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1、9.國(guó)際企業(yè)的運(yùn)營(yíng)管理Case: Competitive advantage at Dell國(guó)際生產(chǎn)的戰(zhàn)略選擇全球供應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略國(guó)際制造技術(shù)選擇和轉(zhuǎn)移質(zhì)量控制其他精選pptCase: Competitive advantage at DellDells business model based on direct selling of customized product at low pricesLocation advantages (Brazil, Ireland, Malaysia, China & US)Close to markets Low shipping costsSpeed of

2、 deliverySupply base globalDell manages global supply chain to minimize inventory and customize PCs in three days精選pptManufacturing and Materials ManagementProduction: activities that involveService and manufacturingconverting inputs to a productMaterials management: activities thatControl the trans

3、mission of physical materials through the value chain: procurement production distributionLogisticsProcurement and physical transmission of material through the supply chainsuppliers customers精選ppt9.1 國(guó)際生產(chǎn)的戰(zhàn)略選擇 9.1.1 自制與外購(gòu)的選擇 國(guó)際企業(yè)在選擇時(shí)考慮的因素: (1)經(jīng)濟(jì)合理性 (2)供應(yīng)的可靠性 (3)技術(shù)因素 (4)管理者偏好精選pptMake-or-Buy?“Make”

4、advantageLower costs if most efficient producerFacilitating specialized investmentsProprietary product technology protectionImproved scheduling“Buy” advantageStrategic flexibility in sourcing componentsLower firms cost structureOffsetsStrategic alliances with suppliers give benefits of vertical inte

5、gration without the associated organizational problems精選ppt9.1 國(guó)際生產(chǎn)的戰(zhàn)略選擇 9.1.2 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)與國(guó)外生產(chǎn)的選擇 國(guó)際企業(yè)進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的商品有兩個(gè)基本的來(lái)源: (1)母國(guó)生產(chǎn) (2)海外生產(chǎn): 具體又分為: 在目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)當(dāng)?shù)厣a(chǎn) 在第三國(guó)生產(chǎn)精選ppt9.1 國(guó)際生產(chǎn)的戰(zhàn)略選擇 9.1.3 國(guó)內(nèi)銷售與國(guó)外銷售的選擇 國(guó)際企業(yè)可以有三種基本方式: (1)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)銷售 (2)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)銷售 (3)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)和國(guó)際市場(chǎng)同時(shí)銷售精選ppt9.2 全球供應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略 9.2.1 供應(yīng)活動(dòng)和全球供應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略 供應(yīng)活動(dòng):獲取企業(yè)生產(chǎn)所需的各種投入物的活動(dòng)

6、 全球供應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略:國(guó)際企業(yè)從全球范圍考慮合理配置生產(chǎn)資源,決定并具體籌劃生產(chǎn)零部件、主件、半成品以及組裝最終產(chǎn)品的地方和場(chǎng)所,以形成開展供應(yīng)活動(dòng)的高效的全球網(wǎng)絡(luò)。精選ppt9.2 Managing a global supply chainObjective of materials management in managing a firms global supply chainMaintain lowest possible cost In a way that best serves the customers needsRole of just-in time inventoryEco

7、nomize on inventory holding costsSpeeds inventory turnoverDrawback: no buffer stock精選ppt9.2 全球供應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略 9.2.2 國(guó)內(nèi)供應(yīng)與國(guó)外供應(yīng)的選擇 選擇國(guó)外供應(yīng)的原因: (1)價(jià)格低 (2)質(zhì)量高 (3)國(guó)內(nèi)無(wú)貨源或供應(yīng)不足 (4)交貨及時(shí) (5)供應(yīng)持續(xù)性 (6)先進(jìn)的技術(shù)含量和技術(shù)服務(wù) (7)營(yíng)銷策略 (8)與國(guó)外子公司內(nèi)部交易精選ppt9.2 全球供應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略9.2.3 集中供應(yīng)與分散供應(yīng)的選擇 可供選擇的方式: (1)集中供應(yīng):由公司統(tǒng)一在國(guó)內(nèi)或國(guó)外建立生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)基地,通過(guò)企業(yè)內(nèi)部市場(chǎng)交易取得所需的生產(chǎn)投

8、入或產(chǎn)品 (2)分散供應(yīng):由海外子公司,從企業(yè)外部獲取所需的生產(chǎn)投入或產(chǎn)品 (3)混合方式:在一些國(guó)家,對(duì)一定產(chǎn)品采用集中來(lái)源方式,但在另一些國(guó)家對(duì)另一些產(chǎn)品則采用分散來(lái)源的方式精選ppt9.2 全球供應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略集中供應(yīng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn):(1)有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì),降低生產(chǎn)成本(2)有利于迅速發(fā)展新產(chǎn)品(3)有利于減少庫(kù)存集中供應(yīng)的缺點(diǎn): (1)不能滿足東道國(guó)政府就地生產(chǎn)的要求,因而有失去該市場(chǎng)的危險(xiǎn)(2)對(duì)市場(chǎng)和消費(fèi)者偏好變化的適應(yīng)性小(3)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大 精選ppt9.3 國(guó)際制造9.3.1 國(guó)際制造系統(tǒng) 可供選擇的國(guó)際制造系統(tǒng)有兩類: 1、單一工廠: 國(guó)際企業(yè)在某地建立一個(gè)工廠,讓這個(gè)工廠集中為所有的市場(chǎng)服務(wù)

9、2、多個(gè)工廠: 國(guó)際企業(yè)在世界各地根據(jù)需要建立若干個(gè)工廠服務(wù)于各個(gè)市場(chǎng)。具體有兩種方式: (1)實(shí)行國(guó)際制造的合理化布局 (2)實(shí)行制造品的國(guó)際交換精選pptWhere to manufacture?CountryFactorsTechnologicalFactorsProductFactorsLocatingManufacturingFacilities精選pptCountry factorsOptimum economic, political, and cultural conditionsExternalitiesSkilled labor poolsSupporting indust

10、riesFormal and informal trade barriersExchange rate精選pptTechnological factorsFixed costsMinimum efficient scaleFlexible manufacturing reduce setup times for complex equipmentincrease machine utilization improve quality controlflexible machine cells to perform a variety of operationsMass customizatio

11、nLow costProduct customization精選pptProduct factors and location strategiesTwo product features affect location decisions:Value to weight ratio.Product serves universal needs Two basic strategiesConcentrating in a centralized location and serving the world market Decentralizing them in various region

12、al or national locations close to major markets when opposite conditions exist精選ppt9.3 國(guó)際制造9.3.2 廠址的選擇 1、廠址選擇的基本決策 (1)選擇建廠的國(guó)家 (2)選擇建廠的具體地點(diǎn) 2、選擇建廠地址時(shí)應(yīng)考慮的因素 (1)接近消費(fèi)者 (2)生產(chǎn)要素成本 (3)運(yùn)輸成本 (4)外匯的可用性和限制 (5)政府補(bǔ)貼 (6)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 (7)原材料的可供性 (8)熟練工人和非熟練工人的可供量 (9)技術(shù)和管理人員的可供量 (10)政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)情況精選pptManufacturing Location Decisi

13、onCountry FactorsFavorable economic, political, cultural conditionsTechnological FactorsFixed costs relatively lowMinimum efficient scale Scale of output a plant needs to realize scale-economiesMarket demand must be sufficient to reach this scaleFlexible manufacturing-lean production-mass customizat

14、ionProduct featuresValue-to-weight ratioUniversal needs精選pptWhere to Locate?Centralize if:Factor costs have substantial impactLow trade barriersExternalities favor certain locationStable exchange ratesHigh fixed costs, high minimum efficient scalerelative to global demand or flexible manufacturing t

15、echnologyProducts value-to-weight ratio is highProduct serves universal needs精選pptWhere to Locate?Decentralize manufacturing if:Factor costs do not have substantial impactHigh trade barriersLocation externalities not importantExchange rates volatileLow fixed costs, low minimum efficient scaleFlexibl

16、e manufacturing technology unavailableProducts value-to-weight ratio is lowSignificant differences in consumer tastes and preferences exist between nations.精選pptLocation strategy and manufacturing精選pptStrategic role of foreign factoriesInitially, established where labor costs lowLater, important cen

17、ters for design and final assemblyUpward migration caused by pressures to:Improve cost structureCustomize product to meet customer demand. andAn increasing abundance of advanced factors of productionDispersed centers of excellence are consistent with a Transnational Strategy精選ppt9.3 國(guó)際制造9.3.3 工廠設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)

18、模決定工廠規(guī)模的因素:(1)市場(chǎng)(2)企業(yè)整合程度和經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模 企業(yè)整合程度:某種產(chǎn)品由一個(gè)工廠制造 的百分比(3)政府的政策和態(tài)度精選ppt9.4 國(guó)際企業(yè)的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移管理9.4.1 技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移 技術(shù)作為生產(chǎn)要素,通過(guò)各種途徑在企業(yè)和國(guó)家間傳播、交流9.4.2 國(guó)際企業(yè)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的內(nèi)容 1、專利 2、商標(biāo) 3、專有技術(shù)精選ppt9.4 國(guó)際企業(yè)的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移管理9.4.3 國(guó)際企業(yè)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的類型 1、垂直轉(zhuǎn)移與水平轉(zhuǎn)移 (1)垂直轉(zhuǎn)移: 處于技術(shù)效應(yīng)的擴(kuò)大過(guò)程不同階段的雙方間的轉(zhuǎn)移或發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展中國(guó)家間的轉(zhuǎn)移 (2)水平轉(zhuǎn)移 2、簡(jiǎn)單轉(zhuǎn)移與技術(shù)吸收 (1)簡(jiǎn)單轉(zhuǎn)移 (2)技術(shù)吸收精選ppt9.4 國(guó)際

19、企業(yè)的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移管理 9.4.4 國(guó)際企業(yè)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的方式 1、股權(quán)式安排 通過(guò)對(duì)外直接投資轉(zhuǎn)移技術(shù) 2、合同式安排 通過(guò)簽定合同向其他企業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移技術(shù)。具 體形式包括: (1)許可貿(mào)易合同 (2)特許權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓合同 (3)技術(shù)服務(wù)合同 (4)合作生產(chǎn)合同 (5)補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易合同 (6)合作研究與開發(fā)合同 3、交鑰合同與BOT方式精選ppt9.4 國(guó)際企業(yè)的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移管理交鑰匙合同: 國(guó)際企業(yè)作為承包人,負(fù)責(zé)從項(xiàng)目的可行性研究、設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)提供、廠房建設(shè)、設(shè)備采購(gòu)與安裝調(diào)試、人員培訓(xùn)直至項(xiàng)目竣工后試生產(chǎn)的一系列過(guò)程,并且在產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、產(chǎn)量及原材料、勞動(dòng)消耗等方面完全符合合同標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之后,再把工廠的管理權(quán)交給技術(shù)引進(jìn)方B

20、OT方式: 即建設(shè)-經(jīng)營(yíng)-轉(zhuǎn)讓方式。東道國(guó)政府與某些國(guó)際企業(yè)簽定特許協(xié)議,由它們承建某個(gè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施項(xiàng)目,并在竣工后經(jīng)營(yíng)一段時(shí)間,期滿再將項(xiàng)目移交東道國(guó)政府部門或其他公共機(jī)構(gòu)精選ppt9.4 國(guó)際企業(yè)的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移管理 9.4.5 國(guó)際企業(yè)技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移的策略 1)、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移方式的選擇策略 影響技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移方式的因素: (1)收益 (2)技術(shù)的性質(zhì) (3)東道國(guó)的情況 2)、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)機(jī)的選擇策略 影響技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)間的因素: (1)企業(yè)規(guī)模 (2)開發(fā)技術(shù)的適用性 (3)市場(chǎng)規(guī)模精選ppt9.4 國(guó)際企業(yè)的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)移管理 3)、內(nèi)部轉(zhuǎn)移技術(shù)的策略 (1)日本企業(yè)為代表的“瀑布式” 母公司將不同階段的技術(shù)向不同發(fā)展水

21、平的國(guó)家逐級(jí)轉(zhuǎn)讓 (2)美國(guó)企業(yè)為代表的“噴灌式” 母公司把一項(xiàng)新技術(shù)同時(shí)向全球各子公司轉(zhuǎn)移,不考慮東道國(guó)的發(fā)展梯度 精選ppt9.5 Quality and CostsImproves Performance ReliabilityIncreases ProductivityLowers Rework and Scrap CostsLowers Warranty CostsLowers Manufacturing CostsIncreases ProfitsLowers Service CostsFig. 14.1Quality Slide 14-3精選pptISO 9000European

22、 Unions standards for qualitySet by codeFirm must be certified “ISO 9000” before it is allowed access to the EU marketplace精選ppt9.6 Other IssuesStrategic alliances with suppliersReap benefits of vertical integration and avoid organization integration problemsBuild trust between firm and suppliersInt

23、egrate suppliers in design processFacilitate Just-in-Time process managementJust-in-time inventory system managementMinimize inventory holding costsSpeeds inventory turnoverChallenge: minimal inventory buffer may lead to disruption if there is a cross-border supply problem精選ppt9.6 Other IssuesThe ro

24、le of information technology and the internetTrack component parts across the globe to an assembly plantOptimize and adjust production schedulingElectronic data interchange (EDI) Used to coordinate flow of materials between suppliers ,firm, shippers and customersCommunicate without time delayIncreases

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