大學英語4級寫作-類型與結構分析

1、大學英語4級寫作-類型與結構分析一、考核目的考核學生用英語進行書面表達的初步能力二、考核要求1.30分鐘2.字數：120詞以上，180詞一下3.題型：1）對比選擇型2）原因解釋型3）利弊分析型4）問題解決型5）記敘文6）應用文1作文題滿分為15分。閱卷標準共人為五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。2分-條理不清，思路紊亂，語言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯誤，且多數為嚴重錯誤。5分-基本切題，表達思想不夠清楚，連貫性差，有較多的嚴重錯誤。8分-基本切題，表達思想比清楚，文字尚連貫，但語言錯誤較多。11分-切題，表達思想清楚，文字連貫，但有少量語言錯誤。14分-切題，表達思想清楚，文字通順，連貫

2、較好，基本上無語言錯誤。閱卷人員根根據閱卷標準，對照樣卷評分，若認為某一分數文件次（如8分）相似，即定為（8分）；若認為稍優(yōu)或劣于該檔次，則可加一分（9分）或減一分（7分），但不得加減半分。字數不足應酌情扣分：少10字少20字少30字少40字少50字少51字累計字數110119100109909980897079 69扣分123455注：1、如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結束句，均不得記入所寫字數。2、 只寫一段者：04分，只寫兩段者：09分（指規(guī)定三段的作文）3、白卷，作文與題目毫不相關，或只有幾個孤立的詞而無法表達思想,則給零分。2. 設作文最低分，采用下列成績計算方法： 1）作文分為0分者

3、，總分即使高于60分，一律作不及格處理； 2）作文分大于 0 分小于 6 分者，按下 列方式計算成績： 最后報道分 = 原計算總分 6 + 作文實得分三、評分標準：主題段擴展段(1-2段)終結段主題句（第1句）擴展句（1到2句）終結句（引出下文）132終結句（最后1句）擴展句主題句（第1句）過渡詞過渡詞 二、全文(議論文)基本結構：第二部分 四級作文的結構Key to SuccessIn such a competitive society, everyone has a strong desire to be successful and in his life. But how to ac

4、hieve success? In my opinion, there are three main keys a clear objective, strong willpower and diligence.First, it is very important to set up a goal before you start. No one can be successful without a goal in his mind. Besides, you need a strong willpower to keep you go ahead. There always are to

5、ugh stones in every road to success. Whether you can go through it depends on whether you are persistent enough. Last but not least, everyone who wants to succeed should be diligent. There is and old saying, “No pains, no gains.” Most successful people owe their success to hard working, such as Eins

6、tein.In conclusion, if we want to be successful, we have to master the three main keys mentioned above. There is no shortcut to success. The three keys will assure you to realize your beautiful dream.主題句擴展句終結句連接詞連接詞段落1.主題句主題句表明全段是關于什么及討論什么的段落中心句，即：明確地表示全段要展開的中心點,四級短文寫作中最好是把主題句放在段首。2.擴展句擴展句是用來說明，解釋，引

7、申，或論證主題句所表達的中心思想的句子。3.結尾句結尾句是用一句話對段落的主題進行重述,評論,或總結,借以強化主題,加深讀者的印象. It is not difficult to make a right choice between buying a house in the low-rise area and buying one in the high-rise area (主題句).If we want to economize and get more personal area, we can choose the low-rise; but if we want to live

8、more comfortably, we will choose the high-rise (擴展句). In a word, the key lies in the alternative of economy and comfort (結尾句). 一、四級作文的段落基本結構：第三部分 常見的錯誤和問題注意方面：1切題 2結構（三段式） 3落題快（主題句在每段句首，不要繞圈） 4長度（120150字，卷面第二頁中間或到三分之二處，不要過多）語言方面須注意的問題：1題目的大寫An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident It Pays to Be

9、Honest How to Succeed in a Job Interview2句子錯誤1）語態(tài)時態(tài)不正確I read the passage carefully and several mistakes were found.( 語態(tài)不一致 )I read the passage carefully and found several mistakes.I am very grateful if you could help me with this problem.(時態(tài)不一致)I will be very grateful if you could help me with this

10、problem.2）主謂不一致He like playing football very much.He likes playing football very much.3）中式英語My English has made great progress.I have made great progress in English.Work makes me feel satisfied.Work is a source of satisfaction to me.4)結構不完整Although had many difficulties in studying English, I finall

11、y passed the exam.Although I had many difficulties in studying English, I finally passed the exam.Suppose you have two options upon graduation2016年12月CET4作文題對比觀點/原因解釋題型/利弊分析One is to take a job in a company and the other to go to a graduate school. One is to work in a state-owned business and the ot

12、her in joint venture.One is to find a job somewhere and the other to start a business of your own. You are to make a decision. Write an essay to explain the reasons for your decision.對比開頭Take a job in a company v.s go to a graduate school Upon graduation, some of my classmates will further their edu

13、cation at a graduate school, but I will choose to take up a job immediately.A graduate education does have its advantages. Armed with more knowledge, you may survive better in the context of a knowledge-driven economy.Nevertheless, 對比開頭work in a state-owned business v.s work in a joint ventureAfter

14、graduation, I prefer to work at a state-owned enterprise (SOE) instead of a sino-foreign joint venture or a wholly foreign-owned company.It is true that a joint venture once offered many advantages. In their early stages, they did enjoy preferential policies such as tax cuts or even tax exemptions,

15、thus allowing their employees to earn salaries higher than those at SOEs. But now foreign companies are entitled to only “national treatment”the same as our domestic companies are.On the other hand, 對比開頭find a job somewhere v.s start a business of your ownWhile most students will try to land a job i

16、n a company, in a government agency, or at a school, I would prefer to start a business of my own.It is true that a stable job offers you some benefits. For exle, you dont have to shoulder the heavy responsibility of making overall arrangements for the company, and you have a stable income, modest a

17、s it may be.However, 開門見山，點明觀點。小分句鋪陳要討論的問題。退一步，闡述二選一中另一項的優(yōu)勢。話鋒一轉，繞回主題，陳述個人的原因。開頭前兩段We all know that/as we all knowThere is much discussion about/attention toThere are many arguments/opinions/views aboutNowadays/at presentMany people believe thatIt is generally believed that依我看來，我認為As far as I am con

18、cernedas for me/as I see itfrom my perspectivefor my part/personally speaking 開頭句式Select one heading among the three offered before and use the expressions in the last ppt to write your own heading (only the 1st paragraph) on this topic.改寫練習一、開頭常用語式(主題段的引入)A proverb saysAs the proverb saysSome peopl

19、e say thatMany people believe thatIt is generally believed thatWe all know that As we all know It is quite clear that Various views exist as to , butThere are many arguments/opinions/views aboutThere is much discussion about/attention to It is well known thatIt is said thatIt has been found thatIt i

20、s easy to see thatThe pie graph showsA recent survey providesThe chart/graph/table showsNo one can deny that Nowadays,.At present 原因解釋型2015年12月真題You are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the sayingNever go out to see what happens; go out to make things happen. Learning is a daily ex

21、perience and a lifetime mission. Listening is more important than talking.Be Participants Rather than OnlookersAs a saying goes, “never just go out there to see what happens; go out there to make things really happen.” clearly, it encourages us to act instead of standing by with folded arms. I stron

22、gly support this point of view, and in real life we can find numerous exles to illustrate this point.Observe the beginnings of model essaysThe significance of Lifelong LearningWhen hearing the saying “Learning is a daily experience and a lifetime mission” we can easily perceive its connotation. Appa

23、rently, this saying can be naturally associated with the significance of lifelong learning.In our daily life, it is a common phenomenon for us to learn something for a variety of purposes. Meanwhile, a host of intelligent people are less likely to succeed if they havent kept the habit of lifelong le

24、arning. Taking a look around, we can notice a great many exles like this: The significance of Lifelong LearningAnother version: Learning is a daily experience and a lifetime mission. This is a proverb full of logic. In other words, learning is significant in our whole life. Indeed, we can learn many

25、 things from it. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, youll necessarily benefit a lot from it.There are many reasons which can explain this phenomenon and the following are the typical ones.復述引言，簡要解析引言主題選取角度（基本都是擁護），圍繞主題闡釋例子。步驟：1.闡釋現象/解釋題意（舉例）2.分析原因a, b, c3.指出利害（舉例）/得出結論（解釋、提出論點/

26、某種現象）The reason are listed as follows: First,_ (原因1). Additionally, _(原因2). Third, _(原因3)./For one thing, _(原因1). For another, _.(原因2)/ For instance, _.(事例1) Another instance/ A case in the point is that _(事例2)Therefore, /From the above exles, / In conclusion, / In short, /In a word (結論或建議)Writing m

27、odel:對比利弊型For freshmen, the first lesson they attend in universities is military training. Write an essay entitled “Is military training necessary?” Some people think military training is very significant.Others think military training is not necessary.Your own views.Is Military Training Necessary?I

28、n most college and universities, the first lesson for the freshmen is military training. As for this issue, different people have different views/peoples attitudes are various.The advocates hold the view that, with the basic military training, students will learn discipline, teamwork and patriotism.

29、 Their experience of cooperating with each other to solve a problem will inform them of the significance of cooperation, which is vital to their college study, even their future career.Opening sentenceThesis statementTopic sentence 1The protestors, however, argues that this is a great waste of the y

30、oung peoples time. In todays China, the soldiers in the army can defend our country. Therefore, it is not necessary to force individuals to participate in military training, not to mention freshmen whose major task in college is study and who are hardly any use in real battle.I agree that this kind

31、of training will never produce any qualified soldier in the war. Nevertheless, through hard and arduous training, the freshmen are transformed from naive teenagers into young adults. The spirits of unity, toughness and bravery will influence their life forever.conclusionTopic sentence 2二、 中間常用句式（擴展段

32、的連接）通常按重要程度排列，我們習慣于先說最重要的，西方人則相反，但都得符合邏輯順序。1表示“首先”first, firstly, first of all, to begin ，但不可用 at first。2表示“第二”、“此外”“其次”、“況且”second, secondly, and, besides, moreover, additionally, furthermore, whats more, in addition, besides+名詞短語，in addition to+名詞短語，another+名詞短語3表示 “最后”finally, last, lastly, last

33、but not least 最后但并非最不重要的是。但不可用at last 或 in the end。4表示 “最重要的是” above all, most important of all5.表示“更嚴重的是”、“更糟糕的是” more serious, even worse, to make matter worse6. 表示“最為嚴重的是”、“最糟糕的是”most serious of all, worst of all二、 中間常用句式（擴展段的連接）例如：1）First of all, 論據1. More importantly, 論據2. Most important of all

34、, 論據3. In summary, 總結觀點.2) The advantages can be listed as follows：First, 好處1. Besides, 好處2. Most important of all, 好處3. But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with,壞處1. To make matter worse,壞處2. Worst of all,壞處3. From the above analysis, I believe 觀點.3）For on

35、e thing, 論據1. For another, 論據2. Last but not the least, 論據3. To conclude, 總結觀點或 From above, we can predict that 預測. 4）First of all, 論據1。 Furthermore, 論據2。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 論據3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that總結觀點。 或 From abo

36、ve, we can predict that 預測.二、 中間常用句式（擴展段的連接） 其他詞語或句式：1）用于強調：after all, any way, in fact, indeed, apparently, clearly, obviously, especially, 2）用于對比：however, on one hand, on the other hand, in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, instead, but, different from, 3）用于比較：similarly, like

37、wise, like, in the same way, 4）用于列舉：for exle, for instance, such as, takefor granted, except(for)5）表示時間：later, then, next, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, after that, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, after some time, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, recently, soon

38、, now and then, during, nowadays, presently, since, as soon as, afterwards, some time later, temporally, in the meanwhile, after a while,6）用于解釋：in other words, as a matter of fact, that is,7) 用于讓步：although, in spite of, despite, even though, even if, though, no matter how8) 用于結果：consequently, thus,

39、as a result, as a consequence, hence, so, therefore, accordingly9) 其他：not onlybut also, as far as I am concerned, when it comes to, in practice, in principle, another key aspect ofis, it is true that, what is more serious is, there is no doubt that,but it is a pity that,but the trouble /problem/poin

40、t is Nowadays, _(討論主題) plays an important part in peoples life. Like everything else, _ (討論主題) has both favourable and unfavourable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.First, _(好處1). Besides, _(好處2). Most important of all, _(好處3).But every coin has two sides. The negative asp

41、ects are also apparent. To begin with, _(壞處1). To make matter worse, _ (壞處2). Worst of all, _ (壞處3).From the above analysis, I believe that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore, (結論). / I believe the management of _(主題) depend on (個人建議)Writing model:問題解決型How I Finance My College Educ

42、ation1.大學的費用（tuition and fees）可以通過各種途徑解決；2. 哪種途徑適合我/我可以采取哪些方法解決我的大學費用問題。Nowadays, tuition and fees for college are much higher than ever before. How to finance their college education has become a matter of concern for many students, especially those who from remote areas.In fact, there are many way

43、s to solve this problem. Generally speaking, we can get most our tuition fees from our parents. If our family is shortage of money, we can apply for a loan especially set up for college students from some banks or from governments. Moreover, by taking a part time job in our spare time and summer or

44、winter vacations, we can earn the money we need for dinners, textbooks and transportation fees. Last but not least, if we keep a wonderful academic records, we can even win scholarships from universities, which can largely ameliorate our living condition and relieve the burden of tuition and fees. A

45、s far as I am concerned, I prefer to obtain most of my tuition from my parents but still take part-time jobs to improve my financial condition. On the one hand, I dont want to depend entirely on my parents, which may put them under great pressure. On the other hand, too busy working part-time may re

46、duce my studying time and affect my academic performance. Therefore, a combination of these two methods can enrich my college life, encourage me to maintain my independence but still help me balance my life and study. 解決問題要講究方法，可按時間先后，也可按輕重緩急等排列?；灸Ｊ綖椋海壳暗默F象及存在的問題）. Many ways can contribute to _ （要解

47、決的問題）, but the following ones may be most effective.First of all _(方法1). Besides, _(方法2). Finally, _(方法3).These are not the only three points you should pay attention to. But it should be noted that _(使用這些方法時要注意的事項)/(展望)/(總結上述三種方法).三、結尾常用句式（終結段的連接）1表示 “總之 ”、 “總而言之 ”、 “簡言之 ”in conclusion, in summary,

48、 to conclude, to summarize, to sum up, in short, in brief, in a word, on the whole2“綜上所述 ”from the foregoing, from what has been discussed above, from what has been mentioned above, from the above analysisObviously（此為過渡短語）, we can draw the conclusion thatThus, it can be concluded that, Therefore, we

49、 can find thatObviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.三、結尾常用句式（終結段的連接）例1 Vacation, Long or ShortOne the whole, either long or short vacation has i

50、ts advantages and disadvantages. What matters is how to make use of it.例2Good Health1身體健康的重要性。2保持健康的途徑。3我自己的實踐。 As for me, I like playing tennis in the morning. I also attach much importance to enough sleep and relaxation. I believe this will ensure my good health for the rest of my life.例3 Hope Pro

51、ject希望工程In my opinion, this project is of great importance to our country at the present time. And it also will have a profound effect on the future achievements of our country. I suggest that more work be done so that every child in the countryside can receive elementary education.練習：Is Failure a B

52、ad ThingIn my opinion, failure is not a bad thing, the really bad thing is taking a failure as failure or even lose our heart after failure. 社會熱點問題常用開頭一、圖表作文常見出題形式圖表作文一般在題目中給出作文的標題和一個或幾個統(tǒng)計表格、圓形圖、曲線圖或條形圖，有時還用英文或中文提綱的形式給出提示，要求我們：1)用文字描述圖表，客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢;2)就圖表中所反映的某種趨勢或問題分析其原因或后果。圖表作文著重說明事實，常

53、常是通過對圖表中所反映的具體數據的說明、分析、比較，對某種事物或現象的事實或變化情況等加以說明，并提出結論或看法。因此，圖表作文常常采用議論文體的寫作方法。寫好圖表作文，關鍵在于能否讀懂圖表中所提供的信息，把握各信息間的聯(lián)系，用準確流暢的語言把這一信息表達出來，并就這一信息發(fā)表自己的看法。圖表作文寫圖表作文時，要注意遵循以下步驟：1)認真分析圖表的含義，弄清圖表中所含的信息及不同信息間的關系;2)確定文章的主題思想，構思出文章的基本框架，篩選出能說明圖表主題思想的典型數據;3)編列文章的提綱;4)根據文章的提綱，將各段的提綱內容擴展成段落，然后將各個段落組成文章，注意段與段之間的銜接與過渡;5

54、)檢查與修改。二、圖表作文的寫作步驟圖表作文Directions: Study the following graph carefully and write an essay in which you should1) analyze the graph, and2) give your comments on the trend.圖表作文In recent years there has been a dramatic rise in the cell phones, which are now essential to millions of people as a convenient

55、 form of communication. In 2004 the number reached 315,000,000, with an average annual increase at 57,500,000.Some people can now no longer imagine life without their cell phones. The fact that they are so popular proves that they are useful and convenient. . Mobile phones necessarily also harbor di

56、sadvantages.Exle 1As is shown in the chart, cell phones are becoming more and more popular within China. In 2000, the number of cell phones in use was 85,260,000; in 2001, the number was 180,000,000; in 2002 206,600,000; in 2003 269,000,000. In 2004, the number is 315,000,000. From these statistics, we can see the increasing use of cell phones.Why have cell phones gained so much dominance in our lives? There are many factors contributing to this development. Firstly, The wide use of cell phones has made them more and more indispensable in peoples daily life. The man