商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯.pptx

1、商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯詞匯翻譯句法翻譯文體與篇章1商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯 之 詞匯翻譯 詞義的選擇詞義的引申詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法視角轉(zhuǎn)化法增 減 法重 復(fù) 法 數(shù)字翻譯2商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯 之 句法翻譯 否定句式比較句式被動(dòng)句式定語(yǔ)從句3 倒計(jì)時(shí)放射性塵埃家政東方食物液體countdown fallouteconomyorientationmeatliquor 詞義的選擇（Choice of Meanings）隨著語(yǔ)言的發(fā)展，詞義也在變化當(dāng)中： 擴(kuò)展為: 十分危急的情況擴(kuò)展為:（不良的）后果 轉(zhuǎn)化為: 經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)化為: 方向縮小為: 肉類縮小為: 烈酒4商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯 之 文體與語(yǔ)篇 商號(hào)與名片 商務(wù)廣告商標(biāo)與品牌商務(wù)信函5（一）根據(jù)

2、漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義 （二）根據(jù)詞性確定詞義（三）根據(jù)專業(yè)來(lái)確定詞義（四）根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系和上下文 來(lái)確定詞義 詞義的選擇6 a low figure 3. The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy low and sell high.4. The value of the pound has fallen to a new low against the dollar. 生意成功最簡(jiǎn)單的途徑就是賤買貴賣。 小數(shù)目英鎊兌換美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低點(diǎn)。 （一）根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義 2. workers on low incom

3、es低收入工人7We sell cheap quality goods. We have made you an offer at a very competitive price. You will find our prices for these goods very popular. 我們銷售物美價(jià)廉商品。 我方已按很低的價(jià)格向貴方報(bào)盤。 貴方將會(huì)看出我方此批貨物的價(jià)格是很便宜的。 （一）根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義 8Please make us your lowest quotation for bikes. If you feel interested in our busines

4、s proposal, please send us the samples together with your best terms and conditions. （一）根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣確定詞義 請(qǐng)報(bào)自行車最低價(jià)。 如對(duì)我方業(yè)務(wù)建議有興趣，請(qǐng)寄樣品，并告最惠條款。 我方已報(bào)最低價(jià)，折扣不能再多給了。 9（二）根據(jù)詞性確定詞義 1. He gets a 10% commission on everything he sells.2. Party B is commissioned by the manufacturers to buy steel plates. 他每賣一件商品得百分之十

5、的傭金。 乙方受制造廠家的委托購(gòu)買鋼板。101. Those who come early to the sale get first choice.2. Our products are manufactured from the choice grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect. 我方產(chǎn)品均用上等材料制成，因此，在各方面都會(huì)使貴方滿意。 這次大賤賣，早到的顧客可優(yōu)先選購(gòu)。 11（三）根據(jù)專業(yè)來(lái)確定詞義 2. Bank interest rates are going to rise this month. 1.

6、The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.3. His business interests are very extensive.保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率因保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的的不同而有所差異。銀行利率在本月要上調(diào)。他在多家企業(yè)中擁有股份。12Due diligence should be done before finalizing any large investment or acquisition. Due diligence 按字面的意思就是“應(yīng)有的勤奮”，而在企業(yè)融資領(lǐng)域里，是指律師、會(huì)計(jì)師等專業(yè)人員以專業(yè)身份和知識(shí)審核有關(guān)資料是否準(zhǔn)備齊全

7、的一個(gè)過(guò)程，業(yè)內(nèi)通常譯為“盡職調(diào)查”或“審慎調(diào)查”。在確定大筆投資或收購(gòu)前需要進(jìn)行盡職調(diào)查。 on an arms length basis （法律用語(yǔ)）并非按一般英漢字典上的解釋“同對(duì)方保持一定距離”，而是引申作“正常、公平的交易”。交易條款按照公平原則商訂。The terms of the transaction have been negotiated on an arms length basis.（三）根據(jù)專業(yè)來(lái)確定詞義 13The company has raised its joint venture equity to 70% to gain management contro

8、l, which has tripled its initial investment and is now expanding its product range and manufacturing capacity to meet growing demands. equity 通常指“公正，公平”的意思，而在金融市場(chǎng)上指的是企業(yè)資產(chǎn)中所占的股份。 initial investment是商貿(mào)中常用的術(shù)語(yǔ)，通常譯為“先期投資”或“預(yù)付款”，而不是“一開(kāi)始的投資”。 公司將其在合資企業(yè)的股份增至70%，以獲得管理控制權(quán)，這使其先期投資增加了兩倍，而且現(xiàn)在正在擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)品范圍和生產(chǎn)能力來(lái)滿足不斷增長(zhǎng)

9、的需求。 （三）根據(jù)專業(yè)來(lái)確定詞義 14以一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的詞為例：account1. Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit. 2. The company is one of our major accounts, so we should do our best to satisfy their needs. 公司與供貨商交易時(shí)因其提供賒銷而產(chǎn)生應(yīng)付賬款。那家公司是我們的主要客戶之一，因此我們得盡可能滿足他們的需求。（四）根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系和上下文來(lái)確定詞義 可指“賬戶、客戶、生意

10、往來(lái)關(guān)系”，復(fù)數(shù)則可指“賬目、會(huì)計(jì)部門、賬款”等，它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含義：153. The CFO was accused of falsifying the company accounts. 4. She works in accounts. 5. The newly established company opened an account in HSBC.財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)被控偽造公司賬目。 她在會(huì)計(jì)部門工作。 這個(gè)新成立的公司在匯豐銀行開(kāi)立了賬戶。16（一）詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化 （二）詞義的具體化（三）詞義的抽象化詞義的引申（extension） 詞義的引申在一個(gè)詞原始意義的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)上

11、下文和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)一步加以引申，選擇適當(dāng)確切的譯語(yǔ)詞匯來(lái)表達(dá)，避免生搬硬套地逐字死譯。1. Every life has its roses and thorns. 2. sleep deficit每個(gè)人的生活都有苦有甜。睡眠不足17（一）詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化翻譯時(shí)，如果完全生搬硬套詞典給出的字面意義，對(duì)號(hào)入座，會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀，含糊不清，甚至不知所云。因此，有時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和原詞的字面意義，做適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)化。18（一）詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化1. These days, the U.S. economy isnt “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the

12、coming decades,” says Charles C. Leighton, “Thats a real concern.” 2. The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here. 近來(lái)，美國(guó)在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展過(guò)程中“未培養(yǎng)出足夠的科學(xué)家來(lái)滿足今后幾十年發(fā)展的需要，”查爾斯C萊頓說(shuō)，“這才是真正需要關(guān)注的問(wèn)題?！?（graduate 由“畢業(yè)”轉(zhuǎn)化為“培養(yǎng)” 。） 可能影響投資開(kāi)支的因素并不止這些。（do not stop here由“不停留在這里”轉(zhuǎn)化為“并不止這些”。 ）193.

13、Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years service. Cloud在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)里可以表示“使人產(chǎn)生未曾想到的傷心或不愉快”。故本句如此引申。20世紀(jì)70年代石油價(jià)格猛漲，給許多發(fā)展中國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展計(jì)劃投下一抹陰影。 我們的產(chǎn)品如果適當(dāng)?shù)囟ㄆ跈z修，至少可以使用二十年。4. The huge increase in oil prices in the 1970s cast a cloud over the development plans of many developin

14、g nations. 20（二）詞義的具體化 詞義的具體化把原義抽象籠統(tǒng)的詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)譯語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，引申為意義明確具體的詞語(yǔ)。211. Now that the merger of “dot and com” has created so many young millionaires, theres a new topic: venture capital. 2. All the wit and learning in the economic circle will be present at the seminar. 既然網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司的兼并造就了如此多的年輕百萬(wàn)富翁，我們面臨一個(gè)新話題：風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

15、資本。（一般公司網(wǎng)址都有“dot and com”，所以此處具體引申為“網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司” 。） 經(jīng)濟(jì)界的所有專家學(xué)者將出席這次研討會(huì)。 （wit and learning 由抽象的“智慧與學(xué)識(shí)”引申為具體的“專家學(xué)者”。）（二）詞義的具體化 223. There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more than transient everydayness.他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的柴米油鹽問(wèn)題。 （ everydayness“平淡無(wú)奇”，此處具體引申為“

16、柴米油鹽” 。）4. The Board tried its best to improve the balance sheet of the company.董事會(huì)已盡最大努力改善本公司的整體財(cái)務(wù)狀況。（ balance sheet由抽象名詞“資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表” 具體引申為“整體財(cái)務(wù)狀況” 。）23（三）詞義的抽象化 詞義的抽象化將表示具體形象的詞作概括性的引申，譯成意義抽象的詞?，F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)常用表示具體形象的詞指代一種屬性，一種概念或一個(gè)事物，翻譯時(shí)宜作抽象化處理，使譯文更加自然流暢。241. The interest rates have seesawed between 10 and 15 pe

17、r cent.2. Everyone knows that John lost his shirt when the business he had invested failed. 利率一直在 10到15之間不斷波動(dòng)。（see-saw 由“蹺蹺板一上一下的交替擺動(dòng)”抽象化為“波動(dòng)”。）大家都知道，約翰生意失敗后就傾家蕩產(chǎn)了。 (lose his shirt 由“丟了一件襯衫”引申為“失去一切。）（三）詞義的抽象化 3. CEO Finklestein: He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat to save the company. 首席執(zhí)行官芬克爾

18、斯坦說(shuō)：他需要回天之術(shù)來(lái)挽救公司。 （pull a rabbit out of his hat 原義為“從自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子來(lái)”，在此引申為“像耍魔術(shù)一樣拿出一種不同凡響的解決辦法”。）254. The owners son has the inside track for the job. 5. The EECs Common Agricultural Policy is a dinosaur which is adding 13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family. 老板的兒子有優(yōu)先獲得這項(xiàng)工作的權(quán)利。（i

19、nside track 由“內(nèi)圈跑道”抽象化為“優(yōu)先的權(quán)利”。）歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體的共同農(nóng)業(yè)政策早已不合時(shí)宜，因?yàn)樗褂?guó)家庭平均每周在食品開(kāi)銷上多支出13.50英鎊。（dinosaur 由“恐龍”抽象化為“要被廢棄的的落后的龐然大物”。）26詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法（conversion） 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換指的是詞性和表現(xiàn)方法的改變。 英語(yǔ)中不少詞類，如名詞、動(dòng)名詞、介詞、形容詞、副詞等在英譯漢時(shí)往往需要進(jìn)行一定的調(diào)整，轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)然，英語(yǔ)的名詞化和漢語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞化并不排除在英譯漢時(shí)把英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語(yǔ)的名詞。273. A government report targets earnings from indus

20、try at US $ 200 billion by 2008. 2. The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered by means of mass-production. 政府的一份報(bào)告提出一個(gè)目標(biāo)：到2008年，要使工業(yè)收入達(dá)到 2000 億美元。（英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)名詞） 通過(guò)批量生產(chǎn)可以大幅度降低生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的成本。（英語(yǔ)介詞轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞） 1. I have the honor to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international

21、 markets. 我榮幸地告訴你，貴公司的新產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)打入了國(guó)際市場(chǎng)。（英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)副詞）284. Advertising affects tremendously every sphere of modern life. 5. The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market. 廣告對(duì)現(xiàn)代生活的方方面面產(chǎn)生極大的影響。（英語(yǔ)副詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)形

22、容詞）我方產(chǎn)品種類繁多，品質(zhì)優(yōu)良，價(jià)格合理，能夠確保在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。（英語(yǔ)名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語(yǔ)形容詞）292. crisis law 3. Students are still arriving.視角轉(zhuǎn)化法 1. riot police 防暴警察反危機(jī)法 學(xué)生還沒(méi)有到齊。 5. Inflation is Target of Banks New Policy （China Daily 標(biāo)題）4. Dont stop running. 繼續(xù)跑。 反通貨膨脹是銀行新政的目標(biāo)。 6. arms conference 裁軍會(huì)議7. bench warmer“冷板凳”隊(duì)員（替補(bǔ)隊(duì)員）30視角轉(zhuǎn)化法（Shi

23、ft of Perspectives）視角轉(zhuǎn)換在不涉及特殊文化背景因素的情況下，用譯語(yǔ)意義替代原語(yǔ)意義，重組原語(yǔ)信息的表層形式，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)角度，使譯文更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，更易于被讀者接受，更有利于譯文預(yù)期功能的實(shí)現(xiàn)。視角轉(zhuǎn)換技巧除了包括肯定句與否定句之間的相互轉(zhuǎn)換，還包括其他與原文不同或相反的表達(dá)角度。311. With the winter coming, many fashion stores start to sell warm clothes. 2. Party A shall have a right of first refusal whenever party B wishes to

24、sell any of its shares in the Group. 冬天即將來(lái)臨，許多商店開(kāi)始銷售寒衣了。 （此處 warm clothes 不譯為“暖和的衣服”，經(jīng)視角轉(zhuǎn)換后譯為“御寒的衣服，寒衣”。） 乙方任何時(shí)候有意出售其持有之本集團(tuán)任何股份，甲方一律擁有優(yōu)先購(gòu)買權(quán)。（如果把 right of first refusal 刻譯成“優(yōu)先拒絕權(quán)”，則有失準(zhǔn)確，必須經(jīng)過(guò)視角轉(zhuǎn)換把它譯成“優(yōu)先購(gòu)買權(quán)”才符合行業(yè)規(guī)范。）323. We offer to take ten percent off if your order is big enough. 4. The supermarket d

25、esignated quite a few pick-up points in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas. 如果貴方訂單足夠大，我方可提供9折優(yōu)惠。（ take ten percent off 本義為“把價(jià)格扣除百分之十”，利用視角轉(zhuǎn)換法可翻譯成“打九折”。）該超市在郊區(qū)人口相對(duì)密集的社區(qū)設(shè)立了好多個(gè)上車地點(diǎn)。（pick-up points 原義為“接（顧客）的地點(diǎn)”，現(xiàn)在經(jīng)過(guò)視角轉(zhuǎn)換則變?yōu)椤吧宪嚨攸c(diǎn)” 。）335. The seller determines to sell it at

26、 one price. 6. In his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations, Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to increased output.商家決定該產(chǎn)品不二價(jià)銷售。（ at one price 為“只以一種價(jià)格”，這樣的表達(dá)表示不出商家不愿同顧客討價(jià)還價(jià)的決心，而用“不二價(jià)”則意義明確。）蘇格蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家亞當(dāng)斯密在其1776年所著的國(guó)富論中認(rèn)為，專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)會(huì)引起產(chǎn)出增加。（這里，把“增加的產(chǎn)出”轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤爱a(chǎn)出增加”。）7. But

27、 the A shares, off limits to foreign investors, were still among the best performers.但僅對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)投資者發(fā)行的A股股票，仍表現(xiàn)上佳。 （off limits to意為“禁止進(jìn)入”，直譯顯得語(yǔ)氣生硬，而將“禁止外國(guó)投資者進(jìn)入”轉(zhuǎn)換視角，譯為“僅對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)投資者發(fā)行”則很委婉。）341. Theyll have to be prepared to wait longer for earnings from this investment.這項(xiàng)投資不會(huì)在短時(shí)間內(nèi)贏利，他們得做好準(zhǔn)備。2. Urban clearway.市區(qū)

28、通道，不準(zhǔn)停車。3. Keep upright.切勿倒置。4. The bill was defeated, but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress. 雖然議案未獲通過(guò)，但在隨后的25年中，有100多個(gè)食品和藥品法案被提交到國(guó)會(huì)。 35增減法（Amplification & Pruning ） 增詞法 1) 增補(bǔ)同義詞 2) 增補(bǔ)范疇詞 3) 增補(bǔ)產(chǎn)品名稱 減詞法36（一）增補(bǔ)同義詞 增詞法 英語(yǔ)有一詞多義的特點(diǎn)，同一個(gè)詞可以同時(shí)與若干個(gè)詞進(jìn)行搭配，相互

29、修飾、制約，語(yǔ)言仍自然流暢。 漢語(yǔ)在詞的搭配方面相對(duì)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，同一個(gè)詞通常不能同時(shí)與多個(gè)詞搭配。 根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)詞的搭配習(xí)慣和英語(yǔ)詞匯的一詞多義的特點(diǎn)，我們應(yīng)采用增補(bǔ)同義詞的技巧，這樣才能使譯文既準(zhǔn)確達(dá)意，又照顧到漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣。371. The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can decrease loss, cost and budget. 2. Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business

30、, contract and draft. 產(chǎn)品革新是國(guó)企改革措施之一，因?yàn)樗梢詼p少損失、降低成本和縮減預(yù)算。買賣雙方正忙于交易磋商，合約談判和匯票議付。 3. High morale contributes to high levels of productivity, high returns to stakeholders, and employee loyalty. 員工士氣高會(huì)提高生產(chǎn)力水平、增加股東收益，并增強(qiáng)其忠誠(chéng)度。 38（二）增補(bǔ)范疇詞直譯：市場(chǎng)對(duì)商品需求的變化受內(nèi)因和外因影響。添加范疇詞修飾相應(yīng)的抽象名詞changes和 factors，則兩個(gè)詞會(huì)更加具體、明確。增詞法

31、在英譯漢過(guò)程中考慮到漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，經(jīng)常增加的范疇詞有：方法、措施、情況、情緒、狀態(tài)、現(xiàn)象、方面、問(wèn)題、關(guān)系、工作等。例如：The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external factors.商品市場(chǎng)需求的變化情況受內(nèi)因和外因兩方面因素影響。 391. The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention. 中東的緊張局勢(shì)已引起了廣泛關(guān)注。 4. Unless these i

32、ssues are addressed as a matter of urgency, the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company. 除非這些問(wèn)題作為當(dāng)務(wù)之急得到及時(shí)解決，否則員工中隨之出現(xiàn)的消極怠工情緒無(wú)疑將對(duì)公司的整個(gè)運(yùn)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。2. The temperature needed for this processing is not high. 這種加工方法需要的溫度不是很高。3. For many y

33、ears, there has been serious unemployment in this city. 多年來(lái)該城市一直有嚴(yán)重的失業(yè)現(xiàn)象。 40 混亂局面 飽和狀態(tài) 廢物回收利用 準(zhǔn)備工作 管理部門 多余信息（人員） 補(bǔ)救措施 解決方案 修改方案 有利地位 落后狀態(tài) .confusion saturation recycling preparation management redundancy remedies solution modification advantage backwardness 41 5輛豐田牌汽車，20臺(tái)日立牌電視機(jī)和30臺(tái)施樂(lè)牌復(fù)印機(jī)早已備妥待運(yùn)，但因你方信

34、用證延遲到達(dá)，貨物不能按期裝運(yùn)。原文中Toyota，Hitachi，Xerox都為世界知名品牌，在翻譯時(shí)要按漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣用法把他們的產(chǎn)品名稱補(bǔ)充完整，才能使譯文具體明了。（三）增補(bǔ)產(chǎn)品名稱增詞法 對(duì)于英文中缺失的產(chǎn)品名稱，翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)要根據(jù)具體情況增補(bǔ)出來(lái)。如：The five Toyota, twenty Hitachi and thirty Xerox have long been ready for shipment, but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.42 comfort 和 lu

35、xury 都是抽象名詞，但在構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)后，詞義就具體化了。社會(huì)為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則付出的代價(jià)，猶如它為便宜的舒適家用商品和高檔消費(fèi)品的代價(jià)一樣巨大。The price which society pays for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great. 43減詞法 減詞法是指將原文中需要、而譯文中又不需要的詞語(yǔ)省去。減省的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng)是那些在譯文中保留下來(lái)反而使行文累贅啰嗦、且不合漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣的詞語(yǔ)。 減詞一般用于以下兩種情況：一是從語(yǔ)法角度進(jìn)行減??；二是從修

36、飾角度進(jìn)行減省。441. The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.產(chǎn)品出廠前應(yīng)該進(jìn)行抽樣檢查。2. Advertisements help market develop. Therefore, as more goods are sold they are cheaper.廣告有助于市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展，因此，貨物賣得越多價(jià)格就越便宜。3. When demands get low, prices may become low.需求降低，價(jià)格就可能降低。4. Smoking i

37、s not allowed in the warehouse.倉(cāng)庫(kù)重地，不準(zhǔn)吸煙。45 為了避免文章的單調(diào)乏味，英文中往往盡量要避免用詞重復(fù)。除了使用代詞外，同一件事物常用拼寫不同而意義相近的詞來(lái)表示。 漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)則不會(huì)給人以單調(diào)乏味的感覺(jué)，相反，如果使用得當(dāng)，還可以起到反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，使語(yǔ)義明確，譯文生動(dòng)。重復(fù)法（Repetition）461. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 2. The big company has its disadvantages. 我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)如何分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題。 大企業(yè)有大企業(yè)的難處。 3

38、. Managing multinationals means handling both national and organizational culture differences at the same time.管理跨國(guó)公司意味著要同時(shí)處理民族文化差異與組織文化差異。 471. He became an oil baronall by himself. 2. Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country, of steel 25 percen

39、t, and of cotton 35 percent.他成了一個(gè)石油大亨一個(gè)白手起家的石油大亨。 去年，這一地區(qū)的煤產(chǎn)量約占全國(guó)總產(chǎn)量的20%，鋼產(chǎn)量占25% , 棉花產(chǎn)量占35。 3. In fact, the blatant use of money to motivate people either to join an organization or to stay on has created more motivation problems than it has solved. 事實(shí)上，大張旗鼓地用金錢來(lái)促使人們加入某組織或留下來(lái)，這種做法所引起的激勵(lì)機(jī)制上的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)比其所解決

40、的問(wèn)題要多。484. The main difficulty is the shortage of funds, teachers and teaching materials. 5. We thank you very much for the warm hospitality accorded to our trade delegation during this visit to your country and for the close co-operation in the business discussions.主要的問(wèn)題是經(jīng)費(fèi)不足、教員不足、教材不足這幾項(xiàng)。 我們非常感謝你們

41、在我貿(mào)易代表團(tuán)訪問(wèn)貴國(guó)期間給予的盛情款待，感謝你們?cè)跇I(yè)務(wù)洽談中給予的密切配合。6. With respect to manuscripts and pictures that are provided by the Chinese party, without the consent of the Chinese Party, the other party may not transfer the copyright, or extend the use thereof, or extend the areas where they shall be distributed.凡我方提供的書(shū)稿

42、和圖片，未經(jīng)我方同意，對(duì)方不得轉(zhuǎn)讓版權(quán)，不得擴(kuò)大使用權(quán)，不得擴(kuò)大發(fā)行區(qū)域。 49（三）表示“高于”、“多于” 數(shù)字翻譯法（二）表示“大約”、“不確定” （五）形容數(shù)目、數(shù)量多時(shí)的翻譯 （四）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”等 （六）形容數(shù)目、數(shù)量少時(shí)的翻譯 （一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好” （七）倍數(shù)的翻譯 （八）大數(shù)字的翻譯 50The wire measures exactly twenty meters. The machine worked for ten whole days. The plane takes off at 8 oclock sharp. 這條導(dǎo)線剛好20米長(zhǎng)。

43、這臺(tái)機(jī)器整整運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)了10天時(shí)間。這架飛機(jī)8點(diǎn)整起飛。 He earns a cool half million dollars a year. 他一年收入整整50萬(wàn)美元。Professor Johnson finished the experiment in twenty-four hours flat. 約翰遜教授完成這一實(shí)驗(yàn)正好用了24小時(shí)。（一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”、“整整”：exactly，flat，just，sharp，whole，cool等 The T-shirt cost just 10 dollars. 買這個(gè)T恤衫正好花了10美元。51It is nearly / t

44、oward (s) 4 oclock. It is somewhere about 4 oclock. The price of this new machine is on the border of/ in the neighborhood of a thousand dollars. 現(xiàn)在將近四點(diǎn)了?，F(xiàn)在四點(diǎn)左右。這臺(tái)新機(jī)器的價(jià)格約1000美元。The book will only cost 15 dollars or so. 這本書(shū)只要十五美元左右。About / Some / Around / Round twenty passengers were killed in the ro

45、ad accident. 這次交通事故中約有二十名旅客死亡。 （二）表示“大約”、“不確定”：about，some，around，round，nearly，towards，somewhere about，estimated，approximately，on the border of，close to，or so等52Never spend in excess of your income.There are three thousand odd students in this normal school. Supplies of this commodity greatly exceed

46、the demand. 花錢切勿超過(guò)你的收入。這所師范院校有三千多名學(xué)生。這種商品的供應(yīng)大大超過(guò)了需求。 Upwards of seven thousand medical workers and twenty thousand PLA men have left for the earthquake district. 有七千多名醫(yī)務(wù)人員和兩萬(wàn)多名解放軍前往震區(qū)。The patients are children of three years old and upwards. 這些病人是三歲和三歲以上的兒童。（三）表示“高于”、“多于”：more than, odd, over, above

47、, long, past, or more, upwards of, higher than, in excess of , exceed等The child couldnt count past 20.這個(gè)孩子不會(huì)數(shù)20以上的數(shù)。53The price of that tricycle is less than /under /below fifty dollars. He bought the coffeepot at 6 dollars off the list price. 那輛三輪車的售價(jià)還不到50美元。他以低于價(jià)目表6美元的價(jià)格買下了那把咖啡壺。 （四）表示“少于”、“差一些”、“

48、不到”：less, less than, below, no more than, under, short of, off, to, within, as few as等 The invention cost each family no more than one dollar a week.這項(xiàng)發(fā)明使每個(gè)家庭每周最多花費(fèi)1美元。Its five minutes to five now.現(xiàn)在是5點(diǎn)差5分。54The motor ran 450 solid days on end. The experiment will take three months, at least. The te

49、mperature at the suns center is as high as 10 000 000 馬達(dá)連續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)了足足450天 。實(shí)驗(yàn)至少需要三個(gè)月時(shí)間。 太陽(yáng)中心的溫度高達(dá)攝氏1 000萬(wàn)度。They covered full twenty reference sources on clone in a single day. 僅用了一天時(shí)間，他們就看完了足足20種有關(guān)克隆的資料。There were no less than 3 000 dead and wounded in the 911 terrorist attack.在911恐怖襲擊中，死傷者達(dá)3 000多人。（五）表示數(shù)

50、目、數(shù)量多時(shí)：full, solid, at least, all of, no less than, asas，等They covered all of ten miles.他們走了實(shí)足十英里。55There is at most / only room for one person. That solar-energy car weighs only / merely / barely / scarcely / but 500kg. 至多只有可容納一個(gè)人的空間。 那輛太陽(yáng)能汽車重量?jī)H有500公斤。 （六）表示數(shù)目、數(shù)量少：only, merely, barely, scarcely, bu

51、t, at most, no more than, scant 等Inspection time for the installation was no more than 2 hours. 安裝檢驗(yàn)工作僅用了兩個(gè)小時(shí)。 They covered a scant six miles today.他們今天走了近6里路。56 1. “be n times as a. (ad.)+ as” The grain output of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.2. “n times + a.(ad.)比較級(jí)+

52、than ”“是的n倍”或“比大（n1）倍” 今年的糧食產(chǎn)量大約是去年的3倍/比去年多兩倍左右。（七）倍數(shù)的翻譯Asia is four times larger than Europe.“是的n倍”或“比大（n1）倍”亞洲的面積是歐洲的4倍/亞洲的面積比歐洲大3倍。This power plant is four times larger than that one. 這個(gè)發(fā)電站比那個(gè)發(fā)電站大三倍。 571. This wire is as long again as that one. 2. Brown has half as many books again as Peter does.

53、 這根金屬線的長(zhǎng)度是那根的兩倍。 布郎的書(shū)比彼得的書(shū)多一半。 3. Prof. Peter has books as many again as I do. 彼得教授的書(shū)比我的書(shū)多一倍。3.“be as + a. (ad.)+ again as” ； “again as+ a. (ad.) + as”“是的兩倍”或“比多一倍”另外，若again之前有half，則表示“比長(zhǎng)（大，寬，多）半倍”；若again之前有much或many，則表示“比長(zhǎng)（大，寬，多）一倍”。584. “n times + upon/over”“是 n倍”或“比 多n-1倍”The industrial output in

54、 our factory this year is ten times over that of 1999.今年我們工廠的產(chǎn)量是1999年的10倍。The total output value of the citys light industry has grown three times over that of last year. 這個(gè)城市的輕工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值比去年增長(zhǎng)了兩倍。He is five times upon your age.他的年齡是你的5倍。59The population of this county has increased by a factor of 5. By 2

55、004 the production of primary copper has increased fivefold. 該縣的人口已經(jīng)增長(zhǎng)了4倍。 到2004年，原銅產(chǎn)量增長(zhǎng)了4倍。 The sales of industrial electronic products have multiplied 5 times. 工業(yè)電子產(chǎn)品銷售額增加了4倍。The steel output has increased by three times. 鋼產(chǎn)量已增加了兩倍。 5. “increase (rise, grow, go up等) +(by) n times” “increase (rise,

56、 grow, go up等) + to + n times” “increase (rise, grow, go up等) + n-fold” “increase (rise, grow, go up等) + by a factor of + n” “增加到n倍”、“增加了（n1）倍” The price of rice has increased to three times.大米的價(jià)格漲到了原價(jià)的3倍。60The output went up by 45 000 tons.The production has increased by 5 %. 7. “an increase of n +單位”或“a n% increase of” 表示凈增量，數(shù)詞n 照譯。 產(chǎn)量增加了45 000 噸。生產(chǎn)已增加了5。There is an increase of 4.5 million tons of steel as compared with last year.鋼產(chǎn)量比去年增加了450萬(wàn)噸。There is a 25% increase of steel as compared with last year. 鋼產(chǎn)量比去年增加了25。6. “increase (rise, grow, go up) +by n +單位（或n %）” 表示凈增量，數(shù)詞n等