2017年下半年CATTI二口真題

1、最全2017年下半年CATTI二口真題、題源和答案English to Chinese InterpretingPassage 1匹茲堡經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型對中國的借鑒意義2015年6月19日，中國國務(wù)院副總理劉延東會見美國匹茲堡市市長佩杜托，聽 取了佩杜托關(guān)于匹茲堡市發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型有關(guān)做法和經(jīng)驗的介紹.2015年11月23日，美聯(lián)儲前主席伯南克在布魯金斯研究院發(fā)表文章Can China be like Chattanooga?Shifting from industry to services。鏈接：https ： /www o /blog/ben-bernanke/2015/11/23/can-china-

2、be-like-chattanooga-shifting-from industry to services/Financial markets and media reports have been focused lately on the slowing of China s growth rate。 That slowing has diverse causes and consequences but as Ill discuss in this post in at least one important respect it is both a healthy and a pre

3、dictable development, resulting from a necessary change in China s growth model.金融市場和媒體最近關(guān)注中國經(jīng)濟增速放緩。 這種放緩可能有多種原因，但是，至 少在一個方面中國經(jīng)濟更加健康，這是一個可預(yù)見的發(fā)展，而經(jīng)濟模式必然改變。Since the beginning of Chinas growth miracle, a large part of the countrys development has been directed from the center. This top-down approach h

4、as focused on heavy industry, infrastructure (highways, bridges, airports), the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the promotion of exports, particularly manufactures 0 The top-down model had its roots in Communist central planning, but in China it has been leavened with enough market

5、 liberalization and openness to international competition to foster significant gains in productivity and a rapid ascent up the technological ladder. To date, this strategy has been incredibly successful: In real terms, the Chinese economy is two and-ahalf times bigger today than a decade ago (IMF e

6、stimates, converted to constant dollars at PPP exchange rates) . And, despite the recent slowdown , Chinese economic growth currently accounts for about a third of global economic growth, up from about a quarter ten years ago.由于中國經(jīng)濟增長創(chuàng)造了奇跡，這種“自上而下”的方法集中于重工業(yè)和基礎(chǔ)設(shè) 施，如公路、橋梁、機場等。從農(nóng)村到城市，促進出口，特別是生產(chǎn)。自頂向下的模式

7、其根源在于計劃，而中國經(jīng)濟充滿了市場自由化與開放的國際競爭力，生產(chǎn)力顯著提升，技術(shù)快速發(fā)展。迄今為止，這個戰(zhàn)略已經(jīng)非常成功，中國經(jīng)濟比十年 前快兩倍半，盡管最近經(jīng)濟放緩，中國經(jīng)濟仍占全球經(jīng)濟增長約三分之一，十年 前是四分之一。However, the top-down approach is reaching its limits。 The share of output devoted to heavy manufacturing, construction , and exports is too large to be sustained, the pace of urbanizatio

8、n is slackening, and the easier opportunities to improve technologically in manufacturing and related sectors have been exploited. Moreover, with its emphasis on capital investment and exports rather than on goods and services aimed at domestic consumers, the Chinese economy has not been serving its

9、 citizenry as well as it could.Recognizingthese limits , Chinas leadership is working to make the transition to a more organic,“bottom-up ”growth model, focused on the development of services industries-retail trade, health, education, finance, transportation delivered in many cases through markets

10、and by smaller business units。(Services currently make up about half of theChinese economy, compared to about four-fifths of the economy of the United States, according to the World Bank.) For various reasons, including the fact that productivity in services generally does not grow as quickly as in

11、manufacturing, this transition will involve economic growth that is slower (though still rapid)。 And, because of the increasing reliance on market forces and smaller business units, Chinese growth in the future will be more erratic and harder to control from the center o然而，自頂向下的方法達到極限，產(chǎn)出份額中側(cè)重重工業(yè)、建設(shè)、

12、持續(xù)的出口， 城市化步伐放緩，機會提高，技術(shù)被運用在制造業(yè)及相關(guān)行業(yè)。止匕外，強調(diào)資本 投資和出口商品服務(wù)，而不是國內(nèi)消費者。認識到這些，中國經(jīng)濟正努力過渡到一 個更有生機活力的增長模式，就是專注于服務(wù)、零售貿(mào)易、醫(yī)療、教育、金融、 交通等，在許多情況下的更小市場和業(yè)務(wù)部門.服務(wù)業(yè)目前占中國經(jīng)濟一半，美國 服務(wù)業(yè)占經(jīng)濟的五分之四。由于各種原因，這種轉(zhuǎn)變越來越依靠市場力量，未來 中國經(jīng)濟增長更加穩(wěn)定，成為世界中心。The experience of U.S. “rust belt cities provides a for Chinas challenge at least qualitativ

13、ely. As in China, the economies of American cities like Chattanooga and Pittsburgh were built on heavy manufacturing , a model that eventually reached its limits. The analogy is not exact, of course: Unlike the case of China, the industrial hollowing out of U.S. rust-belt cities resulted in large pa

14、rt from increased foreign competition。 In some respects, however, the constraints on industrial development faced by China and Chattanooga notably, the increasing toll of heavy industry on the environment were similar. (In 1969, the federal government identified Chattanooga as the country s most pol

15、luted dty。) In any case, the rust belt cities that succeeded in reviving their economies did so primarily by turning from manufacturing to services. In Chattanooga and other cities , public/private taskforces worked to revitalize downtowns, to develop tourist attractions and conference facilities, t

16、o clean up the environment, to improve transportation links and other critical infrastructure , and to attract businesses in “clean“ sectors like medicine, technology, finance, and retail 0 Strengthening education was key, with benefits ranging from attracting and maintaining skilled workforces to s

17、eeding high-tech startups。Pittsburgh s redevelopment in particular was greatly helped by the location there of several major universities, including Carnegie Mellon and the University of Pittsburgh, which led efforts to build research facilities. Emblematic of Pittsburghs transformation is that the

18、U.S. Steel building, the largest in downtown Pittsburgh, now bears a UPMC sign, for University of Pittsburgh Medical Center the region s largest employer。美國“鐵銹地帶”城市的經(jīng)驗提供了一個有用的比喻，在美國查塔努加和匹茲堡 等城市建設(shè)偏重重工業(yè)，1969年聯(lián)邦政府確定查塔努加為污染最嚴重的城市，最 終達到極限。類比是不確切的，當然，中國與美國不同。美國空心化工業(yè)區(qū)那些 城市，很大程度上增加了外國競爭。然而，在某些方面，重工業(yè)環(huán)境相似。無論

19、怎樣，城市發(fā)展經(jīng)濟主要通過從制造業(yè)向服務(wù)業(yè)過渡，在美國查塔努加等城市，公 共和私人部門致力于振興商業(yè)區(qū)，開發(fā)旅游景點，建設(shè)會議設(shè)施，清潔環(huán)境，改善 交通樞紐，其它關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)等，吸引企業(yè)在干凈環(huán)保的行業(yè)，如醫(yī)學、科 技、金融、零售等，從而吸引與留住勞動者人才到高科技公司.匹茲堡城市有幾所大學，匹茲堡卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學等，鋼鐵建設(shè)城市匹茲堡努力構(gòu)建研究設(shè)施轉(zhuǎn)換經(jīng) 濟,現(xiàn)在，匹茲堡醫(yī)療中心是最大雇主.How can China make a transition to a more services oriented economy, analogous to that made by Chatt

20、anooga and Pittsburgh, as well as by other East Asian countries like Japan or Korea? Reducing the subsidies to and direct government support for exports and heavy industry , while continuing reforms to make it easier to start and sustain new private businesses, are critical steps. So, in some cases

21、are partnerships with foreign companies that bring essential expertise。 A useful lesson from the experience of reviving U.S. cities is the importance of building and empowering a strong middle class: Middleclass households are the primary market for more sophisticated services, from education to hea

22、lth care to retail toentertainment。 For those cities, attracting middleclass consumers involved improving public infrastructure and education, adding amenities , reducing crime, and increasing job opportunities 0In China, empowering the growing middle classwill require measures such as strengthening

23、 the social safety net (which will give households the income security they need to be comfortable saving less and spending more) and reducing regulations and controls that restrict consumer choice。 A strong Chinese middle class will stimulate the development of new services industries, allowing the

24、 “bottom - up approach a chance to succeed 中國經(jīng)濟怎樣過渡到服務(wù)業(yè)，類似于美國查塔努加和匹茲堡城市，或者像東亞國 家如日本和韓國.減少出口補貼和對重工業(yè)的支持，繼續(xù)改革，私營企業(yè)是至關(guān)重要的。因此，在某些情況下，與外國公司合作，交流最基本專業(yè)知識。美國城市 建設(shè)的一個經(jīng)驗是強大的中產(chǎn)階級.中產(chǎn)家庭的主要市場是服務(wù)，從教育到醫(yī)療保 健和娛樂零售，對于城市建設(shè)來說，吸引中產(chǎn)階級消費者參與公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè) 中，增加就業(yè)機會，增加公共服務(wù)設(shè)施.不斷壯大的中產(chǎn)階級要求增加收入保障， 增加消費，加強社會治安網(wǎng)，減少監(jiān)管，提供給消費者選擇。一個強大的中產(chǎn)階級 將支

25、持服務(wù)業(yè)發(fā)展，也是“自下而上”的方法成功的機會.Chinas economy certainly has its share of short term problems, including bad loans in the banking system, a shaky stock market, and excess capacity in heavy industries. How it navigates those risks will have important near-term implications both for China and for China s trad

26、ing partners. In the medium term, however, China s biggest economic challenge is to make the transition from a top-down , heavy-industrial growth model to a bottom-up, services focused one. In considering models for reinvention , China could do worse than to contemplate the experiences of Chattanoog

27、a and Pittsburgh 中國經(jīng)濟中也可能有短期問題，包括銀行體系不良貸款，重工業(yè)產(chǎn)能過剩等，降低 這些短期風險，中期挑戰(zhàn)是從自上而下過渡到自下而上，改變側(cè)重重工業(yè)增長模 式，從美國查塔努加和匹茲堡城市的經(jīng)驗中，中國城市能做得更好。Passage 2機器人和氣候變化的影響大概意思回憶版，沒找到題源，歡迎留言補充。本題是 英譯漢。在未來幾年內(nèi)，將有兩個變化會產(chǎn)生，一個是機器人，一個是全球變暖。我個人認為隨著技術(shù)發(fā)展機器人將會代替人工勞動力.機器人技術(shù)迅速發(fā)展，將在很多經(jīng) 濟領(lǐng)域代替人工勞動力。對于有特殊技能和良好教育背景的人來說，這是一個好的 機會，他們將可以利用新科技提高自己的價值和收

28、入，但是對于只擁有普通技能的人來說，這是個不好的時機，隨著機器人的發(fā)展，他們將會大面積替代簡單的勞動力。因此，很多人將面臨失業(yè)的壓力，社會在面臨這個問題時，應(yīng)該會尋找途徑解決由 于機器人代替而導致失業(yè)的人的問題，如果社會找不到平衡的方法，將來帶社會 和政治動蕩，這對于全球的領(lǐng)導者來說，是一個巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。很多科學獎都相信全球氣候變暖是真實存在的，隨著氣溫升高，海平面上升，很 多國家將被迫移民.科學家指出，海平面每上升1米，需要2100年的時間，一些| 科學家預(yù)測，很多主要城市，紐約，威尼斯，東京，都將被淹沒在海平面以下， 政府將拿上千上百億出資金安置這些氣候移民，生態(tài)難民。機器人和氣候變暖還會帶

29、來新的社會問題，如何處理好這些問題，對于全球領(lǐng)導者 來說是一個巨大挑戰(zhàn)，政府的領(lǐng)導人應(yīng)該史詩采取措施解決這些問題，我們不應(yīng) 該認為，這些都發(fā)展緩慢且無關(guān)緊要，我們應(yīng)該顧全大局，同時也要認識到，這些問題距離我們不會遙遠，這是政府領(lǐng)導人應(yīng)該著重解決的頭等大事。Chinese to English InterpretingPassage 1非洲孔子學院2014年6月24日，李源潮在非洲孔子學院聯(lián)席會議開幕式上的講話攜手推動 中非文化交流互鑒。標紅的是試題.尊敬的比拉勒副總統(tǒng)，尊敬的穆堪達拉校長和各位與會校長，尊敬的許琳主任和各位老師、同學們：Your Excellency Dr。 Mohamed G

30、harib Bilal, Vice President of the United Republic of Tanzania,Respected Vice Chancellor RwekazaS Mukandala, and Presidents from African and Chinese Universities;The Honorable Madame Xu Lin, Other distinguished guests, and teachers and students,很高興在達累斯薩拉姆大學參加非洲孔子學院聯(lián)席會議。剛才的開場白充滿非洲 特色，同學們表演的節(jié)目充滿中國韻味.值

31、此孔子學院創(chuàng)辦十周年之際，我代表中 國政府，向參會的老師和同學們致以誠摯問候！向支持孔子學院發(fā)展的非洲朋友 們表示衷心感謝！It is my great pleasure to attend the Joint Conference of Confucius Institutes in Africa at the University of Dar es Salaam. The opening remarks were full of African characteristics, and the performances by the students were full of Chine

32、se cultural elements. On the occasion of the 10th Anniversary of the founding of this Confucius Institute, on behalf of the Chinese government, I would like to convey my sincere greetings to teachers and students at the conference, and express my heartfelt gratitude to all African friends who have g

33、reatly supported the development of Confucius Institutes!孔子是中國2000多年前偉大的思想家、教育家，孔子所處的時代是中華文化百 家爭鳴、百花齊放的時代。中華文化已有5000多年的歷史，是世界文化的重要 源頭。舉世聞名的“四大發(fā)明”造紙術(shù)、指南針、火藥、印刷術(shù)，是推動人類文明進步的偉大創(chuàng)造。歷史上，絲綢之路貫通亞歐，鄭和船隊遠達非洲，帶去的不僅 是精美的絲綢瓷器，更是中國人（的文化）“和為貴” “崇禮尚文”“重義輕利”等價值理念.Confucius is a great thinker and educator of more than

34、 two thousand years ago He lived in an era that hundreds of schools of thoughts thrived。 The Chinese civilization boasts a history of more than 5000 years; it is one of the most important sources of world civilization。 The Four Great Inventions of ancient China , namely, papermaking ,compass, gunpow

35、der and printing, greatly contributed to the progress of human civilization. Historically, the Silk Road linked Asia and Europe, and the fleet led by Zheng He reached as far as Africa0 China exported not only silk and chinaware, but also Chinese values and concepts such as “harmony is precious” , “r

36、espect for rituals and cultures , and prioritizing values over material gains。改革開放30多年來，中國文化開始加快走向世界，豐富了各國人民的精神生活， 拉近了中外人民的心靈距離.尤其是中非人民走得更近、親上加親.去年中國公民 赴非旅游超過萬人次，多部中國電視劇在非洲國家熱播。近年來非洲赴華留學生 人數(shù)年均增長30%以上，非洲歌手郝歌登上中國春晚舞臺，非洲多位足球運動員活 躍在中國綠茵場上。文化因交流而多彩，文化因互鑒而豐富。In the past three decades of reform and opening

37、 up, the Chinese culture has become increasingly popular in many parts of the world, enriching the spiritual life of peoples in different countries and fostering friendship between the Chinese people and the rest of the world。 The Chinese culture especially has brought the Chinese people and the Afr

38、ican people closer. Last year, over 1。5 million Chinese tourists traveled to Africa。 Many Chinese TV series are hit shows in African countries The number of African students studying in China has been increasing at an annual average of over 30%. The African singer Uwechue Emmanuel was invited to the

39、 Chinese Spring Festival Gala, and many African football players have joined Chinese leagues A culture is enriched through exchanges and mutual learning在全球化的背景下，中國文化應(yīng)該進一步面向現(xiàn)代化、面向世界、面向未來，以 更加多樣的形式、更受歡迎的內(nèi)容走向海外，與各國文化交流互鑒，推動人類文 化繁榮發(fā)展。In the context of globalization, The Chinese culture should orient its

40、elf toward modernization , the whole world, and the future, and it should go overseas in more diversified forms and with more popular contents, with a view toward promoting cultural diversity and intercultural exchanges孔子學院是中外文化交流互鑒的重要平臺。學院以孔子命名，既體現(xiàn)著鮮明的中國特征，也承載著加強中外文化交流、久遠傳承中國人民與各國人民友誼的美好愿 望.2004以來，

41、中國與各國合作，在全球建成了435所孔子學院,設(shè)立了 646個孔子課堂，學員超過100萬。非洲地區(qū)的孔子學院發(fā)展迅速，2005年第一家孔子 學院落戶肯尼亞內(nèi)羅畢以來，已在32個國家建成38所孔子學院和10個孔子課堂。 孔子學院為滿足各國民眾學習漢語需求、增進中國人民與各國人民的相互了解作 出了積極貢獻.Confucius Institutes are an important platform for exchanges between Chinese and foreign cultures。 Named after Confucius, these institutes not only

42、symbolize the distinctive Chinese culture, but also carry the good wishes of enhancing cultural exchanges and peopleto-people friendship. Since 2004, 435 Confucius Institutes and 646 Confucius Classrooms have been established with a total of more than 1 million students。The African continent has wit

43、nessed a rapid increase in the number of Confucius Institutes. The first Confucius Institute in Africa was established in Nairobi, Kenya in 2005。Currently there are 38 Confucius Institutes and tenConfucius Classrooms in 32 African countries. Confucius Institutes have served both to meet the increasi

44、ng demands of people for learning Chinese and to promote mutual understanding between the Chinese people and other peoples孔子學院是中非文化交流的重要載體，辦好孔子學院是中非人民的共同心愿。希望非洲各國孔子學院努力成為促進中非交流的友誼合作之橋，攜手推動中非文化交流互鑒。一是貼近各國人民學習漢語實際需求，加大選派高素質(zhì)中國師資和志愿 者力度創(chuàng)造條件為外籍師生提供赴華交流機會，不斷提升漢語教學水平。二是充 分發(fā)揮優(yōu)勢，服務(wù)中非文化交流合作，既傳播中華文化，又弘揚非洲文化，交流

45、互鑒、共同發(fā)展。三是積極融入當?shù)?，既搞好漢語教學，又重視加強職業(yè)技能培訓，為當?shù)孛癖妱?chuàng)業(yè)就業(yè)提供幫助。Confucius Institute is an important institution of cultural exchanges between China and Africa. It is the shared goal of the Chinese and African peoples to better develop the Confucius Institutes 0 We hope that Confucius Institutes in Africa will st

46、rive to become the bridge of friendship between China and Africa First, they should cater to the specific demands of Chinese learning by people in different countries。 More high quality Chinese teachers and volunteers will be sent abroad, and there should be more opportunities for foreign teachers a

47、nd students to visit and learn in China, Second, these institutes should make full use of their advantages in promoting China Africa cultural exchanges and mutual development; they are messengersof both Chinese and African cultures。 Third, they should adapt to local communities by providing not only

48、 high quality Chinese teaching, but also vocational training, with a view toward helping local people create job opportunities.我想乘此機會對進行漢語教學的孔子學院的老師講幾句話.I also would like to take this opportunity to say a few words to the teachers at Confucius Institutes孔子學院既是中國海外漢語教學機構(gòu)，也是向世界介紹中國的重要平臺，因此孔 子學院不僅要讓人了解

49、中國語言，而且應(yīng)該讓人了解中國文化、中國歷史、中國 思想、中國習慣。我希望孔子學院的漢語教育能“三有”：有用處、有故事、有 理念。一個“和”字，既有“和為貴”的故事，又有“協(xié)和萬邦”的歷史，也有“和 而不同”的哲理，還有“和平友好”的外交方針。一條魚，加上三點水就變成了動 詞，“授人以魚不如授人以漁”是現(xiàn)在非洲最歡迎的援助理念?？傊?，希望我們 的孔子學院不僅教中國語言，而且讓外國朋友通過這個渠道，更多地了解中國文 化、中國歷史、中國理念。這些都是中國對外友好關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。Confucius Institute is an educational organization for teaching

50、 Chinese in foreign countries; it is also an important platform to introduce China to the world。 Therefore, apart from teaching the Chinese language, it should also introduce to local people Chinese culture, history, thoughts, and customs I hope that Confucius Institutes will follow three principles

51、 in teaching Chinese, that is, usefulness, historybased, and philosophy。 Take the Chinese character “和” ,or harmony, as an example. There is not only a story behind “harmony is previous，but also the Chinese history of “all neighboring countries co exist peacefully/ Moreover, it contains the Chinese

52、philosophy of diversity in harmony and the Chinese foreign policy principle of “peace and friendship, . The Chinese character “魚” ,or fish, becomes a verb by adding three dots, meaning to fish。 The idea that teaching a friend how to fish is more useful than giving him a fish is widely accepted in Africa when it comes to foreign development assistance. In one word , I hope that our Confucius Institutes not only teach the Chinese language, but also serve as a channel for for