of Health Psychology? 四因素changing pattern of illness 疾病不斷開(kāi)展變化the increase in medicalcosts 醫(yī)療費(fèi)用上漲the changing definition of health 安康定義的變化the put forward of theBPSmodel BP

3、S模型的提出4.The mind-body relationship心身關(guān)系the relationship between a human body and its unique mind. 身體和獨(dú)特心靈的關(guān)系can be divided into two: Monistic and Dualistic theories 單一理論 雙重理論5. Psychosomatic medicine 心身醫(yī)學(xué)The fieldof inquiry that searches forpsychological or emotionalcauses for illness. 調(diào)查領(lǐng)域 研究 心理、情緒因

4、素 引起疾病The mind plays an important role in physical illness 心理因素在身體疾病中起重要作用bodily disorders caused by emotional conflicts： 情緒沖突引起的身體疾病 1Ulcers潰瘍 2essential hypertension 原發(fā)性高血壓 3Skin disorders 皮膚病 4Asthma 哮喘6.Biopsychosocial model BPS模型1Its assumption is that health and illness are the results of the

5、interplay ofbiologicalGender性別、 Age年齡、Vulnerability to stress壓力的脆弱性 Genetics遺傳、Physiology生理機(jī)能、Immune system免疫系統(tǒng)、Nutrition營(yíng)養(yǎng)、Medications藥物psychologicalPersonality人格、Personal control 、Stress壓力、Coping skills應(yīng)對(duì)技能、Diet飲食、Risky behaviors不安全行為 Self-efficacy自我效能感、Optimistic bias樂(lè)觀偏差social factors Social sup

6、port、Poverty貧窮 Ethnic background種族背景、Cultural beliefs文化信仰2Advantages of BPS model：模型優(yōu)點(diǎn)Health and illness arecaused by multiplemanyfactors and produce multiple effects. Emphasizes both health and illness. 強(qiáng)調(diào) 安康與疾病Mind and body cannot be distinguished. 身心不分3Clinical implications(臨床意義) of BPS model ：1D

7、iagnosis:consider the interacting role of biological, psychological, and social factors in assessingones health and illness. 診斷：考慮生物、心理、社會(huì)交互作用 在評(píng)估個(gè)體安康/疾病時(shí)2Treatment: examine thesethree factors治療：檢查三組因素3The significance of the relationship between patient and practitionerdoctor 醫(yī)患關(guān)系的意義7.seven health

8、practices 安康行為sleeping78 hours daily 睡78小時(shí)eating breakfast every day 每天吃早飯never or rarely eating betweenmeals 餐間不吃零食being at or near the right height adjusted weight處于或接近標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重范圍never smoking 不抽煙moderate or never drinking 適度或不飲酒regular exercise 規(guī)律鍛煉8.The Health Belief ModelHBM1HBM is a value-expectanc

9、ytheory. 是一個(gè)價(jià)值預(yù)期理論2Its a theory about healthy behavior. 與安康行為有關(guān)the model predicts that whethera person practicesdo a particularhealth habit can be understood by knowing 模型預(yù)測(cè)一個(gè)人是否實(shí)踐特定安康行為可以從了解他the degree to which the person think a personal health threat 對(duì)個(gè)人安康威脅程度的看法ifhe think atheparticular health p

10、ractice will be effective起作用 inreducing that threat. 他認(rèn)為該特定行為是否對(duì)減小風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有效3This theory based onthese assumptions: 基于以下假設(shè)People desireto avoid illness or get well 人們想防止生病或康復(fù)People believe that they can do a specifichealth action to preventavoidhe or she fromillness 人們相信他們能做某一具體安康行動(dòng)來(lái)預(yù)防疾病9.What are health

11、behaviors? 安康行為behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health.10.Healthy and unhealthy belief 不干不凈，吃了沒(méi)病。飯后一顆煙，賽過(guò)活神仙。飯后百步走，活到九十九。11.Theory of Planned Behavior 方案行為理論1thisviewpointmaintainsthat a persons behavioral intentionsand behaviors can be understood by knowing 該觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為一個(gè)人的行為傾向和

12、行為可以通過(guò)了解the persons attitudes about the behaviorOnes positive or negative evaluation of performing a behavior 態(tài)度：對(duì)一個(gè)行為積極/消極的評(píng)價(jià)subjective normsabout the behaviorOnes perception of the social pressures to perform or not perform a behavior 主觀標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：對(duì)執(zhí)行/不執(zhí)行的社會(huì)壓力感知perceived behavioral control over that actio

13、npeoples perceptions of their ability to perform a given behavior.知覺(jué)行為控制：對(duì)執(zhí)行行為的能力的感知2Relationship analysis關(guān)系分析intention: an indication of a persons willing to perform a given behavior；意圖： 說(shuō)明一個(gè)人愿意執(zhí)行某行為the immediate cause of behavior. 行為的直接原因based onattitudessubjective normsperceived behavioral contro

14、l 基于Behavioral attitudeSubjectivenormsPerceivedbehavioralcontrolIntentionBehavior12.Transtheoretical model of behavior change行為改變的跨理論模型1Precontemplation意圖No intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future (next 6 months). 近期沒(méi)有改變意愿6個(gè)月內(nèi)Includes people who are unaware of the problemand those who

15、 know about the problem but are not considering change. 包括沒(méi)有意識(shí)到問(wèn)題和意識(shí)到但是不打算改變的人 e.g.:I have no plans to change my diet. 2Contemplation沉思People are aware that a problem exists and are seriouslythinking about overcomingit but have not yetmade afirm commitmentto take action. 意識(shí)到問(wèn)題存在，認(rèn)真思考抑制。但沒(méi)有堅(jiān)決信念行動(dòng)Inte

16、nding tochange within 6 months; open to feedbackand information about how to change. But still have contradiction of costs and benefits of their behavior. 打算6個(gè)月內(nèi)改變，對(duì)相關(guān)反響和改變的信息開(kāi)放態(tài)度。但仍矛盾于付出收益e.g.:I want to eat a healthier diet. 3Preparation準(zhǔn)備Intending to take action in the next month and has unsuccess

17、fully taken action in the past year (combines intention and behavior). 打算下個(gè)月行動(dòng)并且去年沒(méi)成功結(jié)合意向與行為Activelyplanning change and alreadytaking some steps toward action such as reducing frequency of problem behavior. 積極方案改變，已采取一些步驟如降低問(wèn)題行為的頻率e.g.：I have bought and prepared low-fat food. 4Action行動(dòng)Stage in which

18、 a personchange their behavior, experiences, or environmentin order to overcome their problems. 個(gè)人改變行為、經(jīng)歷、環(huán)境以抑制問(wèn)題的階段Have obviously behavioral changesand commitmentrequires time and energy.有明顯行為改變以及需付出時(shí)間精力的承諾 e.g.：stop smoking more than 6 months. Im limiting my daily intake of fat. 5Maintenance(維持)Pe

19、ople work to prevent relapsedo the problem behavior againand consolidatethe resultof/during action. 防止復(fù)發(fā)，穩(wěn)固成果Keepchange andresisting temptationto relapse. 維持變化，抵抗誘惑Stage extendsfrom 6 months and beyondthe first behavioral change. 階段從6個(gè)月延長(zhǎng)，超過(guò)最初的行為變化 e.g.：Im able to stay with my low-fat diet.13.What a

20、re fear appeals?Fear appealsare commonly used toplay on a persons emotions in a negative way. 常用的通過(guò)消極方式影響人的情感Fear appeals draw attention tocommon fears and/or risks. 引起對(duì)常見(jiàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的注意 Then associatethem with not using the product or service or with not performing a certain action. 然后將其與不用某產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)/行為相聯(lián)系 e.g.:

21、Advertising using fear appeals suggest that if the consumer does what the ad recommends, then the suggested harm will not occur. 14.What are educational appeals?Educational appeals make the assumptionthat people will change their health habits if they have the correct information.Self-efficacy and h

22、ealth behaviorsSelf-efficacyreferstothebeliefthatoneisabletocontrolonespracticeofaparticularbehavior.Relationshipbetweenself-efficacyandstart a healthbehaviorchange & maintain the change.濟(jì)南大學(xué) 教育與心理科學(xué)學(xué)院15.Aerobic exercise有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)Aerobic exercise refers to the fact that muscles uses oxygen for energy. 肌肉用

23、氧氣供能Aerobic exercise is any exercise that is of moderate intensity and has a long duration. 中等強(qiáng)度、長(zhǎng)時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)Jogging, riding a bike, rope jumping, running 16.Teachable moment教育時(shí)刻Certain moments are better than others for teaching some behavior. 比其他時(shí)候更適合教育某些行為的時(shí)機(jī)17.What are the benefits of exercise 鍛煉的好處1Red

24、uces the riskof dying before ones time.早死fromheart disease.心臟病developing diabetes.糖尿病high blood pressure.高血壓 Helps reduce blood pressure in people who already have high blood pressure. colon cancer.結(jié)腸癌2Reduces feelings of depression and anxiety.減少抑郁焦慮情緒Promotes psychological well-being.促進(jìn)心理安康Helps c

25、ontrol weight.助于控制體重18.Healthy diet 安康飲食Eating according to the healthy eating pyramid.Fats, Oils, Sweets, sugarMilk, Eggs, Dry Beans, Nuts & Meat, FishVegetable Group &Fruit GroupBread, Rice & PastaGroup19.BMIformula 公式 BMI = Kg / (m)2 體重/身高的平方20.Categories of weight 體重分類The lowest risks for heart

26、disease, diabetes, and some cancers are in people withBMI values of21 - 25.The risks increase slightly when 略微增加BMI values are between 25- 27.The risks are significantwhen 明顯BMIs between 27 - 30.The same risks are dramaticwhen 顯著B(niǎo)MIs over 30.21.pear-shaped body and peach-shaped body 桃形身材 梨形身材Pear sh

27、ape bodymeansthat the widest part of your body is below your waist, around your hips. No matter you are tall, short, heavy, or thin. 最寬的部位是腰部以下，臀部周圍。無(wú)論高矮胖瘦Peach shape is small under the big. 下小上大22.Why is diet important? 飲食為何重要Dietary factors are related withmanydisease. 飲食因素與很多疾病有關(guān)Dietary habits ar

28、e also related with the development of many cancers. 飲食習(xí)慣與很多癌癥的開(kāi)展有關(guān)Diet can harm health. 飲食習(xí)慣可能損害安康A(chǔ) poor diet may be a big problemcombinewith other risk factors. 不良飲食習(xí)慣與其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素結(jié)合可能出現(xiàn)大問(wèn)題Good diet can improve health. 飲食習(xí)慣可以促進(jìn)安康23.Factors associated with obesity 肥胖相關(guān)因素 Obesity depends on both the numbe

29、r and the size of ones body fat cell. 肥胖與個(gè)體脂肪細(xì)胞的數(shù)量和大小有關(guān)family history: 家族歷史Have relationship in both genetic and dietary factors. 與遺傳和飲食因素相關(guān)social classand culture: 社會(huì)地位與文化In developed countries,women of low class are heavier than high class women. And black women are easier to obesity.In developing

30、 countries,obesityman,women and children is rare,possibly because of the lack of food.values: 價(jià)值觀Thinness is valued in women from developed countries,whichleads people think its important to keep diet and exercise.dieting: 節(jié)食24.Set point theory of weight 設(shè)定點(diǎn)理論The idea that everyone has an ideal biol

31、ogical weight, which cannot be greatly change. 每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)理想生物體重，無(wú)法很大改變According to the theory, the set pointacts as a溫度計(jì)regulating heat in a home. 設(shè)定點(diǎn)就像家里調(diào)節(jié)熱量的溫度計(jì)Everyone may have different set point. 因人而異This theory maintain that ones新陳代謝will adjust itself to keep a weight at which it is comfortable.

32、理論說(shuō)明 新陳代謝調(diào)節(jié)個(gè)體維持舒適體重Many studies want to know if the set point can be changed. But only to find that most overweight individuals cannot thoroughlylose weight. 研究設(shè)定點(diǎn)是否能夠改變，發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)超重者無(wú)法徹底減肥25.Treatment of obesity減肥方法Dieting 節(jié)食Fasting 禁食Surgery 外科手術(shù)Appetite-Suppressing Drugs 食欲抑制藥The Multimodal Approach：多

33、種途徑結(jié)合Control over Eating, Adding exercise, Social Support, 控制飲食、增加運(yùn)動(dòng)、社會(huì)支持 Controlling Self-talk, Self-monitoring, Relapse Prevention 控制性的自我交談，自我監(jiān)視，防止復(fù)發(fā)26.What are the characteristics of HCB? 危害安康行為的特征1There is a window of vulnerabilityin adolescence. 青春期的易損性弱點(diǎn)2Have the self-presentationprocess. 自我表現(xiàn)

34、的過(guò)程3Enhancing the youngersability to cope withstress. 提高應(yīng)對(duì)壓力的能力4Thegradualdevelopment of these behaviors. 行為逐漸開(kāi)展5Substance abuse is predicted. 可預(yù)見(jiàn)的物質(zhì)濫用Conflicts with parents 與家長(zhǎng)沖突Low self-control 低自控6Related to the larger social structure與更大的社會(huì)構(gòu)造有關(guān)Lower social class personindividual低階層個(gè)人27.Why do pe

35、ople smoke? 為什么吸煙Age 年齡Culture 文化Peerencouragement 同伴鼓勵(lì)More likely if parents smoke 父母吸煙Personality characteristics(e.g. risk taker) 人格特征如 好冒險(xiǎn)Smokers image(e.g.cool, exciting) 吸煙者形象 如 酷，刺激28.Pomerleau and Pomerleaus theory 吸煙理論Smoking as a neurore|gulator 吸煙作為一種神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)器Nicotine may be a way of regulati

36、ngbehavior and affect. 尼古丁是一種調(diào)節(jié)行為和情感的方式29.What is stress? 壓力 Stress is a negative emotional experience with biochemical, cognitive, behavior changes 消極情緒體驗(yàn)，伴隨生化、認(rèn)知、行為改變 that are toward eitheralteringthe stressful event oradapting to its effects. 改變壓力事件或適應(yīng)影響30.Stressor 壓力源stressful event; conditions

37、producing stress 壓力事件；產(chǎn)生壓力的條件31.Fight and flight response 戰(zhàn)或逃1A response to threat in which the body is rapidly motivatedto flee or attack. 身體面對(duì)威脅快速激發(fā)做出戰(zhàn)或逃反響2Stages:階段Threat 威脅Physical arousal物理喚醒Attack or flee 戰(zhàn)或逃3Functions : 功能Adaptive: respond to danger 自適應(yīng)：應(yīng)對(duì)不安全Mal|adaptive: make emotion and phy

38、siological function a mess 適應(yīng)不良：搞亂情緒和生理功能32.General adaptation syndromeGAS 一般適應(yīng)綜合征1GAS describe the bodys short-term and long-termreactionsto stress. 描述身體短期/長(zhǎng)期對(duì)壓力的反響2It include 3 stages:Alarm 戒備Resistance 抵抗Exhaustion 疲憊33.Tend-and-befriend 1One of the most basic behavioral differences between men a

39、nd women is how they respond to stress. 男女 根本行為差異之一為壓力反響方式2Men often react to stress with a fight-or-flight response. Women are more likely to react to stress with a tend-and-befriend response. 男性：戰(zhàn)或逃；女性：照顧與幫助3Females respond to stressful conditionsby protectingtheir young (the tend response) ，by se

40、eking social contact and support from others especially other females (the befriend response). 女性應(yīng)對(duì)壓力：保護(hù)孩子照顧；尋求社會(huì)接觸支持其他女性幫助34.Cognitive theory of stress 壓力認(rèn)知理論1Potential stressor (external event) 潛在的壓力源外部事件2Primary appraisal初級(jí)評(píng)估 is this event positive, neutral or negative? 積極、消極、中性and if negative, h

41、ow bad? 假設(shè)消極，多慘3Secondary appraisal 次級(jí)評(píng)估 do I have resources or skillssome waysto handlecope/resolve event? 有沒(méi)有資源、技能應(yīng)對(duì)If No, then distress. 沒(méi)有，認(rèn)了。35. Two windows of vulnerability:The ages of 12 to 21In the late middle age 中年晚期36.Examples of life event and daily hassle 37.What is coping?Its the proce

42、ss people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraisein a situation.人們調(diào)整當(dāng)前情景中他們?cè)u(píng)估的需求與資源間認(rèn)知矛盾的過(guò)程38.Personality and coping1Negative affectivity 消極情緒 神經(jīng)質(zhì)tendency toexperience negative emotions: distress, anxiety, nervousness, fear, shame, anger, and guilt 傾向于

43、經(jīng)歷消極情緒：抑郁 焦慮 緊張 恐懼 羞恥 憤怒 內(nèi)疚describe themselves as having a greater number ofphysical symptoms 描述自身有很多軀體病癥心血管、消化問(wèn)題、疲勞 And describe their symptoms are more severe and uncomfortable. 并且這些病癥很嚴(yán)重和不舒服2Pessimistic explanatory style 悲觀解釋風(fēng)格StudyCollege students with negative explanatory stylemeasured in the f

44、irst year had higher levels of depression in third year as compared topositive explanatory style students.Study2800 mid-aged males studied, those high in hopelessness were 2X as likely to die of cancer or 4X as likely to die of CHD than those low in hopelessness.People with positive explanatory styl

45、e have less distress and risk of dying than people with negative explanatory style.3HardinessA personality style thatexplains why some people get sick under stress. three characteristics:commitment：sense of purpose or involvement 承諾：目的感、參與control：belief that one can influence events 控制：相信可以影響事件chall

46、enge：regard changes as opportunities for growth 挑戰(zhàn)：視改變?yōu)槌砷L(zhǎng)時(shí)機(jī)Hardinessandhealth Studies found hardy people have fewer illnesses and deal with stress more effectively. HhardinessinHstresssituations,Lillnesses;LhardinessinHstresssituations,Hillnesses.4OptimismExpectation of good things will happen and b

47、ad things will not happen, contrasted to pessimism.experience lower levels of depression 更低的抑郁水平 experience fewer infectious diseases 更少的傳染病 live longer 活得久5Psychological controlLocus of Control internal LC- control of events lies within us external LC- situations/others control what happens Assessi

48、ng LOC I-E Scale by Rotter high ILC believe have influence on behaviors & decision to influence outcomes, a sense of control less depression in response to major illnesses allows one to remain healthy when experiencing many stressful life events6Type A behavior patterncompetitive achievement orienta

49、tion取向 time urgency緊迫 anger /hostility敵意A Behavior Patterns and Stress 行為模式與壓力 Type As respond more quickly, rapidly to stressors, seeing them as threats. 反響快，迅速應(yīng)對(duì)壓力，將其看做威脅 Type A people tend to seek out demanding situations which leads to stress. 傾向于尋求苛刻情況 導(dǎo)致壓力 Type As have greater physiological re

50、activityto stress , especially males. 對(duì)壓力有更大生理反響，特別是男性Suggested that Type A behavior may be due to physiological factors. 說(shuō)明A型可能是生理因素造成Relationship between Type A and general一般 illnesses is weak. Most studies suggest a link with 冠狀動(dòng)脈heart disease. Physiological explanations for relationshipreactivit

51、y levels produce wear & tear on heartchronically長(zhǎng)期地 high levels of stress hormones荷爾蒙 injures hearthigh blood pressure strains拉緊 heart Behavioral explanations for relationship:drink more alcoholsmoking patterns are different (inhalation吸入劑)pushing themselves physically beyond appropriate適當(dāng)?shù)?stopping

52、 point.39.Coping styleConfrontative coping: 對(duì)抗式應(yīng)對(duì) Behavioral or psychological responsestried to change thestressoror how one thinks about it. 行為或心理反響試圖改變壓力源或改變思考方式Avoidant coping: 逃避式應(yīng)對(duì) Lead people into activities (such as alcohol use) or mental states (such as withdrawal) that avoid to face with th

53、e stressful events. 通過(guò)行為酗酒或心理退縮來(lái)逃避直面壓力事件Confrontative coping are thoughtbetterto deal with stressful events. 對(duì)抗式應(yīng)對(duì)是更好的處理方式 Avoidant coping may be a psychological risk factor or markerfor bad responses to stressful life events. 逃避式應(yīng)對(duì)可能是一種心理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素或面對(duì)壓力事件不良反響的特征40.A classification of coping strategies: p

54、roblem-focused and emotion-focused1Problem-focusedcoping ：關(guān)注問(wèn)題的應(yīng)對(duì)方式Problem-focused coping refersto try to improve the troubled person-environment relationship by changing things.通過(guò)改變事實(shí)來(lái)改良引起麻煩的人-環(huán)境關(guān)系For example, by seeking information about what to do, by holding back from careless actions, and by face with the personresponsible for ones difficulty.比方搜尋該若何做的信息，不草率行動(dòng)，面對(duì)該負(fù)責(zé)困境的人Problemfocused Coping used to reduce demands or expand resources w